This document discusses black holes and their properties based on a literature review. It begins with an overview of the big bang and birth of black holes. It then describes the types of black holes, a brief history, and key parts like the singularity, event horizon, and accretion disk. Major research centers in India studying astrophysics are listed. The literature review found that all fundamental laws break down within a black hole due to its density and gravity. The document also notes the first image ever captured of a black hole in 2019.

1. Aspect of Black Holes in Modified Theories of Gravity & It’s
Thermodynamical Applications
Under the Mentor of Presented By:
Dr. D. V. Singh Rohit Gupta
HOD Agra College, Agra. Reg. No. 189100807
Pre-Ph.D. Student (Physics)
Course Work Centre No.14
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
INSTITUTE OF BASIC SCIENCE
DR.B.R.AMBEDKAR UNIVERSIRY
KHANDARI AGRA
1

2. CONTENTS
 Big Bang
 Birth of Black Holes
 Chandra Shekhar limit
 Types of Black Holes
 History of Black Holes
 What are Black Holes?
 Parts of a Black Hole
 First Image of Black Hole
 Literature Review
 List of Journals Related to Astrophysics and Cosmology
 Major Research Centre in India
 References
2

3. Big Bang
 The Universe came into existence
13.8 billion years ago.
 Time Doesn't Exist.
 Matter of entire Universe at only
one point.
 Matter of this single point was
Unknown Matter.
Fundamental laws don’t work.
3

4. Nebula Star Supernova
White
Draft
Neutron
Star
Black
Hole
Birth of Black Holes
4

5. Chandra Shekhar limit
Maximum mass at which a
star near the end of its life
cycle can become a white
dwarf and above which the
star will collapse to form a
neutron star or black hole : a
stellar mass equal to about
1.4 solar masses.
5

6. Types of Black Holes
Black
Holes
Small
Black Hole
Staller
Black Hole
Super
Massive
Black Hole
6

7. The first time idea of a black
hole was suggested by John
Michell and Simon Laplace in
1790.
In 1915, Einstein predicted the
existence of black holes with his
general relativity theory.
In 1967, John Wheeler, an
American physicist, applied the
term of black holes to what it
means now.
History of Black Holes
7

8. A black hole is a great amount of matter packed in a very small
area. It is a place in space which has such a big gravitational
field, that nothing, not even light can escape.
Scientists can’t directly observe black holes, and the only way
to perceive them is by detecting their effect on other matter
nearby. It emits x-rays that radiate into space, emitting
powerful gamma rays bursts, which devour nearby stars.
What are Black Holes?
8

9. Parts of a Black Hole
Singularity: This is the part of
a black hole in which all the
mass of the black hole has been
compressed to a very small
space. As a result, the
Singularity has almost infinite
density.
Event Horizon: This is the
part of the black hole where
nothing can get out. It is
usually defined as a big sphere
that surrounds the black hole,
and which absorbs any
material including light. Some
theories say that only radiation
can escape this area.
9

10. The Ergosphere: If a black
hole is rotating, as it spins,
its mass causes the space and
time to rotate around it.
The Accretion Disk: This is a disk
that is composed by stellar
material, which goes around the
black hole, forming a spiral.
10

11. Schwarzschild Radius: This is the
event horizon´s radius. It is the radius
at which the escape velocity is equal
to the speed of light.Is the event’s
horizon radius. Its formula is:
R=2GM/c2
Photon Sphere: The photon sphere
is a place in which gravity is so high
that photons have to travel around the
black holes´ orbit. It is the place in
which light is forced to stay inside the
black hole.
11

12. Jets of Gas: In some black holes,
there is such high intensity that
magnetic fields are emitted
perpendicular to the accretion disk. Due
to this, some charged particles have to
go around the black hole, because it is
in a magnetic field
12

13. First Image of Black Hole
13

14. Literature Review
On the basis of several Paper Review, I pointouted some points,
journey of big bang to black hole, how birth of black hole to big
bang, existence of black hole in different galaxies at different point,
how to bind all astromaterial (like, suns, planets, satellites and
other astro-objects) in a galaxy, All fundamental and quantum laws
are fail inside black hole, it is predict by its density, size, gravity
etc. So our interest, understating laws govern by black holes and
one another feature of understanding, at last all astro-object convert
in a black hole, end of universe is a black or all universal material
come in to one point (singularity), at this time all fundamental and
other laws do not under work and time do not exist (absolute
universe). After this, remember creation of universe by big bang.
This one is my small scenario.
14

15. LIST OF JOURNALS
 Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy.
Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings .
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Living Reviews in Solar Physics.
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series.
Physics of the Dark Universe.
Astronomy and Astrophysics Review.
New Astronomy Reviews.
Astrophysical Journal Letters.
15

16. Major Research Centre in India
 Indian Institute of Astrophysics (Bangalore).
 S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
(Kolkata).
 Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and
Astrophysics (Pune).
 National Centre for Radio Astrophysics Physics
(Pune).
 Space Physics Laboratory (Karnataka).
16

17. REFERENCES
 Qiu L., Phys. Rep., 843, 13 (2020).
 Mahian O., Phys. Rep., 790, 1 (2019).
 Qiu L., Zou H, Appl. Therm. Eng., 130 , 1004 (2018).
 Sushant G. Ghosh, Eur. Phys. J., C77, 846 (2017).
 Suchant G. Ghosh, Eur. Phys. J., C76, 119 (2016).
 H Togashi, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys., 201, 023D05 (2014).
 H Togashi, M Takano, Nucl. Phys. A, 902, 53 (2013).
 E. A. Poisson, Galaxies, 1, 166, (2013).
 H Shen, H Toki, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 197, 20 (2011).
 M Hempel, J Schaffner-Bielich, Nucl. Phys. A, 837, 210 (2010).
 B.A. Li, L.W. Chen, C.M. Ko, Phys. Rep., 464, 113 (2008).
 Ch.C. Moustakidis, Phys. Rev. C, 78, 054323 (2008).
 C. Das, R. Sahu, A. Mishra, Phys. Rev. C, 75, 015807 (2007).
17

18. 18