Communities of Color and Participation in Breast Cancer Researchbkling
40 percent of Americans belong to a minority racial or ethnic group, yet only 2 percent of cancer clinical trials have studied enough minorities to provide useful information to these populations. In this webinar Dr. Susan Love, from the Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, presents on the importance of including communities of color in breast cancer research, the barriers to diversifying research, and what can be done to address them.
Living with Advanced Breast Cancer: Challenges and Opportunitiesbkling
Musa Mayer -- breast cancer survivor, advocate, and author -- presents at SHARE in November 2011. To view a video about the First International Consensus on Metastatic Breast Cancer, visit www.sharecancersupport.org/mayer.
Navigating Nutrition During Cancer and COVID-19bkling
Nutrition can be puzzling enough, but when you add a cancer diagnosis and a global pandemic, it’s even harder to make sense of it all. Julie Lanford, MPH, RD, CSO, LDN, "The Cancer Dietitian" for Cancer Services, will help put the pieces together so you’re equipped to navigate nutrition during cancer and COVID-19.
On September 3, 2015, Ovarian cancer survivors and FDA Patient Representatives Peg Ford, Susan Leighton and Annie Ellis were invited to provide the patient perspective at the recent Ovarian Cancer Endpoints Workshop hosted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This meeting was co-sponsored by the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO), the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Many important topics to the ovarian cancer community were discussed, including novel clinical trial designs, biomarkers, and new classes of agents such as immunotherapies.
5th Annual Early Age Onset Colorectal Cancer - Session VI: Palliative Care: Why Early is Best Including Guidance, Support and Resources to Patients and Caregivers During Their Treatment Journey/Continuum of Care. Epigenetics and its Future Role in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Individuals More Specifically and Accurately.
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma — Highlights from the First Ever ILC Symposium bkling
Steffi Osterreich, PhD, and Rachel Jankowitz, MD, of University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, join Heather Hillier, breast advocate and co-chair of the first international ILC Symposium, in offering an overview of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma and highlights from the conference, which took place in Pittsburgh in September 2016. The program was presented in collaboration with MBCN.
Communities of Color and Participation in Breast Cancer Researchbkling
40 percent of Americans belong to a minority racial or ethnic group, yet only 2 percent of cancer clinical trials have studied enough minorities to provide useful information to these populations. In this webinar Dr. Susan Love, from the Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, presents on the importance of including communities of color in breast cancer research, the barriers to diversifying research, and what can be done to address them.
Living with Advanced Breast Cancer: Challenges and Opportunitiesbkling
Musa Mayer -- breast cancer survivor, advocate, and author -- presents at SHARE in November 2011. To view a video about the First International Consensus on Metastatic Breast Cancer, visit www.sharecancersupport.org/mayer.
Navigating Nutrition During Cancer and COVID-19bkling
Nutrition can be puzzling enough, but when you add a cancer diagnosis and a global pandemic, it’s even harder to make sense of it all. Julie Lanford, MPH, RD, CSO, LDN, "The Cancer Dietitian" for Cancer Services, will help put the pieces together so you’re equipped to navigate nutrition during cancer and COVID-19.
On September 3, 2015, Ovarian cancer survivors and FDA Patient Representatives Peg Ford, Susan Leighton and Annie Ellis were invited to provide the patient perspective at the recent Ovarian Cancer Endpoints Workshop hosted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This meeting was co-sponsored by the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO), the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Many important topics to the ovarian cancer community were discussed, including novel clinical trial designs, biomarkers, and new classes of agents such as immunotherapies.
5th Annual Early Age Onset Colorectal Cancer - Session VI: Palliative Care: Why Early is Best Including Guidance, Support and Resources to Patients and Caregivers During Their Treatment Journey/Continuum of Care. Epigenetics and its Future Role in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Individuals More Specifically and Accurately.
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma — Highlights from the First Ever ILC Symposium bkling
Steffi Osterreich, PhD, and Rachel Jankowitz, MD, of University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, join Heather Hillier, breast advocate and co-chair of the first international ILC Symposium, in offering an overview of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma and highlights from the conference, which took place in Pittsburgh in September 2016. The program was presented in collaboration with MBCN.
Don't miss our upcoming webinars! Subscribe today!
Presented by: Dr. Poul Sorensen, MD, PhD, FRCPC; Dr. Muhammad Zulfiqar, MD; Ted Taylor, Patient Advocate
In this webinar, we will hear from Dr. Sorensen about his groundbreaking discovery and how it contributed to the development of tumour agnostic treatments. Dr. Zulfiqar, a medical oncologist at the BC Cancer Agency, will further discuss TRK fusion cancers and how he has been able to treat patients. Lastly, we will hear from Ted Taylor, a TRK fusion cancer patient diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM) multiform being treated with Vitrakvi.
Watch the YouTube video: https://youtu.be/RAkItUeZ23Q
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
Don’t miss our upcoming webinars: Subscribe today!
In this webinar:
Our presenter, Filomena Servidio, will be reviewing the results of CCSN’s National Prostate Cancer Survey based on the recently released Prostate Cancer Survey Report. Join us as we learn more about the prostate cancer journey, and the need to better inform and support prostate cancer patients and their caregivers in Canada.
View the video:
https://youtu.be/RHwIsZx6x4A
To learn more about CCSN, visit us at survivornet.ca
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
Don't miss our upcoming webinars: Subscribe today!
In this webinar:
Dr. Krista Noonan is a medical oncologist specializing in thoracic and genitourinary malignancies at BC Cancer, Surrey Centre. Her research interests focus on thoracic and genitourinary malignancies and health services research. On Thursday, February 27, join Dr. Noonan as she: - Reviews the advancements in systemic therapy in lung cancer over the past decade - Highlights how the advancements in systemic therapy have dramatically improved quality of life and length of life.
View the video: https://youtu.be/3DaUwQ8ab44
To learn more about CCSN, visit us at survivornet.ca
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
Gain a deeper understanding of uterine and endometrial cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and current research trends with Dr. Jason D. Wright, Division Chief of Gynecologic Oncology at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center. This webinar is a collaboration with the Foundation for Women's Cancer.
Strategies for Long-term Management of Recurrent Ovarian Cancerbkling
A panel of doctors and patients will discuss decision-making in the recurrent setting of ovarian cancer, including how to understand and consider options like chemotherapy, surgery, and clinical trials. Panelists include Dr. Jason Wright and Dr. June Hou from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, survivor/research advocate Annie Ellis, and others living with recurrence.
Intermittent Fasting: How it Can Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrencebkling
Breast cancer recurrence is the greatest fear for those with breast cancer. While many survivors know that being overweight can contribute to recurrence of their cancer, the thought of dieting and how to go about it can be overwhelming. Dr. Nicholas Webster, Professor of Medicine, Chief of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Associate Director for Shared Resources, Moores Cancer Center discusses his study that suggests a path that is easy to follow and produces the type of results that can be a matter of life and death for some breast cancer patients.
Don't miss our upcoming webinars! Subscribe today!
In this webinar:
In May-June, 2020, the Canadian Cancer Survivor Network (CCSN) commissioned Leger to conduct a national survey to evaluate the impact that COVID-19 has had on cancer patients, survivors, pre-diagnosis patients, and caregivers. The results of our first survey revealed that the pandemic response has triggered another public health crisis - the postponement and cancellation of essential cancer tests, procedures, and treatments.
CCSN commissioned Leger for a second survey in December, 2020 to evaluate the impact that the suspension of cancer services during the first wave is currently having on those who have been affected by cancer.
Join CCSN and Leger as we present the results of the COVID-19 and Cancer Care Disruption in Canada Survey - Wave 2 and hear from members of the cancer community about how the pandemic has directly impacted them.
View the YouTube video: https://youtu.be/qN4Hq7OtBys
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
SHARE Presentation: New Developments in the Medical Treatment of Breast Cance...bkling
Dr. Cliff Hudis on the latest information on new breast cancer treatments. Dr. Hudis is Chief of Breast Cancer Medicine Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
Report Back from SGO: What’s the Latest in Uterine Cancer?bkling
Dr. Jeannine Villella, Chief of Gynecologic Oncology at Lenox Hill Hospital, provides a comprehensive update from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Villella breaks down what the research presented at the conference means for you and discusses new developments.
Communicating hope and truth: A presentation for health care professionalsbkling
Dr. Don S. Dizon, gynecologic oncologist at Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, discusses the lessons he's learned while trying to communicate in an honest and hopeful way with patients facing a difficult diagnosis. This was presented as a webinar hosted by SHARE. If you'd like to view the complete webinar, go to www.sharecancersupport.org/dizon
Report Back from ASCO on Metastatic Breast Cancerbkling
Dr. Anne Moore, Medical Director of the Weill Cornell Breast Center, shares her experiences from the American Society of Clinical Oncology's June 2017 Conference. She also updates us on the latest research from the conference as it relates to metastatic breast cancer.
HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cancer in HIV-infected women in Mu...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Background: HIV-infected women are at a higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer than women in the general population, partly due to a high prevalence of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess the burden of HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cervical cancer among a cohort of HIV-infected women as part of a routine screening in an urban overpopulated slum setting in Mumbai, India.
Methods: From May 2010 to October 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières and Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai offered routine annual Pap smears and HPV DNA testing of women attending an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and a 12-month follow-up. Women with abnormal test results were offered cervical biopsy and treatment, including treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Results: Ninety-five women were screened. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 33–41); median nadir CD4-count 143 cells/µL (IQR: 79–270); and median time on ART 23 months (IQR:10–41). HPV DNA was detected in 30/94 women (32%), and 18/94 (19%) showed either low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL) on Pap smear. Overall, >50% had cervical inflammatory reactions including STIs. Of the 43 women with a cervical biopsy, eight (8.4%) had CIN-1, five (5.3%) CIN-2, and two (2.1%) carcinoma in situ. All but one had HPV DNA detected (risk ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval: 3.3–34). By October 2011, 56 women had completed the 12-month follow-up and had been rescreened. No new cases of HPV infection/LSIL/HSIL were detected.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of HPV infection, STIs, and cervical lesions among women attending an ART clinic demonstrates a need for routine screening. Simple, one-stop screening strategies are needed. The optimal screening interval, especially when resources are limited, needs to be determined.
Don't miss our upcoming webinars! Subscribe today!
Presented by: Dr. Poul Sorensen, MD, PhD, FRCPC; Dr. Muhammad Zulfiqar, MD; Ted Taylor, Patient Advocate
In this webinar, we will hear from Dr. Sorensen about his groundbreaking discovery and how it contributed to the development of tumour agnostic treatments. Dr. Zulfiqar, a medical oncologist at the BC Cancer Agency, will further discuss TRK fusion cancers and how he has been able to treat patients. Lastly, we will hear from Ted Taylor, a TRK fusion cancer patient diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM) multiform being treated with Vitrakvi.
Watch the YouTube video: https://youtu.be/RAkItUeZ23Q
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
Don’t miss our upcoming webinars: Subscribe today!
In this webinar:
Our presenter, Filomena Servidio, will be reviewing the results of CCSN’s National Prostate Cancer Survey based on the recently released Prostate Cancer Survey Report. Join us as we learn more about the prostate cancer journey, and the need to better inform and support prostate cancer patients and their caregivers in Canada.
View the video:
https://youtu.be/RHwIsZx6x4A
To learn more about CCSN, visit us at survivornet.ca
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
Don't miss our upcoming webinars: Subscribe today!
In this webinar:
Dr. Krista Noonan is a medical oncologist specializing in thoracic and genitourinary malignancies at BC Cancer, Surrey Centre. Her research interests focus on thoracic and genitourinary malignancies and health services research. On Thursday, February 27, join Dr. Noonan as she: - Reviews the advancements in systemic therapy in lung cancer over the past decade - Highlights how the advancements in systemic therapy have dramatically improved quality of life and length of life.
View the video: https://youtu.be/3DaUwQ8ab44
To learn more about CCSN, visit us at survivornet.ca
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
Gain a deeper understanding of uterine and endometrial cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and current research trends with Dr. Jason D. Wright, Division Chief of Gynecologic Oncology at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center. This webinar is a collaboration with the Foundation for Women's Cancer.
Strategies for Long-term Management of Recurrent Ovarian Cancerbkling
A panel of doctors and patients will discuss decision-making in the recurrent setting of ovarian cancer, including how to understand and consider options like chemotherapy, surgery, and clinical trials. Panelists include Dr. Jason Wright and Dr. June Hou from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, survivor/research advocate Annie Ellis, and others living with recurrence.
Intermittent Fasting: How it Can Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrencebkling
Breast cancer recurrence is the greatest fear for those with breast cancer. While many survivors know that being overweight can contribute to recurrence of their cancer, the thought of dieting and how to go about it can be overwhelming. Dr. Nicholas Webster, Professor of Medicine, Chief of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Associate Director for Shared Resources, Moores Cancer Center discusses his study that suggests a path that is easy to follow and produces the type of results that can be a matter of life and death for some breast cancer patients.
Don't miss our upcoming webinars! Subscribe today!
In this webinar:
In May-June, 2020, the Canadian Cancer Survivor Network (CCSN) commissioned Leger to conduct a national survey to evaluate the impact that COVID-19 has had on cancer patients, survivors, pre-diagnosis patients, and caregivers. The results of our first survey revealed that the pandemic response has triggered another public health crisis - the postponement and cancellation of essential cancer tests, procedures, and treatments.
CCSN commissioned Leger for a second survey in December, 2020 to evaluate the impact that the suspension of cancer services during the first wave is currently having on those who have been affected by cancer.
Join CCSN and Leger as we present the results of the COVID-19 and Cancer Care Disruption in Canada Survey - Wave 2 and hear from members of the cancer community about how the pandemic has directly impacted them.
View the YouTube video: https://youtu.be/qN4Hq7OtBys
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
SHARE Presentation: New Developments in the Medical Treatment of Breast Cance...bkling
Dr. Cliff Hudis on the latest information on new breast cancer treatments. Dr. Hudis is Chief of Breast Cancer Medicine Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
Report Back from SGO: What’s the Latest in Uterine Cancer?bkling
Dr. Jeannine Villella, Chief of Gynecologic Oncology at Lenox Hill Hospital, provides a comprehensive update from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Villella breaks down what the research presented at the conference means for you and discusses new developments.
Communicating hope and truth: A presentation for health care professionalsbkling
Dr. Don S. Dizon, gynecologic oncologist at Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, discusses the lessons he's learned while trying to communicate in an honest and hopeful way with patients facing a difficult diagnosis. This was presented as a webinar hosted by SHARE. If you'd like to view the complete webinar, go to www.sharecancersupport.org/dizon
Report Back from ASCO on Metastatic Breast Cancerbkling
Dr. Anne Moore, Medical Director of the Weill Cornell Breast Center, shares her experiences from the American Society of Clinical Oncology's June 2017 Conference. She also updates us on the latest research from the conference as it relates to metastatic breast cancer.
HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cancer in HIV-infected women in Mu...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Background: HIV-infected women are at a higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer than women in the general population, partly due to a high prevalence of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess the burden of HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cervical cancer among a cohort of HIV-infected women as part of a routine screening in an urban overpopulated slum setting in Mumbai, India.
Methods: From May 2010 to October 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières and Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai offered routine annual Pap smears and HPV DNA testing of women attending an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and a 12-month follow-up. Women with abnormal test results were offered cervical biopsy and treatment, including treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Results: Ninety-five women were screened. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 33–41); median nadir CD4-count 143 cells/µL (IQR: 79–270); and median time on ART 23 months (IQR:10–41). HPV DNA was detected in 30/94 women (32%), and 18/94 (19%) showed either low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL) on Pap smear. Overall, >50% had cervical inflammatory reactions including STIs. Of the 43 women with a cervical biopsy, eight (8.4%) had CIN-1, five (5.3%) CIN-2, and two (2.1%) carcinoma in situ. All but one had HPV DNA detected (risk ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval: 3.3–34). By October 2011, 56 women had completed the 12-month follow-up and had been rescreened. No new cases of HPV infection/LSIL/HSIL were detected.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of HPV infection, STIs, and cervical lesions among women attending an ART clinic demonstrates a need for routine screening. Simple, one-stop screening strategies are needed. The optimal screening interval, especially when resources are limited, needs to be determined.
Oct. 2013 Via Christi Women's Connection presentation on breast cancer genetic testing featuring Patty Tenofsky, MD, with Via Christi Clinic in Wichita, Kan.
It describes the prevalence of Breast Cancer among BRCA 1/2 mutations with special consideration to biological background, detection and screening, actions taken upon discovering mutation carriers and whether we have a different therapeutic algorithm than sporadic cases. Special emphasis on the role of PARP inhibitors in the management of metastatic disease.
Beyond BRCA Mutations: What's New in the World of Genetic Testing?bkling
Dr. Mark Robson, Clinic Director of the Clinical Genetics Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, presents a medical update regarding the latest developments in genetic testing as it relates to breast and ovarian cancer. Topics include non-BRCA mutations, including both high-penetrance and so-called moderate penetrance mutations, and a framework for management of these.
Presented in collaboration with FORCE.
Audio and slides for this presentation are also available on YouTube: http://youtu.be/ukXhuy5cXrE
Huma Q. Rana, MD, a cancer geneticist with Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, explains the cancer risk associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. This presentation was originally given on July 23, 2013 as part of the "What Every Woman Should Know" event put on by Dana-Farber's Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers.
Summary of Pedigree Chart symbols.
How to use pedigree charts to analyse genetic conditions
Please note: this resource found on a fileserver on the internet. Author unknown.
a nice presentation about the Ovarian Cancer its include an introduction with brief notes about the epidemiology and risk factors then shift to pathology and pathogenesis and diagnosis with signs , symptoms and lab tests with imaging modules , screening , management
People with Lynch syndrome have a higher risk of certain types of cancer, including endometrial, colorectal, and ovarian cancers. Heather Hampel, MS, CGC, Associate Director of the Division of Genetics and Genetic Counseling at City of Hope, will discuss genetic testing, hereditary cancer risk, prevention, and the latest updates for Lynch syndrome care.
Understanding Uterine Cancer Treatment Optionsbkling
Join Dr. Bhavana Pothuri, gynecologic oncologist at NYU Langone Medical Center, as she breaks down the different types of uterine cancer treatments available to patients based on their particular diagnosis. Learn about new research and treatment updates, options for when cancer recurs, side effects, and more.
The KRAS-Variant and miRNA Expression in RTOG Endometrial Cancer Clinical Tri...UCLA
The KRAS-variant may be a genetic marker of risk for type 2 endometrial cancers. In addition, tumor miRNA expression appears to be associated with patient age, lymphovascular invasion and the KRAS-variant, supporting the hypothesis that altered tumor biology can be measured by miRNA expression, and that the KRAS-variant likely impacts endometrial tumor biology.
Clinicopathologic Features and Survival Analysis of Non-metastatic Breast Can...Hugo Raul Castro Salguero
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of cancer related death
worldwide. Unfortunately, data concerning clinicopathologic features of this
malignancy in non-developed countries is scarce. This study aims to characterize a
cohort of Guatemalan female patients with non-metastatic BC and to determine
risk factors for overall survival (OS).
Genetics of Breast and Ovary Cancers Associated with Hereditary Cancers and t...JohnJulie1
Carriers of the BRCA-1/2 mutation have increased and variable risks of Breast Cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer and vary or are modified by common genetic variants and their incidence genetic testing and risk-reducing surgery has increased, they should receive advice and evaluation by the physician with experience in genetics.
Genetics of Breast and Ovary Cancers Associated with Hereditary Cancers and t...AnonIshanvi
Carriers of the BRCA-1/2 mutation have increased and variable risks of Breast Cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer and vary or are modified by common genetic variants and their incidence genetic testing and risk-reducing surgery has increased, they should receive advice and evaluation by the physician with experience in genetics.
Genetics of Breast and Ovary Cancers Associated with Hereditary Cancers and t...NainaAnon
Carriers of the BRCA-1/2 mutation have increased and variable risks of Breast Cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer and vary or are modified by common genetic variants and their incidence genetic testing and risk-reducing surgery has increased, they should receive advice and evaluation by the physician with experience in genetics.
Genetics of Breast and Ovary Cancers Associated with Hereditary Cancers and t...semualkaira
Carriers of the BRCA-1/2 mutation have increased and variable risks of Breast Cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer and vary or are modified by common genetic variants and their
incidence genetic testing and risk-reducing surgery has increased,
they should receive advice and evaluation by the physician with
experience in genetics
Genetics of Breast and Ovary Cancers Associated with Hereditary Cancers and t...semualkaira
Carriers of the BRCA-1/2 mutation have increased and variable risks of Breast Cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer and vary or are modified by common genetic variants and their
incidence genetic testing and risk-reducing surgery has increased,
they should receive advice and evaluation by the physician with
experience in genetics
Genetics of Breast and Ovary Cancers Associated with Hereditary Cancers and t...EditorSara
Carriers of the BRCA-1/2 mutation have increased and variable risks of Breast Cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer and vary or are modified by common genetic variants and their incidence genetic testing and risk-reducing surgery has increased, they should receive advice and evaluation by the physician with experience in genetics.
Similar to Genetic testing of breast and ovarian cancer patients: clinical characteristics and hormonal risk modifiers (20)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. 76 L. Kaduri et al. / European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 85 (1999) 75–80
patients diagnosed at a young age suggested that the use of 2.2. Mutation analysis
oral contraceptives might increase the risk of BC in
BRCA1/2 carriers then in non-carriers [10]. Multiplex PCR was performed for the three Ashkenazi
To date, the preventative means offered to individuals at founder mutations, 185delAG, 5382insC (BRCA1) and
high-risk for BC or OC are surveillance, prophylactic 6174delT (BRCA2) as previously described [14].
surgeries, and chemoprevention. Screening mammography
in the general population decreases the relative risk of 2.3. Statistical analysis
mortality by 30% [11]. The efficacy of mammography for
women younger than 40 years is low. Other modes of Age at onset according to different mutations was
screening using ultrasound and MRI are under inves- compared using the ANOVA test for continuous variables.
tigation. Screening for ovarian cancer has not been proven The effect of hormonal factors was compared between
to reduce mortality [12,13]. breast and ovarian cancer patients using ANOVA test for
2
The present study was conducted among Jewish BC/OC continuous variables and the x test for discrete variables.
patients, carriers of one of the three BRCA1/2 Ashkenazi
founder mutations. The aim of the study was to present the
clinical characteristics of these patients regarding the 3. Results
clinical presentation and age at onset in the different
mutation carriers. In addition we evaluated the correlation Among the BC and OC patients examined for the
between several hormonal factors and clinical presentation mutations 185delAG, 5382insC or 6174delT, 87 were
in carriers. The implications of our conclusions are dis- found to carry one of the three mutation, most of them
cussed in suggested guidelines for treatment decisions. were from high-risk families. Forty-two (48.3%) were
carriers of the mutation 185delAG, thirty-seven (42.5%)
carried the 6174delT mutation and seven (8.0%) were
2. Patients and methods carriers of the mutation 5382insC. One patient with OC
was a double heterozygote, a carrier of two BRCA
2.1. Patients mutations, 185delAG in BRCA1 and 6174delT in BRCA2
[15]. Since clinically she did not differ from the rest of the
Blood samples were collected from patients with BC group, arbitrarily she was included in the 6174delT group.
and/or OC. The patients were referred either from the
Oncology clinic or from the Cancer-Genetic Counseling 3.1. Clinical presentation of carriers
clinic. Some of the patients were from high-risk families
(with a positive family history for BC/OC in at least three The patients were classified according to their clinical
first-degree relatives), the rest were sporadic cases, some of presentation (Table 1). Among the carriers of the
the carriers were previously described [14]. All patients 185delAG mutation (n542), 27 (64.3%) were diagnosed
signed an informed consent approved by the Ethical with BC (with or without ovarian cancer afterwards) as
Committee. Eighty-seven patients were identified as car- compared to 24/38 (63.2%) of carriers of the 6174delT
riers of a BRCA1/2 mutation, they were the focus of our mutation. OC was diagnosed in 21/42 (50%) carriers of
study. Eighty-four of the carrier patients were of Ashken- the 185delAG mutation and in 19/38 (50%) carriers of the
azi origin, two of the carriers of the 185delAG mutation 6174delT mutation. The number of 5382insC carriers was
were of Iraqi origin, and one came from North Africa. small, all of them developed BC only.
Reproductive and hormonal histories of the patients The mean age of BC and OC diagnosis in the carrier
were obtained from the examinee and were confirmed in patients according to the mutation is presented in Table 2.
the medical files. The clinical presentation and mutations In all patients who had both BC and OC, BC was the first
in the patients are presented in Table 1. to appear. The mean age at diagnosis of BC was 43.6 and
47.0 in carriers of the mutations 185delAG and 6174delT,
Table 1
Clinical presentation in carrier patients according to mutation type Table 2
Age at diagnosis according to mutation type
Diagnosis No. of carriers
Diagnosis 185delAG 6174delT 5382insC
185delAG 6174delT 5382insC Total
a d
Breast cancer 43.6612 47.0610.8 39.867.5 N.S.
Breast cancer 12 13 5 30 b c
Ovarian cancer 52.168 58.5613 N.S.
Bilateral breast cancer 9 6 2 17
a
Breast and ovarian cancer 5 4 0 9 All breast cancer patients including those diagnosed with ovarian cancer
Bilateral breast cancer 1 1 0 2 afterwards.
b
Ovarian cancer 15 14 0 29 All ovarian cancer patients including those that had breast cancer.
c
Age at diagnosis of one patient was unknown.
Total 42 38 7 87 d
Not significant in ANOVA test.
3. L. Kaduri et al. / European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 85 (1999) 75–80 77
respectively. The mean age of OC diagnosis was 52.1 for
carriers of the 185delAG mutation and 58.5 for carriers of
the mutation 6174delT (statistically not significant). Car-
riers of 5382insC were diagnosed with BC at a mean age
of 39.8, however it should be emphasized that the number
of patients carrying this mutation was too small, and the
difference in the mean age at diagnosis was not significant.
The age distribution of BC diagnosis is presented in Fig.
1. The youngest BC patient was diagnosed at the age of
21, the next youngest patient was diagnosed at 28, the
majority of patients 74.1% (n543) were diagnosed be-
tween the ages of 30 and 50, only four patients (6.9%)
were diagnosed after age 60. Among 58 BC patients, 19
were diagnosed with bilateral BC and 11 were diagnosed
with OC.
The incidence of second primary BC (bilateral BC) was Fig. 2. Age at diagnosis of ovarian cancer in carrier patients (n539).
7/11 (63.6%) in patients diagnosed under the age of 35
(one patient was omitted from the analysis because she years) and four were diagnosed between the ages of 41 and
underwent preventive mastectomy of the unaffected breast) 45.
and 12/47 (25.5%) in patients diagnosed after 35. The
median time elapsed between the diagnosis of the first and
the second BC was 6 years for those diagnosed before or 3.2. Hormonal and reproductive history in BC and OC
after the age of 35. The difference in the incidence of carrier patients
bilateral BC between the two age groups was significant
(Fisher exact test: P50.025) and could not be attributed to Patients diagnosed with BC were compared with those
the length of follow-up of the patients. The median follow- diagnosed with OC only for a number of hormonal factors
up was 12 years for the group of patients diagnosed under and reproductive history (Table 3): ages at menarche, at
the age of 35 and 8 years for those diagnosed after the age first pregnancy and menopause, number of pregnancies and
of 35. of deliveries, fertility treatment, oral contraceptives use
The age distribution of OC patients (n539) is presented (between 6 months and 10 years) and HRT. There were no
in Fig. 2; 34 (87.2%) were diagnosed after the age of 45, differences between BC and OC patients in any of the
one patient developed the disease under the age of 40 (34 factors except for the use of oral contraceptives which was
Fig. 1. Age at diagnosis of breast cancer in carrier patients (n558).
4. 78 L. Kaduri et al. / European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 85 (1999) 75–80
Table 3
Hormonal and obstetric characteristics of the BRCA carrier patients
Characteristic Patients
Breast cancer Ovarian cancer
a
Age at menarche 13.261.3 12.761.3 N.S.
a
Age at first pregnancy 25.464.7 24.163.5 N.S.
a
No. of pregnancies 3.561.9 4.562.9 N.S.
a
No. of deliveries 2.461.4 2.461.4 N.S.
a
Age at menopause 46.865.2 47.864.7 N.S.
b
Use of oral contraceptives 61.3% 11.8% ,0.01
c
Fertility treatments 13.8% 13.3% N.S.
c
Hormonal replacement therapy 11.8% 33.0% N.S.
a
Not significant in ANOVA test.
b 2
P in x test.
c 2
Not significant in x test.
61.3% among BC patients as compared to 11.8% in OC category for bilateral BC. Therefore, a carrier patient who
only patients (P,0.01). was diagnosed with BC under the age of 35 could be
protected from second BC by bilateral mastectomy. Scharg
et al. [16] and Grann et al. [17] showed a 2.8–5.3 year
4. Discussion gain for bilateral mastectomy done at the age of 30 in a
healthy carrier. The year gain for high-risk patients was
The availability of genetic testing and the awareness of higher than for carriers at a lower risk according to the
the general population of genetic predisposition to cancer family history. A carrier patient that has already been
made genetic testing widespread, especially for BC and diagnosed with BC, is at risk of mortality and the year gain
OC families. However, little is known about the sur- provided by prophylactic mastectomy of the unaffected
veillance and treatment that should be recommended to breast might be lower than that for a healthy carrier. Yet,
patients who were identified as carriers. the subgroup of carrier patients diagnosed under the age of
The purpose of this study was to identify specific risk 35 is at-high risk for another BC, and the survival gained
factors in carriers of the BRCA1/2 mutations and to by the procedure might overcome the decreased survival
suggest guidelines for treatment and appropriate follow-up by the first primary BC. Patients’ acceptance of prophylac-
for these patients. tic surgeries is low [18] and most decisions regarding
The incidence of BC and OC was the same among the prophylactic mastectomy are undertaken while the patient
carriers of the 185delAG and 6174delT mutations. The has already been diagnosed with breast cancer. We suggest
seven carriers of the 5382insC mutation had BC only, but using the age at BC diagnosis as a guideline in offering
subsequent patients in our clinic, who were identified as prophylactic mastectomy. BC carriers who were diagnosed
carriers of the 5382insC mutation were diagnosed with after the age of 35 could be offered a breast conservation
OC. Thus, the number of 5382insC carriers was too small surgery. Robson et al. [19] reported an ipsilateral recur-
to evaluate phenotype–genotype correlation. rence rate of 12% in 5 years after breast conservation
The mean age at diagnosis of BC was 10 years younger therapy in carriers of a BRCA1/2 mutation, they did not
than that of OC in all the carriers. There was a tendency relate to age at diagnosis. Interestingly, the rate of con-
towards a higher age at presentation in carriers of the tralateral BC in the same group of patients was higher, and
6174delT mutation as compared to carriers of the 185delT this might suggest that irradiation of the breast protected it
mutation, but statistically the difference was not signifi- from a second primary BC, thus bilateral irradiation could
cant. Therefore, carriers of the mutations 185delAG and be another option in these patients. This issue should be
6174delT should be considered at the same risk for BC and pursued further in a larger number of patients.
for OC and the treatment options should be the same. The age distribution of OC diagnosis in our group of
Age at diagnosis of BC divided the patients into two patients could be used as a guideline for preferred age for
distinct subgroups, regardless of the mutation they carry. prophylactic oophorectomy. All but one OC patient were
Patients diagnosed with BC at a young age (,35) had a diagnosed at the age of 40 or older, most of them were
higher probability of having second BC (63.6%) as diagnosed between the ages of 46 and 60. Two studies
compared to those diagnosed at the age 35 or older [16,17] suggest a gain of 0.5–2 years for bilateral
(25.5%). The median time between the diagnosis of the oophorectomy if performed at age 30, but delayed
first and the second BC was the same for both groups. This oophorectomy of 10 years, for a 30-year-old woman, did
observation suggests that other factors, genetic or en- not cause loss of life expectancy, our data support this
vironmental put the young group of patients in a high-risk conclusion. Treatment could also be tailored according to
5. L. Kaduri et al. / European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 85 (1999) 75–80 79
the mutation found in each patient. The age at diagnosis of the risk of BC in carriers more than in non-carriers.
OC seems to be higher in carriers of the 6174delAT Prospective studies on the role of oral contraceptives in
mutation than in carriers of the 185delAG mutation. Only modifying cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers, are warranted.
one out of the nineteen OC patients carrying the 6174delT Narod et al. [9] found higher OC risk for carriers born
mutation was diagnosed at the age of 41, the rest were before 1930 regardless of oral contraceptive use. It could
diagnosed at the age of 45 or older, thus bilateral be that various unknown factors are responsible for this
oophorectomy in 6174delAG carriers, could be postponed difference, and the difference in our OC and BC patients,
to age 45. The timing of prophylactic surgeries is im- was attributed to the same factors.
portant for the patients’ quality of life. Oophorectomy at a Based on our experience we suggest that oral contracep-
younger age can cause impaired body image and sexual tives should not be offered to carriers as a prevention
dysfunction. It causes early menopause and the patient means for OC since it might elevate the risk of BC. For
should be treated with long-term HRT. Although we do young carriers the use of low dose estrogen pills as
not yet have data regarding the risk conferred by HRT in contraceptives should not be denied, no data exists regard-
BRCA1/2 carriers, it is reasonable to postpone the pro- ing the cancer risk that is conferred by these pills, even in
cedure as long as possible. Patients’ acceptance of the general population. The safety of HRT in carriers is
prophylactic oophorectomy would probably be higher if also unknown. We have not found any difference between
suggested close to the physiologic menopause. To date, we BC and OC patients with regard to HRT, but many of the
recommend bilateral oophorectomy at the age of 45 to all patients that were studied by us, were diagnosed at
the mutation carriers. However, carriers of the 185delAG premenoupausal age, and the number of patients who used
mutation might be at risk at a younger age, therefore the HRT was low in the study groups. We do not recommend
option of earlier prophylactic surgeries should be discussed HRT after prophylactic oophorectomy unless the patients
with these carriers. suffer from the symptoms of menopause, for these patients
The influence of different hormonal factors in the we recommend short-term HRT. Other menopause-related
BRCA1/2 carriers was analyzed in the BC patients and risks such as coronary heart disease and osteoporosis
OC only patients. Since the average age at diagnosis of BC should be considered in each case.
preceded the average age at diagnosis of OC by 10 years, To conclude, treatment decision in BRCA1/2 carriers is
we hypothesized that the group of OC only patients, might difficult for both patients and their doctors and even more
be protected from BC and survived to the age of onset of complex in healthy carriers. Our study provides guidelines
OC. In the general population exposure to estrogens is based on clinical features and hormonal risk modifiers that
known to elevate the risk for BC [20]. Therefore, early were retrospectively analyzed in a group of carrier patients.
menarche and late menopause are risk factors for BC. Oral This data should serve us until we have a prospective
contraceptives and HRT might elevate the risk as well. randomized trials. The data should be presented to each
Early menarche and late menopause also elevate the risk of patient and the treatment options should be discussed in
developing OC, whereas multiple pregnancies and oral the decision making process.
contraceptive use reduce the risk [20]. In a study on human
BC cell lines [21], the expression of BRCA1 mRNA
increased upon stimulation with estrogen and progesterone. References
It could be that steroids stimulate proliferation and in-
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[2] Berman DB, Wagner-Costalas J, Schultz DC, Lynch HT, Daly M,None of the hormonal factors mentioned above were
Godwin AK. Two distinct origins of a common BRCA1 mutation in
found to be significantly different between BC and OC
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BRCA2 appear in 60% of ovarian cancer and 30% of early onset