Assessment of slab bridges through proof loading in the Netherlands

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This document summarizes the assessment of slab bridges in the Netherlands through proof loading tests. It discusses pilot proof loading tests conducted on several bridges from the 1960s-1970s to evaluate increased live loads. Laboratory experiments on slab bridge components were also performed. The document outlines the safety philosophy for proof loading tests and stop criteria to prevent further loading, failure, or irreversible damage. It provides an overview of the preparation, execution, and analysis steps for proof loading tests, including defining load levels, sensor plans, cyclic loading schemes, and data analysis protocols. The conclusion is that proof loading is useful for approving existing bridges, including for shear capacity, but further laboratory testing of slab shear behavior is still needed.

Technology

Assessment of slab bridges through proofAssessment of slab bridges through proof
loading in the Netherlandsloading in the Netherlands
Eva Lantsoght, Cor van der Veen, Ane de Boer,
Dick Hordijk

OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview
• Introduction
• Pilot proof load tests
• Laboratory experiments
• Recommendations
• Preparation of proof load tests
• Execution of proof load tests
• Analysis of proof load tests
• Summary and conclusions
Slab shear experiments, TU Delft

Why load testing?Why load testing?
Bridges from 60s and 70s
The Hague in 1959
Increased live loads
common heavy and long truck (600 kN)
End of service life + larger loads

Safety philosphy of proof load testingSafety philosphy of proof load testing
• Safety philosophy
• Stop criteria:
•Further loading not
permitted
•Failure near
•Irreversible damage
near
MSc Thesis W. Vos

Research needResearch needResearch needResearch need
Guideline for proof loading of existing
(RC slab) bridges for the Netherlands
Flexure + shear

TU Delft Proof Load TestsTU Delft Proof Load Tests
• Proof load tests:
•Heidijk 2007
•Medemblik 2009
•Vlijmen-Oost 2013
•Halvemaans Bridge 2014
•Ruytenschildt Bridge 2014
•Viaduct Zijlweg 2015
•Viaduct De Beek 2015
TU Delft proof load tests

Laboratory testingLaboratory testingLaboratory testingLaboratory testing
• Ruytenschildt beams
• Cyclic loading protocol
• Analysis of stop criteria
• Beams with plain bars
• Effect of number of cycles
• Effect of loading speed
• Load levels
• Analysis of stop criteria
Beams RSB01 after failure (Yang, 2015)
Yang, Y. (2015). "Experimental Studies on the Structural Behaviours of Beams from Ruytenschildt Bridge,"
Stevin Report 25.5-15-09, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 76 pp.
Beams RSB02B after failure (Yang, 2015)

Preparation steps (1)Preparation steps (1)
• Preliminary inspection and
rating
• Dimensions and material
properties
• Live load: lane load +
design tandem
• RBK load levels
•Different β
•Different load factors
•γsw = 1.1 for proof load testing

Preparation steps (2)Preparation steps (2)
• Critical position
•Bending moment: largest
moment
•Shear: 2.5d from support
• Required proof load
•Same shear or bending
moment as with load
combination
•Value → considered safety
level

Preparation steps (3)Preparation steps (3)
• Sensor plan:
•Deflection profiles in longitudinal and
transverse direction
•Deflection at supports
•Strain on bottom of cross-section
•Reference strain measurements to
correct for T
•Opening existing cracks
•Opening new cracks
•Applied load => load cells
•Acoustic emission measurements
(current research)

Execution steps (1)Execution steps (1)
• Cyclic loading scheme
•Check linearity and reproducibility of measurements
•Baseline load level
• Load levels ≈ safety levels CC3 RBK:
• Low level to check instrumentation
• SLS
• Intermediate level
• Target proof load

Execution steps (3)Execution steps (3)Execution steps (3)Execution steps (3)

Analysis StepsAnalysis Steps
• Data analysis
•Correct for T
•Correct for support
displacements
•Make final plots for report

Summary and conclusionsSummary and conclusions
• Proof loading to approve existing
bridges, also for shear
• Pilot proof load tests in the
Netherlands + laboratory tests
• Current recommendations
• Further laboratory testing on slabs in
shear is necessary Ruytenschildt Bridge

Contact:
Eva Lantsoght
E.O.L.Lantsoght@tudelft.nl // elantsoght@usfq.edu.ec
+31(0)152787449

As the bridge stock in The Netherlands and Europe is ageing, various methods to analyze existing bridges are being studied. Load testing of bridges is an option to study the capacity when crucial information about the structure is lacking. This information could be related to the material (for example, the effect of ASR on the capacity) as well as to the structural system (for example, the effect of restraints at the supports or transverse redistribution capacity). When it is decided to load test a bridge, the question arises which maximum load should be attained during the experiment to approve the capacity of the bridge, and which criteria, based on the measurements during the test, would indicate that the test needs to be aborted before reaching the maximum desired load (the “stop criteria”). A number of reinforced concrete slab bridges have been load tested over the course of the past few years. These load tests were pilot cases, in which the bridges were heavily equipped with sensors, to study the bridges’ behavior at critical positions for bending moment and shear. The test results were then extensively analyzed, and compared to the stop criteria available in the currently used codes and guidelines. As a result of the analysis and experiments, recommendations are given for proof loading of bridges. These recommendations are important, since they will form the basis of a guideline for proof loading of existing concrete bridges that is under development in The Netherlands.

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Assessment of slab bridges through proof loading in the Netherlands

1. Assessment of slab bridges through proofAssessment of slab bridges through proof loading in the Netherlandsloading in the Netherlands Eva Lantsoght, Cor van der Veen, Ane de Boer, Dick Hordijk

2. OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview • Introduction • Pilot proof load tests • Laboratory experiments • Recommendations • Preparation of proof load tests • Execution of proof load tests • Analysis of proof load tests • Summary and conclusions Slab shear experiments, TU Delft

3. Why load testing?Why load testing? Bridges from 60s and 70s The Hague in 1959 Increased live loads common heavy and long truck (600 kN) End of service life + larger loads

4. Safety philosphy of proof load testingSafety philosphy of proof load testing • Safety philosophy • Stop criteria: •Further loading not permitted •Failure near •Irreversible damage near MSc Thesis W. Vos

5. Research needResearch needResearch needResearch need Guideline for proof loading of existing (RC slab) bridges for the Netherlands Flexure + shear

6. TU Delft Proof Load TestsTU Delft Proof Load Tests • Proof load tests: •Heidijk 2007 •Medemblik 2009 •Vlijmen-Oost 2013 •Halvemaans Bridge 2014 •Ruytenschildt Bridge 2014 •Viaduct Zijlweg 2015 •Viaduct De Beek 2015 TU Delft proof load tests

7. Laboratory testingLaboratory testingLaboratory testingLaboratory testing • Ruytenschildt beams • Cyclic loading protocol • Analysis of stop criteria • Beams with plain bars • Effect of number of cycles • Effect of loading speed • Load levels • Analysis of stop criteria Beams RSB01 after failure (Yang, 2015) Yang, Y. (2015). "Experimental Studies on the Structural Behaviours of Beams from Ruytenschildt Bridge," Stevin Report 25.5-15-09, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 76 pp. Beams RSB02B after failure (Yang, 2015)

8. Preparation steps (1)Preparation steps (1) • Preliminary inspection and rating • Dimensions and material properties • Live load: lane load + design tandem • RBK load levels •Different β •Different load factors •γsw = 1.1 for proof load testing

9. Preparation steps (2)Preparation steps (2) • Critical position •Bending moment: largest moment •Shear: 2.5d from support • Required proof load •Same shear or bending moment as with load combination •Value → considered safety level

10. Preparation steps (3)Preparation steps (3) • Sensor plan: •Deflection profiles in longitudinal and transverse direction •Deflection at supports •Strain on bottom of cross-section •Reference strain measurements to correct for T •Opening existing cracks •Opening new cracks •Applied load => load cells •Acoustic emission measurements (current research)

11. Execution steps (1)Execution steps (1) • Cyclic loading scheme •Check linearity and reproducibility of measurements •Baseline load level • Load levels ≈ safety levels CC3 RBK: • Low level to check instrumentation • SLS • Intermediate level • Target proof load

12. Execution steps (2)Execution steps (2)

13. Execution steps (3)Execution steps (3)Execution steps (3)Execution steps (3)

14. Analysis StepsAnalysis Steps • Data analysis •Correct for T •Correct for support displacements •Make final plots for report

15. Summary and conclusionsSummary and conclusions • Proof loading to approve existing bridges, also for shear • Pilot proof load tests in the Netherlands + laboratory tests • Current recommendations • Further laboratory testing on slabs in shear is necessary Ruytenschildt Bridge

16. Contact: Eva Lantsoght E.O.L.Lantsoght@tudelft.nl // elantsoght@usfq.edu.ec +31(0)152787449

Assessment of slab bridges through proof loading in the Netherlands

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