African Americans have disproportionately higher incidence and death rates of colorectal cancer among all ethnic groups in the United States. Several lifestyle factors (e.g. diet, physical activity and alcohol intake) have been suggested as risk factors for colorectal cancer. Stressful life events have also been identified as risk factors for colorectal cancer. The association between stressful life events and colon polyps, which are precursors of colorectal
cancer, has yet to be determined.
Gastric cancer is highly prevalent in Kashmir, constituting 30-40% of malignancies. Environmental factors play a more significant role than other etiological factors. The male to female ratio was 3:1, with most cases occurring in ages 60-64. Patients experienced weight loss from 10kg between stages I to IV. Most patients were illiterate, poor to middle class, and faced water pollution. Farmers made up 42.5% of occupations. Symptoms included dyspepsia, loss of appetite, vomiting, and anemia. Histopathology found nearly half of lesions to be well differentiated adenocarcinoma. The study concludes that the environment likely plays an important role in gastric cancer etiology
Risk factors of chronic liver disease amongst patients receiving care in a Ga...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
EORTC QLQ-OES 18 module strategy for assessment of quality of life in esophag...IOSRJPBS
Esophageal cancer ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. Advances in medical research have led to improved prognosis and quality of life (QOL) and increased survival rates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ethnicity-wise risk factors and quality of life in esophageal cancer patients from Jammu region. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case control study was conducted from Oct’ 2007- July’ 2013. Study population was divided into three ethnicity groups- Kashmiri, Pahadi and Dogri. Information on sociodemographic profile, medical and family history was collected using standard questionnaires. The details of the patients required by European Organization for Research and Training in Cancer, the OESophageal module OES18 were collected within 1 month prior to treatment and 6 months and 3 years post treatment. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis with maximum likelihood estimation of parameters values. Results: The study population consisted of 200 cases and 200 controls. Incidence rates were higher for males as compared to females. Alcohol intake, physical functioning and appetite loss were significantly associated with the survival of esophageal cancer patients belonging to all the three ethnicity groups. Dysphagia, gastrointestinal reflux, pain and emotional problem were found to be significant in governing pre- and postoperative QOL. Conclusions- The results of epidemiologic, observational and dietary information of the population groups of Jammu region concur with the notion that life-style habits like alcohol consumption do play a role in cancer onset and progression. Though the risk factors differed with respect to the ethnicity, we found almost similar results for QOL parameters. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using both a core and a disease-specific module for a reliable psychometric analysis of clinical significance.
Periodontal Disease Indices and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Greek Adults: A Cas...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: The previous researches have recorded positive associations between periodontal disease (PD) and risk of cancer at various locations. The aim of the present case–control study was to investigate the possible associations between PD indices and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development in a sample of Greek outpatients referred to a medical and dental private practice. Materials and Methods: A total of 342 individuals were interviewed and underwent an oral clinical examination, and 85 of them were suffered from CRC at various anatomic locations. The evaluation of the possible associations between CRC and PD indices was performed using a regression analysis model. Results: Clinical attachment loss (CAL) (P = 0.042, odds ratio [OR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–3.11) was significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC. CRC family history (P = 0.002, OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.35–4.03) and smoking (P = 0.019, OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.12–3.45) were also significantly associated with the mentioned risk, whereas smoking was found to be nota confounder regarding the estimated association between moderate/severe CAL with the risk of developing CRC. Conclusion: CAL as an index for PD severity was statistically significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the presence of the juvenile hamartomatous polyps. The condition is caused by germline mutation in the BMPR1A or the SMAD4 genes and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It predisposes affected persons to a high risk of malignant tumors, mainly colorectal and stomach cancers. The confi rmation of the diagnosis is based on genetic analysis. But at first, family history, pedigree, clinical criteria and Histopathological analysis guide to an inherited disease. We present here a Congolese patient with suggestive clinical and histopathological features which lead to the JPS.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the presence of the juvenile hamartomatous polyps.The condition is caused by germline mutation in the BMPR1A or the SMAD4 genes and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It predisposes affected persons to a high risk of malignant tumors, mainly colorectal and stomach cancers. The confi rmation of the diagnosis is based on genetic analysis. But at fi rst, family history, pedigree, clinical criteria and histopathological analysis guide to an inherited disease. We present here a Congolese patient with suggestive clinical and histopathological features which lead to the JPS.
Colonoscopy Screening for Special Populationsalizain416
In a series of testimonials, a myriad of patients, previously diagnosed with colon cancer or not, defend the importance of getting Colonoscopy Screened.
For More detail Visit link below
http://gastrosymptoms.com/colonoscopy-screening-special-populations/
Colonoscopy Screening for Special PopulationsKhawar Khan
Danae from Washington D.C. had a colonoscopy at a younger age than is usually recommended due to a family history of colon cancer. She said that knowing the results, whether good or bad, was worth it to ease her concerns. While screening rates are low for the general recommended populations, they are even lower for high-risk groups. Increasing screening could decrease colorectal cancer diagnoses and deaths by at least 60%. Screening guidelines vary based on individual risk factors like family history of colon cancer or other colon diseases. People at higher risk may need to begin screening colonoscopies earlier, from ages 8 to 45, depending on their specific situation and medical history.
Gastric cancer is highly prevalent in Kashmir, constituting 30-40% of malignancies. Environmental factors play a more significant role than other etiological factors. The male to female ratio was 3:1, with most cases occurring in ages 60-64. Patients experienced weight loss from 10kg between stages I to IV. Most patients were illiterate, poor to middle class, and faced water pollution. Farmers made up 42.5% of occupations. Symptoms included dyspepsia, loss of appetite, vomiting, and anemia. Histopathology found nearly half of lesions to be well differentiated adenocarcinoma. The study concludes that the environment likely plays an important role in gastric cancer etiology
Risk factors of chronic liver disease amongst patients receiving care in a Ga...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
EORTC QLQ-OES 18 module strategy for assessment of quality of life in esophag...IOSRJPBS
Esophageal cancer ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. Advances in medical research have led to improved prognosis and quality of life (QOL) and increased survival rates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ethnicity-wise risk factors and quality of life in esophageal cancer patients from Jammu region. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case control study was conducted from Oct’ 2007- July’ 2013. Study population was divided into three ethnicity groups- Kashmiri, Pahadi and Dogri. Information on sociodemographic profile, medical and family history was collected using standard questionnaires. The details of the patients required by European Organization for Research and Training in Cancer, the OESophageal module OES18 were collected within 1 month prior to treatment and 6 months and 3 years post treatment. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis with maximum likelihood estimation of parameters values. Results: The study population consisted of 200 cases and 200 controls. Incidence rates were higher for males as compared to females. Alcohol intake, physical functioning and appetite loss were significantly associated with the survival of esophageal cancer patients belonging to all the three ethnicity groups. Dysphagia, gastrointestinal reflux, pain and emotional problem were found to be significant in governing pre- and postoperative QOL. Conclusions- The results of epidemiologic, observational and dietary information of the population groups of Jammu region concur with the notion that life-style habits like alcohol consumption do play a role in cancer onset and progression. Though the risk factors differed with respect to the ethnicity, we found almost similar results for QOL parameters. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using both a core and a disease-specific module for a reliable psychometric analysis of clinical significance.
Periodontal Disease Indices and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Greek Adults: A Cas...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: The previous researches have recorded positive associations between periodontal disease (PD) and risk of cancer at various locations. The aim of the present case–control study was to investigate the possible associations between PD indices and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development in a sample of Greek outpatients referred to a medical and dental private practice. Materials and Methods: A total of 342 individuals were interviewed and underwent an oral clinical examination, and 85 of them were suffered from CRC at various anatomic locations. The evaluation of the possible associations between CRC and PD indices was performed using a regression analysis model. Results: Clinical attachment loss (CAL) (P = 0.042, odds ratio [OR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–3.11) was significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC. CRC family history (P = 0.002, OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.35–4.03) and smoking (P = 0.019, OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.12–3.45) were also significantly associated with the mentioned risk, whereas smoking was found to be nota confounder regarding the estimated association between moderate/severe CAL with the risk of developing CRC. Conclusion: CAL as an index for PD severity was statistically significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the presence of the juvenile hamartomatous polyps. The condition is caused by germline mutation in the BMPR1A or the SMAD4 genes and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It predisposes affected persons to a high risk of malignant tumors, mainly colorectal and stomach cancers. The confi rmation of the diagnosis is based on genetic analysis. But at first, family history, pedigree, clinical criteria and Histopathological analysis guide to an inherited disease. We present here a Congolese patient with suggestive clinical and histopathological features which lead to the JPS.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the presence of the juvenile hamartomatous polyps.The condition is caused by germline mutation in the BMPR1A or the SMAD4 genes and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It predisposes affected persons to a high risk of malignant tumors, mainly colorectal and stomach cancers. The confi rmation of the diagnosis is based on genetic analysis. But at fi rst, family history, pedigree, clinical criteria and histopathological analysis guide to an inherited disease. We present here a Congolese patient with suggestive clinical and histopathological features which lead to the JPS.
Colonoscopy Screening for Special Populationsalizain416
In a series of testimonials, a myriad of patients, previously diagnosed with colon cancer or not, defend the importance of getting Colonoscopy Screened.
For More detail Visit link below
http://gastrosymptoms.com/colonoscopy-screening-special-populations/
Colonoscopy Screening for Special PopulationsKhawar Khan
Danae from Washington D.C. had a colonoscopy at a younger age than is usually recommended due to a family history of colon cancer. She said that knowing the results, whether good or bad, was worth it to ease her concerns. While screening rates are low for the general recommended populations, they are even lower for high-risk groups. Increasing screening could decrease colorectal cancer diagnoses and deaths by at least 60%. Screening guidelines vary based on individual risk factors like family history of colon cancer or other colon diseases. People at higher risk may need to begin screening colonoscopies earlier, from ages 8 to 45, depending on their specific situation and medical history.
This study uses a case-control design to evaluate whether salivary markers CD44 and total protein can help identify individuals at high risk for oral cancer. The study found that high levels of CD44 (>5.33 ng/mL) were strongly associated with oral cancer cases, with a 14-fold increased odds compared to lower levels. Total protein also aided in prediction. When tested in a high-risk community, the markers had 74% specificity initially, increasing to 95% after annual retesting. The markers showed potential to help target screening to those most at risk for early intervention and improved survival from oral cancer.
This document discusses a case-control study examining the relationship between sugar intake and pancreatic cancer risk in Lebanese adults aged 50-80 years. It provides background on pancreatic cancer statistics globally and in Lebanon. Previous studies have found associations between high glycemic load/index diets and pancreatic cancer risk, particularly for inactive/overweight individuals. Prospective cohort studies have also linked greater consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages to higher pancreatic cancer risk. The proposed case-control study will examine pancreatic cancer patients' diets to determine if sugar intake is associated with disease development.
This document discusses barriers to colorectal cancer screening and the relationship between screening and incidence rates. It finds that the top barriers to screening are fear of the procedure/results, unpleasant bowel prep, lack of awareness of need for screening, pain concerns, and cost/insurance issues. The most effective screening method is colonoscopy, though it is also the most expensive. Less expensive options like fecal occult blood tests and sigmoidoscopy are also effective but detect fewer early-stage cancers. Screening reduces colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates, with colonoscopy every 10 years being the most effective strategy. However, many at-risk individuals still go unscreened due to various barriers.
This document discusses malnutrition in elderly cancer patients and its effects. It finds that about one-third of elderly hospital patients are malnourished, and malnutrition is associated with higher mortality and morbidity. Studies show malnutrition is common in elderly cancer patients, with over 70% having weight loss and over 40% having a low BMI. Malnutrition is an independent negative prognostic factor, reducing survival and quality of life while increasing chemotherapy toxicity and impairing response to treatment. Sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass, regardless of weight loss has also been identified as a risk factor for chemotherapy toxicity. The oncologist should consider the nutritional status of elderly cancer patients.
This meta-analysis examined the association between gastric atrophy and the risk of three cancer types. Eighteen studies involving histological or serum biomarker assessments of gastric atrophy were included. The results found a two- to threefold increased risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in people with gastric atrophy. However, gastric atrophy may be associated with a reduced risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Further research is needed to establish the association between gastric atrophy and oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk and investigate the mechanisms for the increased risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.
The Natural History of Liver Fibrosis Progression Rate in Hepatitis C Infecti...aranush
The study examined factors associated with the rate of liver fibrosis progression in 72 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who had more than one liver biopsy. Approximately one-third of patients showed fibrosis progression over a mean of 4 years between biopsies. Demographic factors did not predict progression rate. A history of failed interferon therapy was associated with a trend towards a lower progression rate, although this was not statistically significant. Co-morbid illnesses, social factors, and lab values did not correlate with progression rate. The overall mean fibrosis progression rate was low.
Correlation between Blood group, Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes, and combina...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Two major factors and prevention methods for gastric cancer huatengDoriaFang
The largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of gastric cancer in the Chinese population shows that genetic risk and lifestyle are the two major factors leading to the high incidence of gastric cancer in Chinese people.
Association between ABO Blood Group and Various Types of Cancer: A Case–Contr...asclepiuspdfs
This study investigated the association between ABO blood group and cancer risk in a Greek adult population. The study included 459 cancer patients and 918 non-cancer controls matched for age and gender. Multivariate analysis found that blood groups A and B were associated with significantly higher overall cancer risk compared to blood groups O and AB. Specifically, blood group A was associated with increased risk of gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancer, while blood group B was associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer. The study provides evidence that ABO blood group is a risk factor for certain cancer types in Greek adults.
This document summarizes a study investigating the association between the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism rs2070744 and risk of gastric cancer in the South Indian population. The study compared 150 gastric cancer patients to 150 healthy controls. Results found that individuals with the C/C genotype had a 10% increased risk of gastric cancer compared to the T/T genotype. Risk was further increased among those who smoked, drank alcohol, or were infected with H. pylori bacteria. The study concludes that the eNOS gene polymorphism may influence gastric cancer risk in the South Indian population.
Effect of obesity and metabolic status on the chronic kidney disease shahab alizadeh
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk is inconsistent in the normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals due to the heterogeneity of metabolic status. This meta-analysis aimed to examine combined effects of body mass index (BMI) and metabolic status on CKD risk.
The document discusses enhancing quality of life as an important goal for cancer treatment. It notes that while treatments have increased survival rates, they can also cause chronic health issues for survivors that reduce quality of life. More research is needed to better understand and prevent these toxic side effects, through identifying biomarkers and mitigation strategies. The authors call for increased priority and resources for quality of life research to both improve existing treatments and enable more patients to benefit from new therapies.
Awareness about Intestinal Cancer in University Student_Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Cancer is a disease which is caused by the uncontrolled growth of cells. The cancer stem cells suggest that the clones are obtained by the sub population of cells showing diverse cancer cells phenotypically. First possible cancer stem cells are seen in leukemia, brain tumors and breast cancer. The gastrointestinal cancer becoming the major causes of deaths in the world. A questionnaire was developed and it is distributed among the students of class to determine the ideas and awareness of this disease. Questionnaires contain 15 different types of question regarding the disease. 39 students taken from the Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. All the students are post graduated and the results show that all of them have awareness from this disease.
Zinc deficiency is widespread in developing countries and increases children's risk of illness and death from infectious diseases like diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria. Randomized controlled trials show that zinc supplementation significantly reduces the incidence of diarrhea by 18% and pneumonia by 41% in children. A recent study found that zinc supplementation reduced mortality in small-for-gestational-age infants by 68%. Zinc supplementation also provides therapeutic benefits for acute and persistent diarrhea by reducing episode duration and severity. Ongoing large trials are evaluating whether zinc supplementation can reduce child mortality from infectious diseases.
This document provides information from the GrassrootsHealth organization regarding vitamin D research and recommendations. It includes the following:
- A summary of several studies showing reductions in disease incidence as vitamin D serum levels increase from 25 ng/ml to higher levels such as 40-60 ng/ml. Diseases such as cancer, diabetes, fractures, and multiple sclerosis showed reductions.
- Charts analyzing data from over 7,000 participants in the GrassrootsHealth D*action project, showing a wide range of serum levels for any given supplemental vitamin D intake amount. Intakes of 4,000 IU/day resulted in serum levels from 10-150 ng/ml.
- Analysis suggesting supplemental intakes of 9,
ECD III - Boehm (online) - Nutrition Science 062416Tobias Boehm
This document provides an overview of nutrition science as it relates to dentistry. It begins by discussing a historical account of sailors developing severe oral disease due to malnutrition during long voyages. It then reviews key scientific concepts like levels of evidence, study designs, and statistical terms. The main body discusses macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Carbohydrates are the primary energy source and discussed in detail. Proteins and lipids are also reviewed in terms of their purposes and health effects.
This document provides information from GrassrootsHealth on vitamin D research and dosing recommendations. It includes the following:
- A summary of studies showing reductions in disease incidence as vitamin D levels increase from 25 to over 60 ng/ml. Many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease showed reductions of over 30% at levels of 40 ng/ml or higher.
- Charts showing the wide range of serum vitamin D levels achieved at different daily supplemental intake amounts, based on data from over 7,000 participants. Intakes of 4000 IU/day resulted in levels from 20-120 ng/ml, demonstrating individual variability.
- Recommendations that total daily vitamin D intake of around 12,000 IU
Community Based Pilot Study of Diagnostic Paths to the Gluten Free DietChristopher Barrett
This community-based pilot study examined the diagnostic paths that 59 individuals (mostly female, average age 54.6) took to adopting a gluten-free diet. Most participants consulted multiple medical professionals over an average of 7 years due to atypical or overlapping symptoms. While 55% presented with classic celiac symptoms, negative biopsy or blood tests and overlapping conditions delayed diagnosis for others. The study found 43 participants were diagnosed with celiac disease and 16 with non-celiac gluten sensitivity, with little difference in their reported symptom levels. Self-diagnosis and consultation with naturopaths accounted for some adopting a gluten-free diet beyond predicted prevalence rates of 1-2%.
This document discusses the epidemiology of nephrolithiasis (kidney stones). It finds that the prevalence and incidence of kidney stones has been increasing in the United States over recent decades, affecting about 10% of men and 7% of women. Recurrence rates after an initial stone event are also high, with around 20% experiencing another stone within 5 years. Several environmental and dietary factors are associated with kidney stone risk, such as higher ambient temperatures, lower calcium and fluid intake. The disease poses a significant burden on healthcare systems globally.
La biotecnología estudia diferentes campos profesionales relacionados con la biología y la tecnología. Se divide en biotecnología vegetal, animal, de la salud e industrial. La biotecnología vegetal se enfoca en la mejora genética y reproducción de plantas, la animal en la genética y reproducción de especies animales, la de la salud busca prevenir y tratar enfermedades mediante estrategias como la terapia genética, y la industrial aplica la biotecnología a sectores como la industria
Derrick Mwesigwa is a Ugandan student completing his bachelor's degree in Procurement and Logistics management from Uganda Christian University in March 2016. He has experience working in procurement and disposal at Jinja District Local Government. Mwesigwa is computer literate and aims to use his skills and knowledge to benefit an organization by working as part of a team to achieve its vision.
This study uses a case-control design to evaluate whether salivary markers CD44 and total protein can help identify individuals at high risk for oral cancer. The study found that high levels of CD44 (>5.33 ng/mL) were strongly associated with oral cancer cases, with a 14-fold increased odds compared to lower levels. Total protein also aided in prediction. When tested in a high-risk community, the markers had 74% specificity initially, increasing to 95% after annual retesting. The markers showed potential to help target screening to those most at risk for early intervention and improved survival from oral cancer.
This document discusses a case-control study examining the relationship between sugar intake and pancreatic cancer risk in Lebanese adults aged 50-80 years. It provides background on pancreatic cancer statistics globally and in Lebanon. Previous studies have found associations between high glycemic load/index diets and pancreatic cancer risk, particularly for inactive/overweight individuals. Prospective cohort studies have also linked greater consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages to higher pancreatic cancer risk. The proposed case-control study will examine pancreatic cancer patients' diets to determine if sugar intake is associated with disease development.
This document discusses barriers to colorectal cancer screening and the relationship between screening and incidence rates. It finds that the top barriers to screening are fear of the procedure/results, unpleasant bowel prep, lack of awareness of need for screening, pain concerns, and cost/insurance issues. The most effective screening method is colonoscopy, though it is also the most expensive. Less expensive options like fecal occult blood tests and sigmoidoscopy are also effective but detect fewer early-stage cancers. Screening reduces colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates, with colonoscopy every 10 years being the most effective strategy. However, many at-risk individuals still go unscreened due to various barriers.
This document discusses malnutrition in elderly cancer patients and its effects. It finds that about one-third of elderly hospital patients are malnourished, and malnutrition is associated with higher mortality and morbidity. Studies show malnutrition is common in elderly cancer patients, with over 70% having weight loss and over 40% having a low BMI. Malnutrition is an independent negative prognostic factor, reducing survival and quality of life while increasing chemotherapy toxicity and impairing response to treatment. Sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass, regardless of weight loss has also been identified as a risk factor for chemotherapy toxicity. The oncologist should consider the nutritional status of elderly cancer patients.
This meta-analysis examined the association between gastric atrophy and the risk of three cancer types. Eighteen studies involving histological or serum biomarker assessments of gastric atrophy were included. The results found a two- to threefold increased risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in people with gastric atrophy. However, gastric atrophy may be associated with a reduced risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Further research is needed to establish the association between gastric atrophy and oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk and investigate the mechanisms for the increased risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.
The Natural History of Liver Fibrosis Progression Rate in Hepatitis C Infecti...aranush
The study examined factors associated with the rate of liver fibrosis progression in 72 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who had more than one liver biopsy. Approximately one-third of patients showed fibrosis progression over a mean of 4 years between biopsies. Demographic factors did not predict progression rate. A history of failed interferon therapy was associated with a trend towards a lower progression rate, although this was not statistically significant. Co-morbid illnesses, social factors, and lab values did not correlate with progression rate. The overall mean fibrosis progression rate was low.
Correlation between Blood group, Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes, and combina...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Two major factors and prevention methods for gastric cancer huatengDoriaFang
The largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of gastric cancer in the Chinese population shows that genetic risk and lifestyle are the two major factors leading to the high incidence of gastric cancer in Chinese people.
Association between ABO Blood Group and Various Types of Cancer: A Case–Contr...asclepiuspdfs
This study investigated the association between ABO blood group and cancer risk in a Greek adult population. The study included 459 cancer patients and 918 non-cancer controls matched for age and gender. Multivariate analysis found that blood groups A and B were associated with significantly higher overall cancer risk compared to blood groups O and AB. Specifically, blood group A was associated with increased risk of gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancer, while blood group B was associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer. The study provides evidence that ABO blood group is a risk factor for certain cancer types in Greek adults.
This document summarizes a study investigating the association between the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism rs2070744 and risk of gastric cancer in the South Indian population. The study compared 150 gastric cancer patients to 150 healthy controls. Results found that individuals with the C/C genotype had a 10% increased risk of gastric cancer compared to the T/T genotype. Risk was further increased among those who smoked, drank alcohol, or were infected with H. pylori bacteria. The study concludes that the eNOS gene polymorphism may influence gastric cancer risk in the South Indian population.
Effect of obesity and metabolic status on the chronic kidney disease shahab alizadeh
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk is inconsistent in the normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals due to the heterogeneity of metabolic status. This meta-analysis aimed to examine combined effects of body mass index (BMI) and metabolic status on CKD risk.
The document discusses enhancing quality of life as an important goal for cancer treatment. It notes that while treatments have increased survival rates, they can also cause chronic health issues for survivors that reduce quality of life. More research is needed to better understand and prevent these toxic side effects, through identifying biomarkers and mitigation strategies. The authors call for increased priority and resources for quality of life research to both improve existing treatments and enable more patients to benefit from new therapies.
Awareness about Intestinal Cancer in University Student_Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Cancer is a disease which is caused by the uncontrolled growth of cells. The cancer stem cells suggest that the clones are obtained by the sub population of cells showing diverse cancer cells phenotypically. First possible cancer stem cells are seen in leukemia, brain tumors and breast cancer. The gastrointestinal cancer becoming the major causes of deaths in the world. A questionnaire was developed and it is distributed among the students of class to determine the ideas and awareness of this disease. Questionnaires contain 15 different types of question regarding the disease. 39 students taken from the Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. All the students are post graduated and the results show that all of them have awareness from this disease.
Zinc deficiency is widespread in developing countries and increases children's risk of illness and death from infectious diseases like diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria. Randomized controlled trials show that zinc supplementation significantly reduces the incidence of diarrhea by 18% and pneumonia by 41% in children. A recent study found that zinc supplementation reduced mortality in small-for-gestational-age infants by 68%. Zinc supplementation also provides therapeutic benefits for acute and persistent diarrhea by reducing episode duration and severity. Ongoing large trials are evaluating whether zinc supplementation can reduce child mortality from infectious diseases.
This document provides information from the GrassrootsHealth organization regarding vitamin D research and recommendations. It includes the following:
- A summary of several studies showing reductions in disease incidence as vitamin D serum levels increase from 25 ng/ml to higher levels such as 40-60 ng/ml. Diseases such as cancer, diabetes, fractures, and multiple sclerosis showed reductions.
- Charts analyzing data from over 7,000 participants in the GrassrootsHealth D*action project, showing a wide range of serum levels for any given supplemental vitamin D intake amount. Intakes of 4,000 IU/day resulted in serum levels from 10-150 ng/ml.
- Analysis suggesting supplemental intakes of 9,
ECD III - Boehm (online) - Nutrition Science 062416Tobias Boehm
This document provides an overview of nutrition science as it relates to dentistry. It begins by discussing a historical account of sailors developing severe oral disease due to malnutrition during long voyages. It then reviews key scientific concepts like levels of evidence, study designs, and statistical terms. The main body discusses macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Carbohydrates are the primary energy source and discussed in detail. Proteins and lipids are also reviewed in terms of their purposes and health effects.
This document provides information from GrassrootsHealth on vitamin D research and dosing recommendations. It includes the following:
- A summary of studies showing reductions in disease incidence as vitamin D levels increase from 25 to over 60 ng/ml. Many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease showed reductions of over 30% at levels of 40 ng/ml or higher.
- Charts showing the wide range of serum vitamin D levels achieved at different daily supplemental intake amounts, based on data from over 7,000 participants. Intakes of 4000 IU/day resulted in levels from 20-120 ng/ml, demonstrating individual variability.
- Recommendations that total daily vitamin D intake of around 12,000 IU
Community Based Pilot Study of Diagnostic Paths to the Gluten Free DietChristopher Barrett
This community-based pilot study examined the diagnostic paths that 59 individuals (mostly female, average age 54.6) took to adopting a gluten-free diet. Most participants consulted multiple medical professionals over an average of 7 years due to atypical or overlapping symptoms. While 55% presented with classic celiac symptoms, negative biopsy or blood tests and overlapping conditions delayed diagnosis for others. The study found 43 participants were diagnosed with celiac disease and 16 with non-celiac gluten sensitivity, with little difference in their reported symptom levels. Self-diagnosis and consultation with naturopaths accounted for some adopting a gluten-free diet beyond predicted prevalence rates of 1-2%.
This document discusses the epidemiology of nephrolithiasis (kidney stones). It finds that the prevalence and incidence of kidney stones has been increasing in the United States over recent decades, affecting about 10% of men and 7% of women. Recurrence rates after an initial stone event are also high, with around 20% experiencing another stone within 5 years. Several environmental and dietary factors are associated with kidney stone risk, such as higher ambient temperatures, lower calcium and fluid intake. The disease poses a significant burden on healthcare systems globally.
La biotecnología estudia diferentes campos profesionales relacionados con la biología y la tecnología. Se divide en biotecnología vegetal, animal, de la salud e industrial. La biotecnología vegetal se enfoca en la mejora genética y reproducción de plantas, la animal en la genética y reproducción de especies animales, la de la salud busca prevenir y tratar enfermedades mediante estrategias como la terapia genética, y la industrial aplica la biotecnología a sectores como la industria
Derrick Mwesigwa is a Ugandan student completing his bachelor's degree in Procurement and Logistics management from Uganda Christian University in March 2016. He has experience working in procurement and disposal at Jinja District Local Government. Mwesigwa is computer literate and aims to use his skills and knowledge to benefit an organization by working as part of a team to achieve its vision.
El documento describe las tareas a realizar en Word y sobre la Web 1.0 y 2.0. En Word, se pide guardar un documento en una carpeta específica, añadir una portada con datos personales, formato de texto, numeración de páginas, márgenes y un índice. En la sección de Internet, se pide buscar información sobre la Web 2.0 en Google con formato PDF, crear una presentación de PowerPoint con los hallazgos en 5 diapositivas, y subirla a SlideShare o Dropbox.
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en particular tiene d
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Holidays are a great period to bond with your users. So naturally, most companies use this special time to create a magic moment with their audience.
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This study examined whether psychosocial factors like depression, anxiety, coping style, and social support influence survival outcomes in young women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. The study followed 708 Australian women under age 60 diagnosed with non-metastatic breast cancer for a median of 8.2 years. Psychosocial factors were assessed via questionnaires administered about 11 months after diagnosis. The study found no statistically significant associations between the measured psychosocial factors and distant disease-free survival or overall survival after adjusting for known prognostic factors like tumor characteristics and treatment. One unadjusted analysis found higher anxious preoccupation was linked to poorer outcomes, but this association was explained by its relationship to worse prognostic factors and disappeared after adjustment. The findings do not support
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The purpose of this study was to examine contextual factors associated with physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adult cancer survivors.
Contextual Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Ad...EditorSara
This study is a secondary data analysis of the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Only adults age 65 and older who had a cancer history in the Cancer Survivorship module were included (n=3,846).
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The purpose of this study was to examine contextual factors associated with physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adult cancer survivors.
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Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. It involves collecting and analyzing data to describe disease patterns and determine causes of diseases. An example is given of an epidemiological investigation of a meningitis outbreak where data was collected through surveys. This led to interventions like immunizations and hygiene education to prevent further spread. Reporting of patient safety events and use of electronic systems allows aggregation and analysis of data to identify risks and improve safety. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth has enabled remote triaging and care while reducing transmission risks by allowing patients to stay home.
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Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. It investigates how disease spreads and is caused. The key factors that influence disease transmission include characteristics of the infectious agent, environmental factors that support the agent, and characteristics of the host that influence susceptibility.
This document discusses a study that assessed cancer awareness among university students in Turkey. It found that:
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- The study concluded
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The rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is higher in minority patients in the United States [1]. Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is associated with H. pylori infection and carries an increased risk for gastric cancer over time, in particular for patients from regions of high gastric cancer incidence [2]. We aimed to compare the rates of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric intestinal metaplasia...
After Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospecitive chart
review was performed on Asian and White patients who underwent
diagnostic EGD with random stomach biopsies (antrum, body,
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The rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is higher in minority patients in the United States [1]. Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is associated with H. pylori infection and carries an increased risk for gastric cancer over time, in particular for patients from regions of high gastric cancer incidence [2]. We aimed to compare the rates of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric intestinal metaplasia...
Higher Rates of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Gastric Intestinal Metaplas...semualkaira
After Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospecitive chart
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during the 6-month study period of July 1, 2013 to December 31,
2013. Patients of the other races were excluded from the study.
Endoscopy and pathology reports were used to identify the
presence of peptic ulcer disease, H. pylori infection, and gastric
IM. Other variables of interest included patient age and sex. The
Student’s t-test, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression
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The rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is higher in minority patients in the United States [1]. Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is associated with H. pylori infection and carries an increased risk for gastric cancer over time, in particular for patients from regions of high gastric cancer incidence [2]
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The rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is higher in minority patients in the United States [1]. Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is associated with H. pylori infection and carries an increased risk for gastric cancer over time, in particular for patients from regions of high gastric cancer incidence [2]. We aimed to compare the rates of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric intestinal metaplasia.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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2. Role of life events in the presence of colon polyps
among African Americans
Hassan Ashktorab1*
*
Corresponding author
Email: hashktorab@howard.edu
Hassan Hassanzadeh Namin1
Email: hassanhealth@yahoo.com
Teletia Taylor1
Email: t_r_taylor@Howard.edu
Carla Williams1
Email: cdwilliams@Howard.edu
Hassan Brim2
Email: hbrim@howard.edu
Thomas Mellman1
Email: tmellman@Howard.edu
Babak Shokrani2
Email: bshakrani@huhosp.org
Cheryl L Holt3
Email: cholt14@umd.edu
Adeyinka O Laiyemo1
Email: adeyinka.laiyemo@Howard.edu
Mehdi Nouraie1
Email: snouraie@Howard.edu
1
Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Howard University College of
Medicine, 2041 Georgia Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20060, USA
2
Department of Pathology, Howard University, college of Medicine,
Washington, D.C. USA
3
Department of Behavioral and, Community Health, Center for Health Behavior
Research, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park,
Maryland, USA
3. Abstract
Background
African Americans have disproportionately higher incidence and death rates of colorectal
cancer among all ethnic groups in the United States. Several lifestyle factors (e.g. diet,
physical activity and alcohol intake) have been suggested as risk factors for colorectal cancer.
Stressful life events have also been identified as risk factors for colorectal cancer. The
association between stressful life events and colon polyps, which are precursors of colorectal
cancer, has yet to be determined.
Aim
To evaluate the relationship between stressful life events and the presence of colon polyps
and adenomas in African American men and women.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 110 participants were recruited from a colon cancer screening
program at Howard University Hospital. Participants completed an 82-item Life Events
Questionnaire (Norbeck 1984), assessing major events that have occurred in the participants’
life within the past 12 months. Participants also reported whether the event had a positive or
negative impact. Three scores were derived (total, positive, and negative).
Results
Total life events scores were higher (Median [M] = 29 and Interquartile range[IQR] = 18-43)
in patients with one or more polyps compared to patients without polyps (M, IQR = 21,13-
38;P = 0.029). Total, positive or negative Life Events scores did not differ significantly
between normal and adenoma patients. Total, negative and positive Life Events scores did
not differ between patients who underwent diagnostic colonoscopy (symptomatic) and
patients who underwent colonoscopy for colon cancer screening (asymptomatic) and patients
for surveillance colonoscopies due to a personal history of colon polyps. Linear regression
analysis indicated that polyp male gender is associated with 9.0 unit lower total Life Events
score (P = 0.025).
Conclusion
This study suggests that patients who experienced total life events may be at higher risk of
having colon polyps and adenomas which indicates an association between stress and the
development of colorectal polyps.
Keywords
Stress, Life events, Colon adenoma, African Americans
4. Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death among cancers in the United
States [1]. Prevalence of CRC increases with age [2,3] and is highest during the sixth decade
of life. Males have higher burden of disease compared to females [3]. African Americans also
have a high incidence of CRC. Apart from age, sex, and ethnicity; lifestyle factors such as
obesity, smoking, high fat diet, and physical inactivity increase the risk of CRC [4].
Life events and accompanying psychological and behavioral reactions frequently have an
impact on people’s daily lives and are believed to predispose them to disease [5,6].
Observational studies have established that stressful life events, often defined as an
accumulation of ordinary life events or major events such as bereavement, increase the risk of
mental disorders[7,8], acute infections such as the common cold [9], and mortality[10]. Life
events have also been suggested to contribute to other diseases, including cardiovascular
diseases [11,12], asthma[13], and rheumatoid arthritis[14]. Psychosocial stress, through its
potential influence on biological processes, has also been associated with the onset and
progression of certain medical conditions, including cancer [12,15-18]. Little is known,
however, about potential associations between psychosocial events and biological processes
relevant to colon cancer [19].
Common physiological responses to stress may influence the colon cancer process. The
responses to stressors involve subjective perceptions of threat and subsequent activation of
the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Catecholamines,
glucocorticoids and other stress hormones are subsequently released from the adrenal gland,
brain and sympathetic nerve terminals and can modulate the activity of multiple components
of the tumor microenvironment. Effects can include the promotion of tumor-cell growth,
migration and invasive capacity, and stimulation of angiogenesis by inducing production of
pro-angiogenic cytokines. Stress hormones can also activate oncogenic viruses and alter
several aspects of immune function, including antibody and cytokine production and cell
trafficking. Collectively, these downstream effects create a permissive environment for tumor
initiation, growth and progression [20-22].
The impact stressful life events on biological precursors of colon cancer such as colon
polyps, however, has yet to be determined. Also, no study to date has explored the influence
of stressful life events on colon polyps among African Americans, a group known to
experience a high burden of colon cancer as well as increased reports of life stress. For
example, it has been reported that African Americans report more chronic stress stemming
from various sources including perceived discrimination and neighborhood stress [23].
Understanding how stress impacts colon polyps will inform researchers and clinicians on the
importance of providing psychosocial interventions during the pre-cancerous stage.
The current study seeks to investigate the association between stressful life events and the
presence of colon polyps among African-American men and women. Specifically, this study
will explore whether stressful life events are associated with the presence of colon polyps, the
number of colon polyps and severity of colon polyps, as well as compare reports of stressful
life events among African-American participants seeking colon cancer screening, follow-up
and diagnostic evaluation.
5. Methods
Patient recruitment
African American patients (self-identified) coming to a university teaching hospital in the
mid-Atlantic region for colonoscopy were recruited from June 2011 to October 2011 in a
cross-sectional sampling. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of
Howard University. Written informed consent was obtained after explaining the study. An
interview conducted by a research assistant gathered data about their socio demographics
including education, family medical history, alcohol and smoking exposure, personal medical
history and personal health habits. Patients with HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, bleeding
disorders and history of colon cancer were not included in the study. Colonoscopies where
the endoscopist was able to reach the cecum were considered complete. Incomplete
colonoscopies were excluded from analysis. Patients in which no polyps were found during
colonoscopy were considered normal.
Specimens of the patients with biopsy or polypectomy were sent to pathology and were
evaluated by a gastrointestinal pathologist. The location and number of the polyps were
recorded during colonoscopy. The polyps were classified as hyperplastic polyps, tubular
adenomas, tubulovillous adenoma, or villous adenomas based on histology.
Patients who had a colonoscopy for the first time and were asymptomatic were considered
screening colonoscopy participants. Patients who had earlier normal colonoscopy or polyps
removed and came for follow-up were called follow-up colonoscopies. Patients undergoing
colonoscopies for symptoms like abdominal pain or bleeding per rectum were grouped under
diagnostic colonoscopies.
Assessment of life events
Life events were assessed prior to colonoscopy by the Life Events Questionnaire [24]. The
LEQ is an 82-item self-report survey that lists common life events (e.g., Health, work,
residence, Marriage, family). Respondents indicated whether they experienced each event
during the past year. For events that were endorsed, participants classified the event as
“good” or “bad” and rated the severity on a scale of 0–3 where 0 = no effect and 3 = great
effect. A positive events score was the sum of the all ratings marked as good by the patient. A
negative events score was the sum of the all ratings marked as bad by the patient. A total
events score was the sum of positive and negative events.
Statistical analysis
Patients who completed the socio demographic questionnaire, life events questionnaire and
had a complete colonoscopy were included in analysis. Descriptive statistics were conducted
using median scores and percentages. Additional analyses were conducted using KrusKal-
Wallis nonparametric test. We developed a linear regression model to assess the predictor of
Life Events score. In each model we introduced age, gender, BMI, education, personal
history of other disease into model and built the final model with a backward stepwise
approach. Statistical analyses were done using STATA (StatCorp, College Station, TX). P <
0.05 was considered significant.
6. Sample size consideration
We postulated that difference between patients with colorectal polyp and controls in total
Life Events score is 10 (Standard Deviation = 20). A sample size of 60 controls and 60
patients with polyp provide a power of 0.8 to detect this difference significantly (a = 0.05,
two-sided).
Results
Participant characteristics
One hundred and ten patients were included in the final analysis (Table 1). Ages ranged from
33 to 82 with a mean of 58.3 (SD = 8.87). The study population included 59% (n = 65)
females and 41% (n = 45) males. One hundred six participants (97%) had at least a high
school education. Forty two (39%) patients were overweight (BMI ≥25) and 39% (n = 42)
were obese (BMI ≥30). Eight two (75%) participants had history of other medical conditions
including hypertension, diabetes, depression or asthma. Additional participant characteristics
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Patient characteristics by pathology diagnosis
Normal Hyperplastic polyp Adenoma P value
n = 43 n = 23 n = 44
Age, mean (SD) 59 (10.5) 58 (9.2) 58 (6.8) 0.9
Gender 0.9
Male 19 (44%) 9 (40%) 17 (39%)
Female 24 (56%) 14 (60%) 27 (61%)
Education 0.02
Middle school 1 (2%) 2 (9%) 0
High school 25 (60%) 5 (22%) 21 (48%)
College & higher 16 (38%) 16 (70%) 23 (52%)
Indication 0.6
Screening 21 (49%) 14 (61%) 28 (64%)
Follow-up 15 (35%) 5 (22%) 10 (23%)
Diagnostic 7 (16%) 4 (17%) 6 (14%)
BMI 0.8
<18.5 0 0 1 (2%)
18.5-24.9 12 (28%) 5 (23%) 7 (16%)
25.0-29.9 14 (33%) 10 (45%) 18 (41%)
30.0-34.9 11 (26%) 5 (23%) 10 (23%)
= > 35.0 6 (14%) 2 (9%) 8 (18%)
Medical history of any other disease 0.2
32 (74%) 14 (61%) 36 (82%)
Family history of cancer 17 (40%) 10 (43%) 18 (41%) 0.9
Family history of colon cancer 4 (9%) 3 (13%) 11 (25%) 0.1
Smoking status 0.3
Current smokers 7 (16%) 3 (13%) 14 (32%)
Previous smokers 15 (35%) 8 (35%) 14 (32%)
Alcohol consumption 0.04
Yes 25 (58%) 7 (30%) 15 (36%)
No 18 (42%) 16 (70%) 27 (64%)
7. Life events scores in patients with polyps vs. patients without polyps
Total life events scores were higher in patients with polyps (Median = 29) compared to
patients without polyps (Median = 21; P = 0.029); Figure 1). There were no significant
differences between participants with and without colon polyps on negative life events scores
or positive life events scores.
Figure 1 Distribution of positive, negative and total life events score by polyp status.
Life events scores association in normal vs. adenoma
Total, positive or negative life events did not differ significantly between normal and
adenoma participants (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Distribution of positive, negative and total life events score by pathologic
results.
Life Events scores in screening vs. follow-up vs. diagnostic patients
An analysis of screening, follow-up and diagnostic patients in relation to total, positive and
negative life events showed that total, positive or negative life events did not differ
significantly between different indications (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Distribution of life positive, negative and total life events score by colonoscopy
indication.
Predictors of life events score
A linear regression analysis indicated that male gender is associated with 9.0 unit lower total
Life Events score (95% CI = −-17- -2, P = 0.025). Age, education, BMI, medical history of
disease was not significantly associated with total Life Events scores.
Increased age (beta = −0.4, P = 0.017) and male gender (beta = −5.7, P = 0.031) were
associated with lower negative Life Events score. Patients with medical history of disease
(beta = 6.0, P = 0.047) had higher negative Life Events score. We did not find any significant
predictor for positive life events score.
Discussion
As previously noted, African Americans have an increased prevalence of colon cancer
compared with Non-Hispanic Whites in the US [4]. Several lifestyle factors have been
implicated as risk factors for colon cancer. Psychosocial stress has recently been included as
a potential risk factor for colon cancer development. Before this investigation, no study had
examined relationships of life events on colon polyps, a precursor of colon cancer. Also, no
other study had examined this question in African American patients.
We found that total life events scores were higher in patients with polyps compared to
patients without polyps. This finding suggests that not only negative life events but also
events rated as positive influence the presence of colon polyps. Most Life Events research has
8. focused on the effect of negative events on health outcomes, however this finding shows the
importance of acknowledging general stress appraisal and its impact on health.
Colon polyp development involves genetic and epigenetic changes and environmental
effectors such as stress in this process can drive the normal colonic epithelial cells to
hyperplastic and adenomas [25-27]. Stress can induce hormonal release such as
catecholamines and glucocorticoids from adrenal gland and cause alteration of cell
proliferation, In addition, stress hormones can make the human cell prone to infections due to
the alteration of immune system, may activate oncogenic viruses and alter several aspects of
immune function, including antibody production, cytokine production profiles and cell
trafficking. Hence, stress can affect cell growth rate and hence drive normal cells to
malignancy due to permissive microenvironment conditions. Corticotrophin-releasing factor;
interleukin-6; matrix metalloproteinase; , vascular endothelial growth factor play important
roles in colon carcinogenesis [21,28]. These stress related factors may influence colon polyp
development [20,22].
Persons reporting increased levels of stress have also reported increased smoking, poor diet
and low levels of physical activity [29,30]. Each of these factors have been associated with
colon polyp development. For example, Burnett-Hartman et al. (2011) found that
consumption of charred meats and heavy cigarette smoking was positively associated with
colorectal polyps [29]. In a related study, Karagianni et al. (2010) found that increased
physical activity was associated with decreased colon polyp presence [30]. This information,
taken together, suggests that experiencing total (including stress) life events could induce the
adoption of certain unhealthy behaviors that may in turn promote colon polyp development.
A major strength of this study is that it has examined a novel research question, the
association of total life events and colon polyps in African-American participants. Our
findings suggest the possibility that total life events are a risk factor for colon polyps thus
adding to the evidence that psychosocial factors play a role in the pre-clinical cancer process.
Another strength of this study is the use of the Life Events Questionnaire. Many life events
questionnaires require participants to select from a list of pre-determined events without
giving them the option to rate the relative impact of the event. The Life Events Questionnaire
used in this study presents an extensive list of events while allowing the participant to rate the
overall magnitude as well whether the event had a positive or negative impact.
One limitation of this study is the cross-sectional nature of the study design. As a result, our
ability to infer causal relationships between life events and colon polyps is restricted. Future
studies could address this issue by assessing a group of polyp free individuals at an early
stage of life while tracking their stressful life events exposure and colon polyp development
over time. Another limitation of this study is that while the study addresses an understudied
population, African-Americans, there are other ethnic groups that could be explored as well.
It would be beneficial to understand if the same or different relationships exist between total
(positive and negative) life events and colon polyp development in other ethnic populations.
Conclusion
We found that total life events were associated with the presence of colon polyps in this
group of African Americans who were participating in a colon screening program and we did
not find any difference between different polyp pathology. This study adds to the growing
body of evidence linking psychosocial stress to the colon cancer process. Life events could
have happened after polyp formation and this study cannot confirm the causal relationship.
9. Future studies can assess the causality between life stress and polyp formation by employing
a prospective research design and additional ethnic populations.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HA, TM, CW, CLH, and AOL participated in the design of the study and data analysis. HA
and SMN drafted the manuscript. TT, HB, HH, BS, and CW were involved in the completing
the questioners. HH and AOL recruited the patients. SMN performed the statistical analysis.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Institute of Health, CTSA, RCMI.
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12. 020406080
Without polyp With polyp
Positive events (P = 0.13) Negative events (P = 0.10) Total events (P = 0.029)
Figure 1