The curiosity to find earth-like planet can be dated to long time ago. But because of the incapability of the available technologies, it was a dream to detect planets beyond our solar system. After the time stated, the space research have taken a new leap and opened a new era of information. The concept of Exoplanet born. It can also be referred to as Extra Solar Planet. Any planet which is not within our solar system is Exoplanet. But an absolute definition is quite complex and problematic. So some of the important characteristics of an Exoplanet is it has to be earth-like environment, it can be giant or terrestrial type
A ppt to present small satellite like microsat,nanosat(JUGNU by IIT Kanpur) and Picosat.
in short i like to say Small satellite is that which weighs below 100 kg........for more pls read slides.
RENCANA AKSI DAERAH ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM DKI JAKARTA (RAD – API)joihot
LAPORAN AKHIR
RENCANA AKSI DAERAH ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM DI DKI JAKARTA (RAD – API)
Regional Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in DKI Jakarta
BADAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAERAH (BPLHD)
PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA
A ppt to present small satellite like microsat,nanosat(JUGNU by IIT Kanpur) and Picosat.
in short i like to say Small satellite is that which weighs below 100 kg........for more pls read slides.
RENCANA AKSI DAERAH ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM DKI JAKARTA (RAD – API)joihot
LAPORAN AKHIR
RENCANA AKSI DAERAH ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM DI DKI JAKARTA (RAD – API)
Regional Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in DKI Jakarta
BADAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAERAH (BPLHD)
PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA
Pesquisa mostra que as exoluas podem ser os corpos mais comuns no universo onde se pode encontrar vida. As exoluar aumentam o número de corpos presentes na chamada zona habitável dos exoplanetas.
Astronomy - State of the Art - ExoplanetsChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the dramatic discoveries of exoplanets or extra-solar planets are discussed.
Exploring Exoplanets and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres_ An Introduction.pdfAneeb Technology
Exploring Exoplanets and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres: An Introduction
Exoplanets" are planets outside of our Solar System, and their atmospheres can provide invaluable information about the formation and evolution of distant worlds. This article discusses the scientific methods used to investigate exoplanet atmospheres, and the implications of our findings for astrobiology.
Exoplanets, or planets that orbit stars outside of our solar system, are studied by astronomers using a variety of methods. One popular method is called the radial velocity method, which measures the wobble of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet. Another method is the transit method, which detects a planet when it crosses in front of its star and causes a temporary dip in the star's brightness.
Once a planet is detected, scientists can study its atmosphere by analyzing the light that passes through it as the planet transits its star. By studying the planet's spectrum, scientists can determine the composition of its atmosphere, including the presence of gases such as water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide. In some cases, scientists can also use this method to study the planet's temperature and weather patterns.
Another way to study exoplanet atmospheres is direct imaging. This method involves using telescopes to directly observe the planet as it orbits its star. This method is more challenging because the planet is much fainter than the star, but it allows scientists to study the planet's surface features and atmospheric conditions in more detail.
The study of exoplanet atmospheres is a rapidly growing field with many new discoveries being made. This can help us understand the potential habitability of other planets and the possibility of life existing beyond our solar system.
What is an Exoplanets?
Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars outside of our solar system. They come in a wide variety of sizes and orbits, from large gas giants like Jupiter to small, rocky planets like Earth. Some exoplanets orbit their stars very closely, while others orbit at much greater distances. Some exoplanets are even in a binary star systems, where two stars orbit around each other and the exoplanet orbits both of them.
The study of exoplanets is a rapidly growing field that has seen many new discoveries and advancements in recent years. This is due to the development of new technologies and instruments that have made it possible to detect and study exoplanets in greater detail. For example, the radial velocity method and transit method are two common techniques that have been used to detect exoplanets. The radial velocity method measures the wobble of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet, while the transit method detects a planet when it crosses in front of its star and causes a temporary dip in the star's brightness.
As technology continues to improve, scientists will be able to study the exoplanet's atmosphere in more detail, and
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Pesquisa mostra que as exoluas podem ser os corpos mais comuns no universo onde se pode encontrar vida. As exoluar aumentam o número de corpos presentes na chamada zona habitável dos exoplanetas.
Astronomy - State of the Art - ExoplanetsChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the dramatic discoveries of exoplanets or extra-solar planets are discussed.
Exploring Exoplanets and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres_ An Introduction.pdfAneeb Technology
Exploring Exoplanets and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres: An Introduction
Exoplanets" are planets outside of our Solar System, and their atmospheres can provide invaluable information about the formation and evolution of distant worlds. This article discusses the scientific methods used to investigate exoplanet atmospheres, and the implications of our findings for astrobiology.
Exoplanets, or planets that orbit stars outside of our solar system, are studied by astronomers using a variety of methods. One popular method is called the radial velocity method, which measures the wobble of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet. Another method is the transit method, which detects a planet when it crosses in front of its star and causes a temporary dip in the star's brightness.
Once a planet is detected, scientists can study its atmosphere by analyzing the light that passes through it as the planet transits its star. By studying the planet's spectrum, scientists can determine the composition of its atmosphere, including the presence of gases such as water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide. In some cases, scientists can also use this method to study the planet's temperature and weather patterns.
Another way to study exoplanet atmospheres is direct imaging. This method involves using telescopes to directly observe the planet as it orbits its star. This method is more challenging because the planet is much fainter than the star, but it allows scientists to study the planet's surface features and atmospheric conditions in more detail.
The study of exoplanet atmospheres is a rapidly growing field with many new discoveries being made. This can help us understand the potential habitability of other planets and the possibility of life existing beyond our solar system.
What is an Exoplanets?
Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars outside of our solar system. They come in a wide variety of sizes and orbits, from large gas giants like Jupiter to small, rocky planets like Earth. Some exoplanets orbit their stars very closely, while others orbit at much greater distances. Some exoplanets are even in a binary star systems, where two stars orbit around each other and the exoplanet orbits both of them.
The study of exoplanets is a rapidly growing field that has seen many new discoveries and advancements in recent years. This is due to the development of new technologies and instruments that have made it possible to detect and study exoplanets in greater detail. For example, the radial velocity method and transit method are two common techniques that have been used to detect exoplanets. The radial velocity method measures the wobble of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet, while the transit method detects a planet when it crosses in front of its star and causes a temporary dip in the star's brightness.
As technology continues to improve, scientists will be able to study the exoplanet's atmosphere in more detail, and
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. Table of content
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 2
Exoplanets ................................................................................................................................... 2
First Exoplanet: 51 Pegasi b........................................................................................................ 2
Total Exoplanets discovered ....................................................................................................... 2
Aim of the Report........................................................................................................................ 3
The methods of searching Exoplanets.......................................................................................... 4
The stars we are looking for........................................................................................................ 4
‘Super Earths’ and ‘Hot Jupiters’................................................................................................ 4
The concept of a “Habitable Zone”............................................................................................. 4
The techniques of detecting Exoplanets...................................................................................... 4
The radial velocity method ...................................................................................................... 5
The astrometry method ............................................................................................................ 5
The transit method ................................................................................................................... 5
Spectroscopic Analyses to determine a ‘Fingerprint’ of life....................................................... 6
Recent Discoveries.......................................................................................................................... 7
Key Discoveries .......................................................................................................................... 7
51 Pegasi b............................................................................................................................... 7
Proxima Centuari b .................................................................................................................. 7
WASP-33b............................................................................................................................... 7
Proxima Centuari b and WASP-33b ........................................................................................... 7
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 9
References..................................................................................................................................... 10
3. Introduction
Humanity is evolving ever since the inception of the journey on earth. Learning new things and
discovering the unseen is in the roots of the evolution process. In the modern era, science doesn’t
believe that Sky is the limit rather it has expanded their span of research to the infinite space. Space
research has uncovered some mesmerising phenomenon which is lifting the human evolution to
the next level (Barge & Others, 2008).
Exoplanets
The curiosity to find earth-like planet can be dated to long time ago. But because of the incapability
of the available technologies, it was a dream to detect planets beyond our solar system. After the
time stated, the space research have taken a new leap and opened a new era of information. The
concept of Exoplanet born. It can also be referred to as Extra Solar Planet. Any planet which is not
within our solar system is Exoplanet. But an absolute definition is quite complex and problematic.
So some of the important characteristics of an Exoplanet is it has to be earth-like environment, it
can be giant or terrestrial type (Astronomy, 2017).
First Exoplanet: 51 Pegasi b
The first ever Exoplanet was discovered in October 1995 by Didier Queloz and Michel Mayor of
Geneva University. The planet was orbiting a star named 51 Pegasi and the planet was named after
it in a poetic way, 51 Pegasi b. The planet is 300 trillion miles away from our solar system. Actually
it is the inception point of Exoplanet chapter in space research. It is assumed that the surface
temperature of the planet is 1,000C and it is orbiting the sun in just 4 days. Because of its mass
and temperature, the Exoplanet is a “Hot Jupiter” kind of Exoplanet (Bbc.co.uk, 2017).
Total Exoplanets discovered
Since the discovery of 51 Pegasi b, thousands of new planets in different solar system has been
discovered. Till the date, a total of around 3,440 Exoplanets has been discovered. There are
different medium as well method through which the Exoplanets are confirmed. NASA’s Kepler is
one of the crucial in this case (Astronomy, 2017). Most of the planets are confirmed using transit
method. The table is given below –
4. Aim of the Report
The report is dedicated to provide a short description on the methods of discovering Exoplanets
and some of the recent and key discoveries in the Exoplanets using those methods
5. The methods of searching Exoplanets
Search for a habitable planet is quite a complex process and still we are far behind to be perfect in
searching for a suitable planet like earth. Today’s modern technologies doesn’t allow us to
perfectly identify an Exoplanet but there are some methods available for this purpose
The stars we are looking for
The priority at the time of looking for an Exoplanet is to find a habitable planet. The Exoplanetary
system should have a CHZ which is Circumstellar Habitable Zone. The zone must inhibit into a
stable star system. The probability of having CHZ will increase in such situation. The star system
should also have the presence of water (@JosephStromberg, 2017).
‘Super Earths’ and ‘Hot Jupiters’
There are a number of planets that can be considered at the time of the exploration of the space.
Hot Jupiters and Super Earths are most desired one. Hot Jupiters are referred to the exoplanets
which is similar to our solar system’s planet Jupiter in terms of mass but generally has short orbital
radii and a semi-major axes somewhere near .015 to .5 which can be converted to an astronomical
unit of .2×106 to 74.8×106 km. The word hot is added to the phenomenon because of the high
surface temperature of the planet (worldcrunch, 2017)
Super Earths refers to exoplanets which are much like earth with a higher mass. The term doesn’t
include any reference to the habitability of the planet, the surface condition or the environment. It
is total tagged with the mass of the earth (Exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu., 2017).
The concept of a “Habitable Zone”
The critical characteristics for “Habitable Zone” is the distance with the star so the liquid doesn’t
vaporize or freeze. Although the inception definitions were only concentrated on the thermal
equilibrium, the latest development also include the required gravitational pull caused by large
planets which allows it to generate essential energy for blooming life.
The techniques of detecting Exoplanets
6. As there are still some major limitations in the space research technologies, the advancements are
also praiseworthy. There are mainly three major techniques to detect Exoplanets. The focus of all
the techniques intertwined with its star. The major techniques are explained below –
The radial velocity method
Redial Velocity is one of the most useful methods in the exoplanetary research. This method focus
on the lights from the star and let it pass through a prism to split into spectrum. The spectrum is
then magnified which creates straight black lines on the usual colours. The spectral lines is parallel
to the wavelength of light which is originated from the star and absorbed the chemicals of the
planet. Every chemical has its own wavelength so is different from one another and can tell the
characteristics of the source. Studying these spectre lines is all we need to know about the planet
(European Space Agency., 2017).
The astrometry method
Other than spectre analysis, the exoplanet can also be detected by measuring the exact position of
a star. As a result the wobbling can be directly detected. Hubble space telescope is used for this
purpose (Wright & Others, 2011). But it is hard to accord these detections with the modern
methods. So, it is not possible to confirm the detections. Gaia is one the most perfect astrometric
satellite in the current data. The estimated data to processed using the satellite is around thousand
million stars. Once again, however, the wobbling motion caused by an Earth-sized planet will be
too small to be detectable, even by Gaia (AMNH., 2017).
The transit method
Another very promising method for detecting exoplanets is the transit method. In this method, the
major focus is on the fluctuation in the level of light due to the planet transiting through the star.
When a planet pass through a star, there is a subtle deviation in the emission of light of that sun.
For example, when Jupitar pass through, there is almost a 1 percent loss of light. This method has
gave us a total of 10 planets and is more promising method than others.
Other than these three major techniques, direct detection and imaging, Doppler isolation,
polarimetry, nulling interferometry, seeing more with space telescopes are also some of the other
popular techniques for detecting Exoplanets (Snellen & Others, 2010).
7. Spectroscopic Analyses to determine a ‘Fingerprint’ of life
According to Kreidberg & Others (2014) the fingerprint of life out in the space is detected using
the spectroscopic analysis. In this particular method, the light of the exoplanet is used. When we
try to determine whether the planet have an atmosphere or not, we analyse light that pass from the
atmosphere. When the light of a star pass through the atmosphere of a planet, substance of the
atmosphere absorb certain wavelength is a symbolic way. When we analyse the light of the planet,
it bears the signature of different chemical. If the spectroscopic analysis found that there is ample
amount of oxygen, water, CO2 and methane in the atmosphere, their might be a possibility of life
on that planet (Earth 2.0., 2017).
8. Recent Discoveries
In the infinite space, there are billions of planets and we have already discovered more than 2,000
planets. So, it is a little complex to narrow down these into a few planets. After considering a
number of factors, the key discoveries in the field are –
Key Discoveries
51 Pegasi b
The exoplanet journey was started from this point so 51 Pegasi b is one of the key discoveries. The
planet is categorised under the hot Jupiter and the distance with sun is roughly similar to Mercury
to sun. Because of the phenomenon, one side of the planet is always facing the sun (Wasp-
planets.net., 2017).
Proxima Centuari b
It has been officially confirmed that Proxima Century b, a red dwarf star, is only 4.25 light years
away from earth. The planet is confirmed using the Redial Velocity method in August, 2016. It is
slightly closer to the famous binary pair Alpha Centauri A and B. It has been estimated that the
mass is roughly 1.3 times that of earth (Gizmodo.com, 2017).
WASP-33b
This planet was discovered in 2011 and has a sort of "sunscreen" layer — a stratosphere — that
absorbs some of the visible and ultraviolet light from its parent star. Not only does this planet orbit
its star "backward," but it also triggers vibrations in the star, seen by the MOST satellite (WrightDr,
2013).
Proxima Centuari b and WASP-33b
It has been officially confirmed that Proxima Century b, a red dwarf star, is only 4.25 light years
away from earth. The planet is confirmed using the Redial Velocity method in August, 2016. It is
slightly closer to the famous binary pair Alpha Centauri A and B. It has been estimated that the
mass is roughly 1.3 times that of earth. It is within the habitable zone for exoplanet. The
environment is also habitable and water is in the liquid form (Mason, 2008). It’s not yet clear
whether this new exoplanet has an atmosphere. Because Proxima Centauri is a fairly active star,
9. Proxima b suffers x-ray fluxes approximately 400 times greater than what we experience here on
Earth, and this could cause any atmosphere to blow away.WASP-33 is a planet which is an
important contributors in the hot Jupiter category. The planet is very close to its star and the
temperature is quite off the chart. The planet is confirmed in 2010 using the transit method (Deleuil
& Others, 2008).
10. Conclusions
The essay is about the detection methods for the exoplanets and some recent important discoveries,
some of the important facts included in the essay. Moreover, there are some limitations in the
technology but the advancement in the sector quite praiseworthy. If science will excel in this rate,
we can hope that in the near future, we might be vising any nearby planet for the habitation
purpose. A lot of things has turned into reality from science fiction. Space research is that why an
exciting thing.
11. References
@JosephStromberg, F. (2017). How Do Astronomers Actually Find Exoplanets?. [online] Smithsonian.
Available at: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-do-astronomers-actually-find-
exoplanets-180950105/ [Accessed 30 Jan. 2017].
Earth 2.0. (2017). The search for Earth 2.0. [online] Available at:
https://www.1843magazine.com/content/features/george-pendle/exoplanets [Accessed 30 Jan. 2017].
AMNH. (2017). The Hunt forExtrasolar Planets.[online] Available at:
http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-bulletins/astro/documentaries/beyond-our-solar-system-searching-
for-extrasolar-planets/the-hunt-for-extrasolar-planets/ [Accessed 30 Jan. 2017].
World Crunch, (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.worldcrunch.com/chemical-fingerprints-what-
planets-reveal-about-alien-life-forms/tech-science/chemical-fingerprints-what-the-planets-reveal-about-
alien-life-forms/c4s5498/#.UK1EKuOe98w [Accessed 30 Jan. 2017].
Astronomy, S. (2017). Exoplanets:WorldsBeyond OurSolar System. [online] Space.com. Available at:
http://www.space.com/17738-exoplanets.html [Accessed 30 Jan. 2017].
Astronomy, S. (2017). The Hunt for Exoplanets Heats Up.[online] Space.com. Available at:
http://www.space.com/26554-the-hunt-for-exoplanets-heats-up.html [Accessed 30 Jan. 2017].
Barge,P., Baglin, A., Auvergne, M., Rauer,H., Léger,A., Schneider, J., Pont, F., Aigrain, S., Almenara,
J.M.,Alonso, R. and Barbieri, M., 2008. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission-I. CoRoT-
Exo-1b: a low-density short-period planet around a G0V star. Astronomy & Astrophysics,482(3),pp.L17-
L20.
Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC Universe - 51 Pegasi: The first exoplanet around a Sun-like star. [online]
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/key_places/51_pegasi[Accessed 30 Jan.
2017].
Deleuil, M., Deeg,H.J.,Alonso, R.,Bouchy, F., Rouan, D., Auvergne, M., Baglin, A., Aigrain, S.,
Almenara, J.M., Barbieri, M. and Barge, P.,2008. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission-
VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert. Astronomy &
Astrophysics,491(3),pp.889-897.
European Space Agency. (2017). How to find an extrasolar planet. [online] Available at:
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/How_to_find_an_extrasolar_planet [Accessed 30 Jan.
2017].
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