This study investigated the association between ABO blood group and cancer risk in a Greek adult population. The study included 459 cancer patients and 918 non-cancer controls matched for age and gender. Multivariate analysis found that blood groups A and B were associated with significantly higher overall cancer risk compared to blood groups O and AB. Specifically, blood group A was associated with increased risk of gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancer, while blood group B was associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer. The study provides evidence that ABO blood group is a risk factor for certain cancer types in Greek adults.
Periodontal Disease Indices and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Greek Adults: A Cas...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: The previous researches have recorded positive associations between periodontal disease (PD) and risk of cancer at various locations. The aim of the present case–control study was to investigate the possible associations between PD indices and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development in a sample of Greek outpatients referred to a medical and dental private practice. Materials and Methods: A total of 342 individuals were interviewed and underwent an oral clinical examination, and 85 of them were suffered from CRC at various anatomic locations. The evaluation of the possible associations between CRC and PD indices was performed using a regression analysis model. Results: Clinical attachment loss (CAL) (P = 0.042, odds ratio [OR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–3.11) was significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC. CRC family history (P = 0.002, OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.35–4.03) and smoking (P = 0.019, OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.12–3.45) were also significantly associated with the mentioned risk, whereas smoking was found to be nota confounder regarding the estimated association between moderate/severe CAL with the risk of developing CRC. Conclusion: CAL as an index for PD severity was statistically significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC.
Dr. Rakesh K. Srivastava
Dr. Rakesh K. Srivastava (Ph.D., FRSM, FRSPH) is the name which has highest value that holds as the professor and scientist. He has the years of the expertise in the field of science and medicine. Dr. Srivastava understands the science in such way that will help the others to know the best.
Periodontal Disease Indices and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Greek Adults: A Cas...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: The previous researches have recorded positive associations between periodontal disease (PD) and risk of cancer at various locations. The aim of the present case–control study was to investigate the possible associations between PD indices and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development in a sample of Greek outpatients referred to a medical and dental private practice. Materials and Methods: A total of 342 individuals were interviewed and underwent an oral clinical examination, and 85 of them were suffered from CRC at various anatomic locations. The evaluation of the possible associations between CRC and PD indices was performed using a regression analysis model. Results: Clinical attachment loss (CAL) (P = 0.042, odds ratio [OR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–3.11) was significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC. CRC family history (P = 0.002, OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.35–4.03) and smoking (P = 0.019, OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.12–3.45) were also significantly associated with the mentioned risk, whereas smoking was found to be nota confounder regarding the estimated association between moderate/severe CAL with the risk of developing CRC. Conclusion: CAL as an index for PD severity was statistically significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC.
Dr. Rakesh K. Srivastava
Dr. Rakesh K. Srivastava (Ph.D., FRSM, FRSPH) is the name which has highest value that holds as the professor and scientist. He has the years of the expertise in the field of science and medicine. Dr. Srivastava understands the science in such way that will help the others to know the best.
Higher expression of SATB2 in hepatocellular carcinoma of African Americans d...rakeshsrivastava89
Abstract
In the United States, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) incidence has tripled over the past two decades. The disease has disproportionately affected minority and disadvantaged
populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of SATB2 gene in HCC cells derived from African Americans (AA) and Caucasian Americans (CA) and assess its oncogenic potential by measuring cell viability, spheroid
formation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), stem cell markers and pluripotency maintaining factors in cancer stem cells (CSCs). We compared the expression of SATB2 in human primary hepatocytes, HCC cells derived from AA and CA, and
HCC CSCs. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells derived from AA expressed the higher level of SATB2 than those from CA. By comparison, normal human hepatocytes did
not express SATB2. Higher expression of SATB2 in HCC cells from AA was associated with greater growth rate, cell viability, colony formation and EMT characteristics than those from CA. Knockout of SATB2 in CSCs by Crispr/Cas9 technique significantly inhibited the expression of SATB2 gene, stem cell markers (CD24, CD44 and CD133), pluripotency maintaining factors (c‐Myc, KLF4, SOX2 and OCT4), and EMT
compared with non‐targeting control group. The expression of SATB2 was negatively correlated with miR34a. SATB2 rescued the miR‐34a‐mediated inhibition of CSC's viability. These data suggest that SATB2 is an oncogenic factor, and its higher expression may explain the disparity in HCC outcomes among AA.
Wei Yu1 | Sanjit K. Roy2 | Yiming Ma1 | Thomas A. LaVeist3 | Sharmila Shankar1,2,4 |
Rakesh K. Srivastava1,2,4
The first statistical analysis of stomach cancer incidence and mortality was in Italy, in the 18s century. Stomach cancer remains one of the leadings causes of cancer incidence and mortality globally.
Role of life events in the presence of colon polyps among African AmericansEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
African Americans have disproportionately higher incidence and death rates of colorectal cancer among all ethnic groups in the United States. Several lifestyle factors (e.g. diet, physical activity and alcohol intake) have been suggested as risk factors for colorectal cancer. Stressful life events have also been identified as risk factors for colorectal cancer. The association between stressful life events and colon polyps, which are precursors of colorectal
cancer, has yet to be determined.
Inorganic phosphate and the risk of cancer in the Swedish AMORIS studyEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
Both dietary and serum levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) have been linked to development of cancer in experimental studies. This is the first population-based study investigating the relation between serum Pi and risk of cancer in humans.
Gastric Cancer and the Role of Hedgehog- Interacting Protein One as a Prognos...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been linked to foregut development since its initial discovery in Drosophila. The mammalian genome expresses three (3) Hh ligands, with sonic hedgehog (Shh) level of expression is highest in the mucosa of the embryonic and adult foregut. Hedgehog signaling aberrant activation is associated with pathological consequences in a range of human cancer. Hedgehog signaling is of pivotal role in homeostasis, neoplastic transformation, and gastrointestinal cancer development. The ability to track these cell types in tumor micro-environment broadens options for the more efficient screening of subjects predisposed to eventually developing gastric cancer as well as to expand opportunities for prophylactic therapy once atrophic gastritis develops. The Hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) gene is an essential homolog for multiple developmental processes. However, the expression and clinical correlation of HHIP in gastric cancer (GC) has not thoroughly been investigated. There is need to explore the expression of HHIP in gastric cancer (GC) and evaluate its clinicopathological and functional correlation.
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Blood group antigens have been reported to be associated with many diseased conditions
severally. Studies have suggested that ABO blood groups have an impact on infection status of the individuals
possessing a particular blood group due to the significant associations observed when analyzed. However there is
limited information on the relationship between these blood group antigens with haemoglobin genotype and CD4 cell
count in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, hence the need for this study.
Materials and Method: Exactly 240 newly enrolled seropositive patients attending the HIV Clinic of LAUTECH
Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria and 120 healthy blood donors were recruited for this study. Antibodies to HIV
were determined using determine rapid HIV 1/HIV 2 test kit (Abbott), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
(GenScreen plus HIV Ag-Ab test kit, Paris) and Western blot (New-LAV Blot 1, BioRad, France) for confirmatory test.
ABO and Rhesus blood grouping was determined by standard tile and tube techniques. Haemoglobin genotype
determined by alkaline cellulose acetate haemoglobin electrophoresis while CD4 cell count was estimated with Partec
Cyflow analyser.
Result: There is no significant association between the ABO/Rh antigens and haemoglobin genotypes of the test and
control groups (P<0.05). All participants in the control group had CD4 count >200cells/mm3 while 198 (55%) HIV
infected subjects had CD4 count ≥200cells/mm3 and 42 (11.7%) had CD4 count <200cells/mm3. A significant
association was observed between the CD4 cell count of the patients and their ABO blood group antigens (P<0.05) with
blood group A and AB having the highest CD4count.
Conclusion: The outcome of this study reiterates the fact that blood group antigens are involved in immune protection
against infectious disease. Blood group A which has been implicated to confer susceptibility in some diseased condition
has been observed to confer immunity in this study.
Key-words- CD4 cells, Blood Group Antigens, HIV and Haemoglobin Genotype
Higher expression of SATB2 in hepatocellular carcinoma of African Americans d...rakeshsrivastava89
Abstract
In the United States, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) incidence has tripled over the past two decades. The disease has disproportionately affected minority and disadvantaged
populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of SATB2 gene in HCC cells derived from African Americans (AA) and Caucasian Americans (CA) and assess its oncogenic potential by measuring cell viability, spheroid
formation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), stem cell markers and pluripotency maintaining factors in cancer stem cells (CSCs). We compared the expression of SATB2 in human primary hepatocytes, HCC cells derived from AA and CA, and
HCC CSCs. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells derived from AA expressed the higher level of SATB2 than those from CA. By comparison, normal human hepatocytes did
not express SATB2. Higher expression of SATB2 in HCC cells from AA was associated with greater growth rate, cell viability, colony formation and EMT characteristics than those from CA. Knockout of SATB2 in CSCs by Crispr/Cas9 technique significantly inhibited the expression of SATB2 gene, stem cell markers (CD24, CD44 and CD133), pluripotency maintaining factors (c‐Myc, KLF4, SOX2 and OCT4), and EMT
compared with non‐targeting control group. The expression of SATB2 was negatively correlated with miR34a. SATB2 rescued the miR‐34a‐mediated inhibition of CSC's viability. These data suggest that SATB2 is an oncogenic factor, and its higher expression may explain the disparity in HCC outcomes among AA.
Wei Yu1 | Sanjit K. Roy2 | Yiming Ma1 | Thomas A. LaVeist3 | Sharmila Shankar1,2,4 |
Rakesh K. Srivastava1,2,4
The first statistical analysis of stomach cancer incidence and mortality was in Italy, in the 18s century. Stomach cancer remains one of the leadings causes of cancer incidence and mortality globally.
Role of life events in the presence of colon polyps among African AmericansEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
African Americans have disproportionately higher incidence and death rates of colorectal cancer among all ethnic groups in the United States. Several lifestyle factors (e.g. diet, physical activity and alcohol intake) have been suggested as risk factors for colorectal cancer. Stressful life events have also been identified as risk factors for colorectal cancer. The association between stressful life events and colon polyps, which are precursors of colorectal
cancer, has yet to be determined.
Inorganic phosphate and the risk of cancer in the Swedish AMORIS studyEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
Both dietary and serum levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) have been linked to development of cancer in experimental studies. This is the first population-based study investigating the relation between serum Pi and risk of cancer in humans.
Gastric Cancer and the Role of Hedgehog- Interacting Protein One as a Prognos...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been linked to foregut development since its initial discovery in Drosophila. The mammalian genome expresses three (3) Hh ligands, with sonic hedgehog (Shh) level of expression is highest in the mucosa of the embryonic and adult foregut. Hedgehog signaling aberrant activation is associated with pathological consequences in a range of human cancer. Hedgehog signaling is of pivotal role in homeostasis, neoplastic transformation, and gastrointestinal cancer development. The ability to track these cell types in tumor micro-environment broadens options for the more efficient screening of subjects predisposed to eventually developing gastric cancer as well as to expand opportunities for prophylactic therapy once atrophic gastritis develops. The Hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) gene is an essential homolog for multiple developmental processes. However, the expression and clinical correlation of HHIP in gastric cancer (GC) has not thoroughly been investigated. There is need to explore the expression of HHIP in gastric cancer (GC) and evaluate its clinicopathological and functional correlation.
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Blood group antigens have been reported to be associated with many diseased conditions
severally. Studies have suggested that ABO blood groups have an impact on infection status of the individuals
possessing a particular blood group due to the significant associations observed when analyzed. However there is
limited information on the relationship between these blood group antigens with haemoglobin genotype and CD4 cell
count in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, hence the need for this study.
Materials and Method: Exactly 240 newly enrolled seropositive patients attending the HIV Clinic of LAUTECH
Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria and 120 healthy blood donors were recruited for this study. Antibodies to HIV
were determined using determine rapid HIV 1/HIV 2 test kit (Abbott), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
(GenScreen plus HIV Ag-Ab test kit, Paris) and Western blot (New-LAV Blot 1, BioRad, France) for confirmatory test.
ABO and Rhesus blood grouping was determined by standard tile and tube techniques. Haemoglobin genotype
determined by alkaline cellulose acetate haemoglobin electrophoresis while CD4 cell count was estimated with Partec
Cyflow analyser.
Result: There is no significant association between the ABO/Rh antigens and haemoglobin genotypes of the test and
control groups (P<0.05). All participants in the control group had CD4 count >200cells/mm3 while 198 (55%) HIV
infected subjects had CD4 count ≥200cells/mm3 and 42 (11.7%) had CD4 count <200cells/mm3. A significant
association was observed between the CD4 cell count of the patients and their ABO blood group antigens (P<0.05) with
blood group A and AB having the highest CD4count.
Conclusion: The outcome of this study reiterates the fact that blood group antigens are involved in immune protection
against infectious disease. Blood group A which has been implicated to confer susceptibility in some diseased condition
has been observed to confer immunity in this study.
Key-words- CD4 cells, Blood Group Antigens, HIV and Haemoglobin Genotype
Risk factors of chronic liver disease amongst patients receiving care in a Ga...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Meta analysis between Helicobacter Pylori infection and ABO blood groupsPubrica
The human stomach mucosa is home to the Gram-negative spiral-shaped harmful bacteria known as Helicobacter pylori. Although the bacteria is prevalent in around 50% of the world's population (1, 2), only 10-15% of infected people develop symptoms, including peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer (3, 4). The World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified H. pylori as a class I carcinogen in 1994 and identified it as the primary risk factor for stomach cancer (5).
Read more @ https://pubrica.com/insights/sample-work/relationship-between-helicobacter-pylori-infection-and-abo-blood-groups/
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/meta-analysis/
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEuropean Journal AlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
European Journal of Radiology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejrad
Review
Screening mammography beyond breast cancer: breast arterial calcifications
as a sex-specific biomarker of cardiovascular risk
Rubina Manuela Trimbolia, Marina Codarib,⁎, Marco Guazzic,d, Francesco Sardanellic,e
a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
bDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milan, Italy
c Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
dHeart Failure Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
eUnit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseases
Mammography
Mass screening
Monckeberg
Medial calcific sclerosis
Risk assessment
A B S T R A C T
Purpose: To highlight the importance of quantitative breast arterial calcifications (BAC) assessment for an ef-
fective stratification of cardiovascular (CV) risk in women, for whom current preventive strategies are in-
adequate. BAC, easily detectable on mammograms, are associated with CV disease and represent a potential
imaging biomarker for CV disease prevention in women.
Method: We summarized the available evidence on this topic.
Results: Age, parity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were found to positively correlate with BAC. Women with BAC
have a higher CV risk than those without BAC: the relative risk was reported to be 1.4 for transient ischemic
attack/stroke, 1.5 for thrombosis, 1.8 for myocardial infarction; the reported hazard ratio was 1.32 for coronary
artery disease (CAD), 1.52 for heart failure, 1.29 for CV death, 1.44 for death from CAD. However, BAC do not
alarm radiologists; when reported, they are commonly mentioned as “present”, not impacting on CV decision-
making. Of 18 published studies, 9 reported only presence/absence of BAC, 4 used a semi-quantitative scale, and
5 a continuous scale (with manual, automatic or semiautomatic segmentation). Various appearance, topological
complexity, and vessels overlap make BAC quantification difficult to standardize. Nevertheless, machine
learning approaches showed promising results in BAC quantification on mammograms.
Conclusions: There is a strong rationale for mammography to become a dual test for breast cancer screening and
CV disease prevention. However, robust and automated quantification methods are needed for a deeper insight
on the association between BAC and CV disease, to stratifying CV risk and define personalized preventive ac-
tions.
1. Introduction
Cardiovascular (CV) disease represents a major public health issue
and the first cause of death for men and women, accounting for more
than 30% of cases w ...
ABSTRACT- Thrombocytosis has been reported in association with ovarian tumors and is often a poor prognostic
factor. The present study aims to study the incidence of pre-operative thrombocytosis in epithelial ovarian tumors and to
correlate it with anemia, serum CA-125 levels, presence or ascites, FIGO staging and tumor histology. Total 160 cases
of resected specimens of surface epithelial ovarian tumors (SEOT) received in department of Pathology, Kasturba
Medical College Mangalore were studied. The preoperative platelet count, haemoglobin levels and serum CA-125
levels were collected. The presence and degree of ascites was assessed. International Federation of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology (FIGO) staging was done. The incidence of thrombocytosis and its correlation with the presence of
anaemia, elevated CA-125 levels, FIGO stage and presence and degree of ascites among malignant cases were
statistically analysed. The incidence of pre-operative thrombocytosis was noted more in malignant SEOTs 80%
(40/160). The mean pre-operative platelet count in the present study was 321X109 /L. It was more prevalent in serous
epithelial ovarian tumors (83.3%) and these findings were statistically significant (p=0.0001). There was a statistically
significant association of pre-operative thrombocytosis with the presence and degree of ascites and advanced FIGO
staging (p=0.0001). Pre-operative thrombocytosis is a frequent finding in malignant SEOTs and is associated with other
prognostic markers. This implies that thrombocytosis is probably a marker of tumor aggressiveness, and that platelet
may have a role in cancer growth and progression. Thus, presence of pre-operative thrombocytosis has significance as a
poor prognosticator in epithelial ovarian tumors.
Key-words- Thrombocytosis, Surface Epithelial Ovarian Tumors (SEOT), CA 125, FIGO staging
Number of Pages 4 (Double Spaced)Number of sources 8Writi.docxcherishwinsland
Number of Pages: 4 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 8
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Coursework
Category: Healthcare
Order Instructions:
Comprehensive Article Review
Caverly, T.J., Fagerlin, A, & Wiener, R.S. (2018, January 22). Comparison of observed harms and expected mortality benefit for persons in the Veterans Health Affairs Lung Cancer Screening Demonstration Project. JAMA Internal Medicine.
1. What research questions are addressed in this study and what is their purpose (5 points)?
2. What type of research design was used (experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational) in this study and what led you to your decision (5 points)?
3. Are the instruments in this study valid and reliable, why or why not (10 points)?
4. Discuss the specific results of each of the ANCOVAs (analysis of covariance) done in this study. What was the purpose of"each" of the ANCOVAs? What was the covariate in each and why did they do an ANCOVA in each case (5 points)?
5. In the Tables, results are presented, Please explain the tables and summarize the results (15 points).
6. Explain, in simple language, any significant results of this study (25 points)?
7. Identify and discuss any threats to internal and/or external validity in this study (10 points).
8. If you could redesign this study correcting anything you have found wrong with the research, what would you correct and how would you do it (20 points)?
Opinion
EDITORIAL
Reducing Harms in Lung Cancer Screening
Bach to the Future
Michael ln cze, MD, MSEd: Rita F. Redberg, MD, MSc
TbeUS PreventativeServices Task Force cmrcntly recom mends si:;ree ning (grade Brecommendation)for lung canc er witha nnuallow-dose computed tomo graph}' for high-risk in dividuals ages55 to 80 years, defined as those having greate r
gLblefor LCS using the Bach risk tool,11 a vaJidatcd risk model usingsex,age, smokingduration, durationof abstinence from smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day as inpu ts.
The asto undingly high ratesof false-pos itiveresults in the low
=Related attid e
than a 30 pack-year cumula tivesmoking historyand h av• ing quit with in the past 15 years.1 The evide nce to sup
est risk quintiles (eg, 2221false-positive resul ts per lung ca n cer death averted and a NNS of nearly 5600 in quintile1), as well as extremelylow ratesoflungcancerincidencein the low est-risk groups, confirm trends illustrated in previous stud
port thisrecommendation overwhelminglycomes rrom the Na
tional Lung CancerScreenfngTrial(NL ST). While3 other large randomized clinical trials failed to show any mortality ben efit tolung cancer screening (LCS), the NLST demonstrateda 20% reduction in lungcan ce r mortality,a lo ng with a 6.7% re duction in .ill-ca use mortality, when compared with an an nual chest radiograph, witb a number needed toscreen (NNS} of256to prevent I lung-cancerassociated death over3years.-2 5 Real-worldapplication ofLCS has been particularly .
Downloadable slides highlighting key concepts in colorectal cancer screening and appropriate therapy selection and application in the adjuvant setting and beyond.
Similar to Association between ABO Blood Group and Various Types of Cancer: A Case–Control Study in Greek Adults (20)
Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19: Ancient Therapy Re-emergedasclepiuspdfs
Convalescent plasma has again re-emerged as a therapy during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks currently use as a prophylactic or an interventional treatment in infected patients. Convalescent plasma has been used in the 20th century confronting different infectious diseases where there was no other therapy available. Conceivably, this convalescent plasma therapy tends to be proving a game-changing treatment in some COVID-19 patients and could support treatment, in addition to the current interventions before other developed therapies are available for the population.
The Negative Clinical Consequences Due to the Lack of the Elaboration of a Sc...asclepiuspdfs
Until a few years ago, the immune system was considered as responsible for the only defense against microbial infections and other external agents. On the contrary, the immune cells have been proven to be linked not only through cell-cell contact but also by releasing proteins capable of influencing the immune-inflammatory response, the so-called cytokines or interleukins. Moreover, the cytokines have appeared to play not only immune activities but also metabolic and systemic effects influencing the overall biological systems, including the nervous, the endocrine, and the cardiovascular systems, by representing the main endogenous molecules responsible for the maintenance of the unity of the biological life. Therefore, only the systematic clinical consideration of cytokine effects may allow the generation of real future holistic medicine.
The great benefit of blood/blood constitutes therapy is the ability to provide transfusion support for patients with many unique hematologic conditions. For some patients, such as patients with sickle cell disease, thalassemia major, immune hemolytic anemia, anemia of kidney disease, and aplastic anemia may need for this consolidation extends throughout their life. By knowing the alteration mechanisms of these conditions, we can appreciate the stationary, urgency, and the value of the transfused red blood cell (RBC).
Decreasing or Increasing Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Mult...asclepiuspdfs
During the past four decades, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been the first choice and the standard option for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. The introduction of new agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib has led to a clear improvement in basic approach and those agents became the standard of care in the induction phase; however, they were not able to play the role of ASCT in term of progression-free survival and overall survival. Debate continues about the best induction, consolidation, and maintenance taking into account the toxicities of these new agents. The new monoclonal antibody (anti CD38) starts to take its place in the induction setting and it seems to be a promising agent in the high-risk group. Until recently, ASCT is the standard treatment for newly diagnosed patients.
Comparison of the Hypocalcemic Effects of Erythropoietin and U-74389Gasclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study calculated the effects on serum calcium (Ca) levels, after treatment with either of two drugs: The erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant lazaroid (L) drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of two preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the certain influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced ischemia-reperfusion animal experiment. Materials and Methods: The two main experimental endpoints at which the serum Ca levels were evaluated were the 60th reperfusion min (for the Groups A, C, and E) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the Groups B, D, and F). Especially, the Groups A and B were processed without drugs, Groups C and D after Epo administration, whereas Groups E and F after the L administration. Results: The first preliminary study of Epo presented a non-significant hypocalcemic effect by 0.34% ± 0.68% (P = 0.6095). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a non-significant hypercalcemic effect by 0.14% ± 0.66% (P = 0.8245). These two studies were coevaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the coevaluation was that L is 2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–2.3764196) more hypercalcemic than Epo (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: The antioxidant capacities of U-74389G ascribe 2.3623042-fold more hypercalcemic effects than Epo (P = 0.0000).
The term refractory anemia (RA) may be confusing to those who are not hematologists. RA should be well defined because it means more than what it says. RA is defined as anemia that is not responsive to therapy except transfusion.[1] The term RA is used to rule out those types of anemia with a known cause such as anemia of systemic diseases (liver and kidney) and anemia of inflammation even though they are considered refractory to therapy.[2] RA with cellular or hypercellular bone marrow was formerly used to exclude aplastic anemia.
Management of Immunogenic Heparin-induced Thrombocytopeniaasclepiuspdfs
Immunogenic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune response to heparin associated with significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients if unidentified as soon as possible, due to thromboembolic complications involving both arterial and venous systems. Early diagnoses based on a comprehensive interpretation of clinical and laboratory information improve clinical outcomes. Management principles of strongly suspected HIT should not be delayed for laboratory result confirmation. Treatment strategies have been introduced including new, safe, and effective agents. This review summarizes the clinical therapeutic options for HIT addressing the use of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors and indirect factor Xa inhibitors as well as the potential non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.
73-year-old woman without any pertinent history was admitted to the hospital due to remittent fever with erythema. She showed itching and linearly arranged erythema on the chest, back, and abdomen [Figure 1a and b]. As she had been taking daily cefditoren pivoxil for the 4 days before her admission, she was diagnosed as having drug-related scratch dermatitis, and the antibiotic treatment was stopped. Her fever remained. Laboratory data showed elevated levels of white blood cells (14,800/μl, normal range 4000–7000) and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 138 IU/L (normal range 5–40), alanine aminotransferase 97 IU/L (normal range 5–35), and ferritin (17469.5 ng/mL, normal range 5–152).
Bone Marrow Histology is a Pathognomonic Clue to Each of the JAK2V617F, MPL,5...asclepiuspdfs
According to the World Health Organization and Clinical Laboratory Molecular and Pathological criteria bone marrow pathology in JAK2V617F mutated trilinear myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera are indistinguishably featured by clustered medium to large pleomorphic megakaryocytes and increased cellularity (60–90%) due to increased erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. MPL515 mutated ET is the second distinct clonal MPN characterized by thrombocythemia in a normocellular bone marrow showing clustered increased large to giant mature megakaryocytes with staghorn-like hyperlobulated nuclei. Calreticulin (CALR) mutated hypercellular thrombocythemia associated with prefibrotic megakaryocytic, granulocytic myeloproliferation (MGM) recently became the third distinct MPN featured by dense clusters of immature megakaryocytes with cloud-like nuclei. Bone marrow pathology in newly diagnosed MPN patients appears to be a pathognomonic clue for diagnostic differentiation between JAK2V617F mutated trilinear MPN, MPL515 normocellular thrombocythemia, and CALR thrombocythemia with MGM characteristics followed by secondary reticulin fibrosis. Their natural histories clearly differ featured by an increase of erythro/granulopoiesis and cellularity in JAK2V617F, decrease of erythropoiesis and cellularity in MPL515 and increase of dual megakaryo/granulopoiesis and cellularity in CALR mutated MPN.
Helicobacter pylori Frequency in Polycythemia Vera Patients without Dyspeptic...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: In polycythemia vera (PV) patients, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal erosions are more common than the general population, but there are insufficient data on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of HP infection in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints with a healthy control group without dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with PV without dyspeptic complaints and 50 controls without dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in this study after informed consent obtained. Stool samples of selected patients were analyzed using HP stool antigen test (True Line®). Results: There was surprisingly striking difference between HP prevalence in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints and asymptomatic healthy controls (64% vs. 2%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship found between HP presence and age, gender, treatment modalities, complete blood count, positivity of JAK2 V617F, serum erythropoietin level, and splenomegaly in PV patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: As the susceptibility of HP infections in PV patients are higher, it is recommended to have close surveillance of these patients by screening HP presence. In addition, when HP positivity is determined, the eradication of HP is essential to prevent possible future gastrointestinal lesions in patients with PV.
Lymphoma of the Tonsil in a Developing Communityasclepiuspdfs
The lymphoma of the tonsil is a rarity. Single case reports have appeared in countries as disparate as China, Greece, India, Japan, and Turkey. Therefore, this paper presents cases found in Nigeria among the Ibo ethnic group. The epidemiological comparisons are deemed to be worthy of documentation such as age ranges and sides of involvement.
Should Metformin Be Continued after Hospital Admission in Patients with Coron...asclepiuspdfs
Background: In most patients with diabetes, guidelines recommend discontinuation of oral anti-diabetic agents. Preliminary data suggest that pre-admission metformin use may have a mortality benefit in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to review the impact of metformin on morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: Review of English literature by PUBMED search until November 10, 2020. Search terms included diabetes, COVID-19, metformin, retrospective studies, meta-analyses, pertinent reviews, pre-print articles, and consensus guidelines are reviewed.
Clinical Significance of Hypocalcemia in COVID-19asclepiuspdfs
Background: Preliminary data suggest that hypocalcemia is common among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the clinical significance of hypocalcemia in the setting of COVID-19. Methods: Literature search (PubMed) until August 5, 2020. Search terms include hypocalcemia, COVID-19, mortality, and complications. Retrospective studies are reviewed due to a lack of randomized trials. Results: Prevalence of hypocalcemia among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 ranges from 62% to 78%, depending on the definition of hypocalcemia and patients’ characteristics. In most cases, hypocalcemia is mild to moderate biochemically. Hypocalcemia is a risk factor for hospitalization of patients with COVID-19. In already hospitalized patients, hypocalcemia is significantly associated with increase severity of COVID-19 and its complications, including multiorgan failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Hypocalcemia is significantly correlated with inflammatory markers of COVID-19. Causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 patients are unclear, but Vitamin D deficiency may be a contributing factor. Conclusion: Hypocalcemia is common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and carries unfavorable outcomes. Further studies are needed to examine the causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 and to see whether normalization of circulating calcium levels improves prognosis.
Excess of Maternal Transmission of Type 2 Diabetes: Is there a Role of Bioche...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: An excess of maternal transmission of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported in some populations but not confirmed in other studies. Mitochondrial inheritance has been proposed to explain such excess. In the present paper, we have considered the presence of T2D in the mother and/or in the father in relation to the risk of T2D and to age at onset of the disease in the offspring. The distribution of two genetic polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism in relation to the presence of T2D in the mother has been also considered. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-nine participants with T2D were studied in the population of Penne, a small rural town in the eastern side of central Italy. Adenosine deaminase locus 1 (ADA1) and phosphoglucomutase locus 1 (PGM1) phenotypes were determined by starch gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were carried out using commercial software (SPSS). Results: The proportion of patients from T2D mothers is much greater as compared to the proportion of the patients from T2D fathers (P < 0.0001). Age at onset of the disease in patients in whom one or both parents are T2D is lower as compared to other patients. The distribution of ADA1 and PGM1 phenotypes in participants with T2D depends on the presence of diabetes in the mother. Conclusions: About the transmission of T2D, our data confirm the high proportion of maternal T2D and show the role of two common biochemical polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism.
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
Self-efficacy Impact Adherence in Diabetes Mellitusasclepiuspdfs
The aim of the paper is to explore how self-efficacy (SE) is associated with adherence among adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The search of electronic databases identified 564 records from 2007 to 2017 on SE and adherence from different perspectives and its effect on adults with DM. Discussions: SE increases the confidence in adults in their self-care behaviors. Non-adherence continues to be a significant barrier to SE. SE and adherence should be informed by an understanding of theoretical frameworks and the individual characteristics. Conclusion: Adherence is likely among adults with better SE to empower them to make valid decisions about their health. Interventions to improve SE should be tailored based on different types of non-adherence such as intentional and unintentional non-adherence. Implications: An intercollaborative professional practice approach is crucial to improve SE and adherence for sound judgment and valid decision-making.
Uncoiling the Tightening Obesity Spiralasclepiuspdfs
While an underweight prevalence was once more than twice that of obesity, now more people are obese than underweight. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. There are an estimated 2,100,000,000 obese people worldwide and that number is forecast to grow to 51% of the world’s population by 2030. Escalating obesity-related disease costs threaten to bankrupt the world’s health-care systems.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Management Of Hypoglycemia In Patients With Type 2 Diabetesasclepiuspdfs
Hypoglycemia is the rate-limiting step of intensive management in patients with diabetes. Lowering one’s A1C to a prescribed target is expected to mitigate one’s risk of developing long- and short-term diabetes-related complications. Several of the less expensive and commonly prescribed glucose lowering agents favored by practitioners result in weight gain, hypoglycemia, and even an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Although achieving a targeted A1C of <7 % is the standard of care, clinicians often fail to evaluate patients for glycemic variability which can increase oxidative stress driving long-term diabetes-related complications including CV death. The use of concentrated insulins and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists separately or in combination with each other reduces glycemic variability and one’s risk of hypoglycemia. Pharmaceutical agents which allow patients to safely achieve their targeted A1C without weight gain and hypoglycemia should be preferred in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Predictive and Preventive Care: Metabolic Diseasesasclepiuspdfs
South Asians have a very high incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. In addition, they also have a very high incidence of metabolic diseases such as prehypertension, hypertension, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type-2 diabetes, and its clinical complications. Currently, there are over 75 million diabetic subjects in India and an equal number of prediabetics. Republic of China has taken over India as the diabetes capital of the world, with over 115 million diabetics. Modern medicine is disease focused and has failed to address the prevention of these chronic diseases. According to the reports from the United Nations (Millennium Development Goals [MDGs], the World Health Organization, Global Health Initiatives, and the non-communicable disease risk task force), obesity has increased by 2-fold and type-2 diabetes by 4-fold worldwide. Experts in this field predict that chances of meeting the MDGs set by the UN members of reducing the incidence of these diseases at 2025 to the level of 2020 are very little. Western medicine has failed to reduce or reverse the trend in the incidence of these diseases. We feel that an integrated approach to health care may be a better option, to reduce the disease burden in developing and resource-poor countries. Having said that, one cannot prevent something that one is not aware of, as such it is the need of the hour for us, to develop a robust predictive and preventive health-care platform. In an earlier article, we presented our views on reducing or reversing cardiometabolic diseases. There is great enthusiasm among the health-care providers and professional bodies that integration of emerging technologies will help develop personalized, precision medicine, as well as reduce the cost of health-care worldwide.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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2. Chrysanthakopoulos: Association between ABO Blood Group and Cancer
14 Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
The ABO blood groups system discovered decades ago,[4]
is the most immunogenic of all the blood group antigens,
its antigens are biomarkers expressed in various types of
cells including erythrocytes, mucosa, lung epithelial, and
gastrointestinal cells.[5,6]
The ABO gene is an autosomal
gene that is located on chromosome 9 at q34.1–q34.2 region
and encodes for a specific glycosyltransferase enzyme that
adds a glucose residue to a carbohydrate structure, the H
antigen, that is present in the membrane of erythrocytes
and other types of endothelial and epithelial cells as already
mentioned.[7]
Distribution of the four different blood groups
varies among countries in different geographical, ethnic,
and socioeconomic groups.[8]
In general, blood group shows
the highest prevalence, while blood Group AB shows
the lowest. Although the elaborate physiologic function
of the ABO blood group antigens remains unknown, no
disease results from the lack of ABO blood group antigens
expression.[7]
An association between ABO blood group and various
diseases was proposed 50 years ago.[9]
In recent years, several
reports haves shown that ABO blood group was associated
with many diseases and pathological conditions and various
types of cancer,[10,11]
although the explanation for that
relationship is still not understood. Most recent reports based
on the finding that such an association was initially suggested
through the observation that gastric cancer (GC) patients were
more likely to have blood type A than control individuals,[12]
documented a relative link between susceptibility to cancer
and ABO blood group or found a relationship between ABO
blood group and risk of certain malignancies.
In herited human ABO blood group, antigens were associated
withvarioustypesofmalignanciesincludingpancreatic,[10,13-20]
renal cell,[21]
skin,[11]
ovarian,[22,23]
esophageal,[16,24-26]
hepatocellular,[27,28]
colorectal,[16,29]
oral cavity,[30-33]
larynx,[34]
bladder,[35]
breast,[36]
gastric,[12,16,17,37-40]
prostate,[41]
and lung
cancer (LC),[16,42-45]
but the associations, in general, were
inconsistent. For instance, an association between ABO
blood group and nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) remains
controversial as a research by Seow et al.[46]
demonstrated
the absence of such an association, whereas Turkoz et al.[47]
found that ABO blood group was associated with NPC
susceptibility. Similarly, previous reports investigated the
possible association between ABO blood group antigens and
risk of LC and proposed a possible association; however, the
data on the role of ABO blood group factor in LC are limited
and inconsistent.[42,44,45]
Most previous studies were based on self-reporting of blood
type which is prone to recall and information biases. In
addition, the relative small sample sizes of most previous
studies have limited the opportunity to comprehensively
estimate the link between ABO blood group and cancer risks,
particularly for rare types of cancers.
Similar retro- or prospective studies of the association
between ABO blood group and cancer risk have not been
carried out in Greece.
The aim of the present retrospective case–control study was
to investigate the possible association between ABO blood
groups and risk of cancer overall and separately, in several
organs in an adult population sample in Greece.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design and study sample
A total of 459 individuals, 200 males and 259 females, who
were suffering from various types of cancer and 918 non-
cancer individuals, 473 males and 445 females, aged 45–74
years who were selected from two private medical practices
enrolled in the study.
The current study was a retrospective case–control study. The
case group included patients with several types of cancer and
its diagnosis was confirmed according to histopathological
examination of their medical files. The attempt was to choose
the controls in such a way they can be the representatives of
the population from which the cases were drawn. Thus, cases
and controls were selected from the same city population
in an effort to avoid or eliminate possible selection biases.
In addition, the selection of controls was based on cases’
environment, such as friends and colleagues. According to
that method, eligible control individuals were selected from
those, who were subjected to routine health examinations
at the mentioned practices, between 2015 and 2018. Both
groups, cases and controls, were matched 2–1 with cancer
patients for age (± 5 year), and gender in an effort to control
potential confounders.
Cancer rates were estimated according to cancer mortality
rates in 2012 as no data were available which concerned
cancer incidence in Greece.[48]
Participants included in the study completed a baseline
questionnaire about common risk factors for cancer. Thus,
they completed a self-administered questionnaire which
concerned information on their medical history, smoking
status, socio-economic and educational level, and cancer
family history. When at least one first-degree family member
was diagnosed with cancer, the family history was considered
positive for cancer. The cases who had distant metastases in
any-one of the organs examined or had a medical history
of other malignancies were excluded and included patients
with newly diagnosed cancer who were out-patients of
the mentioned medical practices in an effort to eliminate
potential effects by known and unknown confounders.
ABO blood group was confirmed by the medical files of the
participants.
3. Chrysanthakopoulos: Association between ABO Blood Group and Cancer
Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020 15
Statistical analysis
The associations between ABO blood group and risk of
overall cancer were assessed using univariate and multivariate
logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR’s)
and 95% confidence interval (CI) were recorded as well.
The independent variables were included in Wald method
to assess gradually the variables which showed significant
associations with the dependent one.
Finally, a multinomial model was carried out to estimate
AOR’s between ABO blood group and the risk of each type
of cancer separately, after adjusting for potential confounders,
such as age, gender, smoking status, educational and socio-
economic level, and family history of cancer. In this analysis,
blood type O was used as a reference group.
Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical
package of SPSS ver.19.0. P 5% (P 0.05) was considered
to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
The distribution of blood groups of controls was similar to
the general Greek population.
Cases and controls showed a mean age of 64.5 years (± 3.7).
The distribution of cancer patients and controls with ABO
group and the univariate analysis are shown in Table 1.
According to univariate analysis age, educational level,
smoking, cancer family history, and ABO blood group were
found to be significantly associated with overall cancer risk.
The same table shows that the frequency of overall cancer
risk was significantly higher in blood Group A individuals
(P = 0.043), whereas blood Group AB individuals had lower
overall cancer risk as compared to controls.
Table 2 presents the distribution of each cancer type according
to the variables examined.
Table 3 presents the results after performing of the
multivariate regression model. Step1 – Enter method showed
that smoking (P = 0.000, OR = 1.77, 95%CI = 1.39–2.26),
cancer family history (P = 0.000, OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.45–
2.33), A (P = 0.001, OR = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.32–2.85), and B
(P = 0.000, OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.41–2.86) blood groups
were significantly associated with overall cancer risk.
Step 4 – Wald method showed that the mentioned indices,
smoking (P = 0.000, OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.36–2.17),
cancer family history (P = 0.000, OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.47–
2.34), A (P = 0.001, OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.33–2.87), and
B (P = 0.000, OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.4–2.90), including male
gender (P = 0.046, OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.01–1.60), were
significantly associated with overall cancer risk. The same
table also shows AOR’s and 95% CI.
Table 4 shows the AOR’s and 95%CI of ABO blood group
categories to each type of cancer.
Table 1: Univariate analysis of cases and controls regarding each independent variable examined
Variables Cases (No) (%) Controls (No) (%) P-value Odds ratio 95% confidence interval
Gender: Males 259 (56.4) 473 (51.5)
Females 200 (43.6) 445 (48.5) 0.086 0.82 0.66-1.03
Age (years): 45–49 104 (22.7) 277 (30.2)
50–59 164 (35.7) 286 (31.2) 0.010* ___ ___
60–69 157 (34.2) 271 (29.5)
70+ 34 (7.4) 84 (9.2)
Socio-economic level: Low 287 (62.5) 539 (58.7)
High 172 (37.5) 379 (41.3) 0.173 1.17 0.93–1.48
Educational level: Low 242 (52.7) 828 (65.2)
High 217 (47.3) 442 (34.8) 0.000* 0.60 0.48–0.74
Smoking: No 148 (32.2) 480 (52.3)
Yes 311 (67.8) 438 (47.7) 0.000* 0.43 0.34–0.55
Cancer family history: No 204 (44.4) 476 (51.9)
Yes 255 (55.6) 442 (48.1) 0.010* 0.74 0.59–0.913
ABO blood group: O 108 (23.5) 244 (26.6)
A 225 (49.0) 391 (42.6) 0.043* ____ ________
B 80 (17.4) 153 (16.7)
AB 46 (10.0) 130 (14.2)
*P-value: Statistically significant
4. Chrysanthakopoulos: Association between ABO Blood Group and Cancer
16 Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
Gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and LC were significantly
associated with blood Group A, whereas esophageal
cancer was significantly associated with blood Group B
after performance of multinomial regression model and
after adjusting for age, gender, educational level and socio
economic status, smoking, and family history of cancer.
DISCUSSION
The association between ABO blood type and many diseases
has been investigated for more than 50 years; however,
findings to date have little practical value as prevention
indices.
The results showed that GC risk was higher among individuals
with blood type A than those with blood type O. Many
similar studies have found such an association, however,
no clear evidence has been suggested,[16,17,38,39]
whereas it
has also been recorded that individuals with blood Group O
demonstrated a decreased risk of GC,[12,37-39]
and in a previous
overview was observed an inverse association for blood
Group O compared to non-O groups.[16]
The heterogeneity
among studies reviewed could be a possible explanation for
those findings.[16]
Only one study[10]
failed to confirm the
relationship between ABO blood groups and GC.
An increased risk of ESOC for individuals with blood
Group B was also found, whereas the significance level was
marginal (P = 0.051), and the sample of ESOC individuals was
extremely low. Similar findings were observed in the previous
studies.[16,24-26]
In another report was recorded that ESOC risk for
blood Group O was significantly lower than non-O groups.[16]
Table 2: Distribution of each type of cancer according to independent variables
Variables OC and
NPC
OEC GC CRC HCC PC LC
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Gender
Males 7 (70.0) 5 (71.4) 29 (60.4) 38 (45.2) 28 (53.8) 28 (58.3) 124 (59.0)
Females 3 (30.0) 2 (28.6) 19 (39.6) 46 (54.8) 24 (46.2) 20 (41.7) 86 (41.0)
Age (years)
45–49 2 (20.0) 1 (14.3) 8 (16.7) 28 (33.3) 12 (23.1) 8 (16.7) 45 (21.4)
50–59 3 (30.0) 1 (14.3) 25 (52.1) 38 (45.2) 15 (28.8) 25 (52.1) 57 (27.1)
60–69 3 (30.0) 3 (42.9) 11 (22.9) 15 (17.9) 17 (32.7) 10 (20.8) 98 (46.7)
70+ 2 (20.0) 2 (28.5) 4 (8.3) 3 (3.56) 8 (15.4) 5 (10.4) 10 (4.8)
Socio-economic level
Low 6 (60.0) 5 (71.4) 32 (66.7) 37 (44.0) 27 (51.9) 12 (25.0) 168 (80.0)
High 4 (40.0) 2 (28.6) 16 (33.3) 47 (56.0) 25 (48.1) 36 (75.0) 42 (20.0)
Educational level
Low 7 (70.0) 4 (57.2) 30 (62.5) 32 (38.1) 31 (59.6) 17 (35.4) 121 (57.6)
High 3 (30.0) 3 (42.8) 18 (37.5) 52 (61.9) 21 (40.4) 31 (64.6) 89 (42.4)
Smoking
No 2 (20.0) 1 (14.2) 14 (29.2) 18 (21.4) 17 (32.7) 13 (27.1) 83 (39.5)
Yes 8 (80.0) 6 (85.7) 34 (70.8) 66 (78.6) 35 (67.3) 35 (72.9) 127 (60.5)
Cancer family history
No 3 (30.0) 2 (28.6) 18 (37.5) 35 (41.7) 23 (44.2) 20 (41.7) 103 (49.0)
Yes 7 (70.0) 5 (71.4) 30 (62.5) 49 (58.3) 29 (55.8) 28 (58.3) 107 (51.0)
ABO blood group
O 1 (10.0) 1 (14.2) 9 (18.8) 21 (25.0) 10 (19.2) 13 (27.1) 53 (25.2)
A 3 (30.0) 2 (28.6) 21 (43.8) 38 (45.2) 24 (46.1) 18 (37.5) 119 (56.7)
B 4 (40.0) 2 (28.6) 10 (20.8) 13 (15.4) 12 (23.1) 12 (35.0) 27 (12.8)
AB 2 (20.0) 2 (28.6) 8 (16.6) 12 (14.4) 6 (11.6) 5 (10.4) 11 (5.3)
Total 10 7 48 84 52 48 210
OC and NPC: Oral and nasopharyngeal cancer, OEC: Esophageal cancer, GC: Gastric cancer, CRC: Colorectal cancer, HCC:
Hepatocellular cancer, PC: Pancreatic cancer, LC: Lung cancer
5. Chrysanthakopoulos: Association between ABO Blood Group and Cancer
Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020 17
The current study showed that individuals with blood Group
A had as significantly increased risk of colorectal cancer
(CRC) compared to those with non-A blood group, findings
that were in agreement with those from a previous report.[29]
A decreased risk of CRC for individuals with blood Group
O was recorded in a systematic review; however, a high
heterogeneity was found among the studies examined.[16]
On
the contrary, similar previous reports found no association.[49]
Individuals with blood group a had an increased risk of LC
in the current report. In a similar multicenter retrospective
study recorded that non-O blood type was associated with
an increased risk of LC, and blood Group O was associated
with a 14% risk reduction of LC,[42]
whereas a significant
excess risk was found among individuals with blood Group
A in another study.[43]
In contrary to previous, similar reports
recorded no association between ABO blood groups and
risk of LC.[44,45]
A protective effect of LC for blood Group B
compared to non-B groups was shown in a review, but was
not statistically significant, whereas statistically significant
heterogeneity was observed among the studies reviewed.[16]
The possible association between ABO blood group and
pancreatic cancer (PC) risk has been investigating for decades,
however, that association has not been consistently recorded.
A significant association was observed in the current study
between blood type A and the risk of PC, finding that was
confirmed by previous and recent studies.[10,14,18,19]
A meta-
analysis showed that only one study recorded an inverse
association for blood Group A compared to non-A groups,
but was not statistically significant, where as a median
heterogeneity was present.[16]
In contrary to those findings,
similar studies recorded increased rates of blood Group B
among PC patients.[15,17]
In addition, the previous reports suggested that compared
with blood Group O individuals, those with non-O blood
types (A, AB, or B) were more likely to develop PC, or were
associated with an elevated risk of PC.[17]
It has also been
demonstrated that blood Group O individuals had a lower
risk of PC,[13]
compared with blood Groups A and AB.[13]
Only one study revealed that blood Group AB was protective
against PC risk.[20]
Table 3: Presentation of correlation between independent variables and overall cancer according to Enter (1a
step) and Wald (4a step) method of multivariate logistic regression analysis model
Variables in the equation
Variables 95% C.I. for EXP (B)
B S.E. Wald df Sig Exp(B) Lower Upper
Step 1a
Gender 0.226 0.119 3.563 1 0.059 1.253 0.991 1.584
Age 0.010 0.062 0.025 1 0.875 1.010 0.894 1.141
Smok.stat 0.570 0.124 20.974 1 0.000* 1.768 1.386 2.257
Educ.level 0.225 0.132 2.918 1 0.088 1.252 0.967 1.621
Socioec.lev -0.138 0.133 1.083 1 0.298 0.871 0.671 1.130
Family hist 0.608 0.122 24.934 1 0.000* 1.837 1.447 2.332
O group 23.651 1 0.000
A group 0.660 0.196 11.302 3 0.001* 1.936 1.317 2.845
B group 0.696 0.181 14.782 1 0.000* 2.007 1.407 2.862
AB group 0.150 0.203 0.544 1 0.461 1.162 0.780 1.729
Constant 1.921 0.214 80.960 1 0.000 0.146
Step 4a
Gender 0.238 0.119 3.999 1 0.046* 1.269 1.005 1.602
Smok.stat 0.540 0.119 20.626 1 0.000* 1.716 1.359 2.166
Family hist 0.617 0.120 26.605 1 0.000* 1.853 1.466 2.343
O group 23.956 3 0.000
A group 0.672 0.196 11.772 1 0.001* 1.957 1.334 2.873
B group 0.711 0.181 15.491 1 0.000* 2.035 1.429 2.900
AB group 0.173 0.201 0.739 1 0.390 1.189 0.801 1.764
Constant 1.869 0.191 95.730 1 0.000 0.154
The reference category is: O blood group/ Smok.status: Smoking status, educ.level: Educational level, socioec.lev: Socioeconomic level,
Family hist: Family history. *P-value: statistically significant
6. Chrysanthakopoulos: Association between ABO Blood Group and Cancer
Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
No association was observed between ABO blood group and
the risk of hepatocellular cancer HCC. However, previous
studies observed associations between the ABO blood group
and liver diseases including HCC.[28]
Recent reports found
higher risk for HCC in the presence of A antigen,[27,43,50]
while it also found that males with blood type A or B had
a significantly higher HCC risk compared with males with
blood Type O which was independent of the known HCC risk
factors.[27]
On the basis of the current study, no association was recorded
between the ABO blood group and the risk of ONPC, findings
that were in agreement with those of recent genome wide
association studies on NPC.[51]
In the contrary, previous
studies have shown that blood Group B individuals were at
a greater risk to develop OC.[31,32]
Similarly, cancer of the
buccal mucosa blood Group B showed the highest frequency;
however, it was not statistically significant.[52]
Blood Group A
individuals showed a higher risk of developing OC[33]
or were
more susceptible to the development of OC,[47]
whereas blood
Group O had a protective effect.[47]
In a systematic review and
meta-analysis was found that NPC risk for blood GroupAwas
significantly higher than non-A groups and for blood group
O the risk was significantly lower than non-O groups,
without evidence of heterogeneity across studies.[16]
Table 4: Presentation of correlation between ABO blood group and each type cancer according to multinomial
logistic regression analysis model
Cancer general 95% C.I. for EXP(B)
Interval for Exp(B)
Sig. Exp(B) Lower
bound
Upper
bound
Oral and nasopharyngeal Ca
A group 0.098 0.936 0.516 1.387
B group 0.118 0.673 0.347 1.148
AB group 0.214 0.549 0.313 1.133
Esophageal cancer
A group 0.068 1.297 0.485 1.194
B group 0.051 1.225 0.825 1.502
AB group 0.302 0.872 0.443 1.108
Gastric cancer
A group 0.002 2.552 0.546 4.297
B group 0.061 1.907 0.774 2.698
AB group 0.536 0.857 0.239 1.284
Colorectal cancer
A group 0.046 2.059 0.815 2.579
B group 0.078 1.308 0.623 1.748
AB group 0.119 1.113 0.445 1.274
Hepatocellular cancer
A group 0.103 0.613 0.212 1.176
B group 0.066 1.112 0.483 1.62
AB group 0.087 0.949 0.490 1.203
Pancreatic cancer
A group 0.034 2.297 1.023 2.826
B group 0.077 1.049 0.575 1.424
AB group 0.337 0.541 0.285 1.177
Lung cancer
A group 0.022 2.783 1.627 5.486
B group 0.178 1.147 0.694 1.298
AB group 0.251 0.912 0.542 1.031
7. Chrysanthakopoulos: Association between ABO Blood Group and Cancer
Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020 19
Another similar research recorded that blood Types A or
AB was associated with an increased risk of NPC.[53]
Those
differences could be attributed to diversity in sample
size, study design, and races of participants, whereas the
association between ABO blood groups and the cancer risk
may vary among different geographic locations and races
or ethnicities.[11]
The biological mechanism by which genetic variants in
ABO gene locus influence the risk of GC still remains
unknown. The antigens ABO/ABH are crucial intercellular
adhesion and membrane signaling mediators, are involved
in the malignant cells progression and dissemination[54]
and, are also recognized by the host immune system and
may affect immunosurveillance for malignant cells.[54]
Another explanation is the differences found among ABO
alleles in atrophic gastritis prevalence and Helicobacter
pylori infection, as both conditions are risk factors for GC
development.[40]
A potential explanation for the increased
incidence of GC in blood Group A individuals could be
the fact that those individuals were more susceptible to
pernicious anemia, compared with non-A blood group
ones,[55]
as individuals who suffer from pernicious anemia
are more prone to GC.[56]
A possible explanation for the
association between ABO blood types and risk of CRC could
be the alterations on theABH blood group antigens which can
change the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions,
abnormalities that can lead to tumor development, and the
alteration of ABO/Lewis antigen that have been found to be
related to malignant transformation in some tumors.[57]
One
hypothesis proposes that the difference in ABO antigens in
gastric mucins affects the properties of H. Pylori binding,
and explains the difference in PC risk among ABO blood
types,[20]
whereas was found that only the A1 allele was
associated with significantly higher risk for pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinoma after comparison ABO allele frequencies
in PC patients and blood donors.[58]
Chronic pancreatitis is a
predisposing factor for pancreatic tumorigenesis,[59]
and the
ABO blood antigens may affect the systemic inflammatory
reaction.
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory
cytokine which regulates pancreatic ductal cell apoptosis,[59]
whereas plasma levels of soluble inter-cellular adhesion
molecule (sICAM-1) are associated with the risk of diabetes
mellitus development,[60]
which increases the susceptibility
for PC. It is possible that ABO antigens may alter the
systemic inflammatory conditions and influence the risk of
PC development. It has also been shown the deletion and
the novel expression of A, B, and Hantigens on the PC cells
surface compared with surrounding normal ductal cells,[6]
suggesting that alterations in glycosyltransferase specificity
may occur during pancreatic tumorigenesis. Alterations
in the host inflammatory state due to ABO blood antigens
may provide a further mechanism to explain such an
association.[61]
ABO blood group is associated with various
serum biomarkers such as the inflammatory associated
cytokines TNF-α, epidermal growth factor (EGF), sICAM-
1, P-selectin, E-selectin,[62,63]
and EGF receptor which
are involved in HCC development,[64]
whereas its gene
polymorphisms have been suggested to be associated with
HCC risk.[65]
ABO antigens act as receptors or ligands for
bacteria and immunologically enzymes that are involved
in malignant progression and dissemination.[54]
Thus, the
abnormalABO blood antigens expression in liver cells tissue
might be associated with HC carcinogenesis. In healthy liver
cells, the ABO blood antigens A, B, and H, are not expressed
on their surfaces, however, increased ABH expression or neo
expression has been found in HCC cells.[66]
The non-O blood
group is an independent risk factor for the progression of
liver fibrosis in HCV infection,[67]
whereas individuals with
blood Group A show more liver dysfunction and earlier
appearance of liver cirrhosis compared to those with blood
Group A.[27]
Those observations suggest an association
between ABO blood groups and liver inflammation and
fibrosis progression inpatients with HCV which can lead
to HC carcinogenesis. Previous investigations indicated
that ABO antigens mediate microbial infections, including
H. pylori[14]
and Norwalkvirus.[68]
Thus, it is possible that
ABO status may also interact with EBV and influence NP
carcinogenesis. However, the lack of information on EBV
infections sets limits the current study, which may display a
bias in the analysis.
The current case–control study has certain limitations
as does not have the reliability of the prospective ones,
whereas selection, recall, random, referral biases, and the
effect of known and unknown con-founders are likely higher
and could lead to biased secondary associations. Possible
confounding factors which are related with increased risk
of various types cancer were not included. The results for
overall cancer may be conducted by the cancer sites with
more studies included, as the number of studies on different
cancer sites included in the current study varied largely.
Another limitation relates to the selection of controls, which
may attitude a challenge for ABO phenotype and other
features with anABO distribution which varies by geography
and ethnicity. Although the current study had a relatively
large sample size in general, the number of individuals in
some subgroups was small. In addition, the data analyses
based on cancer mortality as data which concerned the
cancer incidence in Greece were not available. Some
strengths of the current study were that it was a matched
case–control study, and used randomly selected population-
based controls. Potential limitations which concern each
type of cancer are also important. HCC could be attributed
to chronic hepatitis B/C; however, the data are insufficient
for our statistical analysis. The number of ONP and ESO
cancer patients in the current study was insufficient for
analysis. A potential source of bias was the medical status of
8. Chrysanthakopoulos: Association between ABO Blood Group and Cancer
20 Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
the controls. Lack of consideration of chronic pancreatitis
as a potential cause of PC in the analysis could also be a
limitation in the present study. In addition, the current study
did not examine the possible susceptibility to PC in diabetic
cases. Finally, some of the known risk factors of cancer
were examined and not specific as drinking consumption,
previous infection by EBV, exposure to atmosphere
pollutants, nutrition habits, etc.
CONCLUSION
The current study showed that the overall cancer risk in
blood Group A and B individuals was significantly higher
compared to blood type O and AB, whereas blood type
A was significantly associated with an increased risk of
gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and LC, and blood type B was
significantly associated with an increased risk of esophagus
cancer.
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Journal of Clinical Research in Dentistry • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
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How to cite this article: Chrysanthakopoulos NA.
Association between ABO Blood Group and Various
Types of Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Greek Adults. J
Clin Res Dent 2020;3(1):13-22.