A financial ratio (or accounting ratio) is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies.[1] If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios.
Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as P/E ratio; these latter are also called multiples. Given any ratio, one can take its reciprocal; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%.
Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows or (sometimes) the statement of retained earnings. These comprise the firm's "accounting statements" or financial statements. The statements' data is based on the accounting method and accounting standards used by the organization.
Ratios
Profitability ratios
Liquidity ratios
Activity ratios (Efficiency Ratios)
Debt ratios (leveraging ratios)
Market ratios
Capital budgeting ratios
Financial ratios quantify many aspects of a business and are an integral part of the financial statement analysis. Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures. Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.[2] Activity ratios measure how quickly a firm converts non-cash assets to cash assets.[3] Debt ratios measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt.[4] Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return.[5] Market ratios measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock.[6] These are concerned with the return on investment for shareholders, and with the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company’s shares.
Financial ratios allow for comparisons
between companies
between industries
between different time periods for one company
between a single company and its industry average
We have picked up HUL balance sheets of years from ACE-Equity and applied some ratio analysis to analyze the trend and predict next year results of the company.
A financial ratio (or accounting ratio) is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies.[1] If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios.
Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as P/E ratio; these latter are also called multiples. Given any ratio, one can take its reciprocal; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%.
Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows or (sometimes) the statement of retained earnings. These comprise the firm's "accounting statements" or financial statements. The statements' data is based on the accounting method and accounting standards used by the organization.
Ratios
Profitability ratios
Liquidity ratios
Activity ratios (Efficiency Ratios)
Debt ratios (leveraging ratios)
Market ratios
Capital budgeting ratios
Financial ratios quantify many aspects of a business and are an integral part of the financial statement analysis. Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures. Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.[2] Activity ratios measure how quickly a firm converts non-cash assets to cash assets.[3] Debt ratios measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt.[4] Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return.[5] Market ratios measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock.[6] These are concerned with the return on investment for shareholders, and with the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company’s shares.
Financial ratios allow for comparisons
between companies
between industries
between different time periods for one company
between a single company and its industry average
We have picked up HUL balance sheets of years from ACE-Equity and applied some ratio analysis to analyze the trend and predict next year results of the company.
A Report On The Financial Analysis Of Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL)Navitha Pereira
Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is India's largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods company with a heritage of over 80 years in India. On any given day, nine out of ten Indian households use their products. In this report we do financial analysis of Balance Sheets and Profit & Loss A/Cs of the company. We also analyze the impact of demonetization and GST on the company and also look at the FMCG sector as a whole.
Financial Analysis of the Indian FMCG IndustryNavitha Pereira
Fast-moving consumer goods or Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost. FMCG sector is the 4th largest contributor to Indian economy with a market size of more than US$ 51.4 billion in 2017. This sector will continue to see growth as it depends on an ever-increasing internal market for consumption, and demand for these goods remains more or less constant, irrespective of recession or inflation. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives Indian FMCG industry a competitive advantage. Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc. in India is low, indicating the untapped market potential. Increasing Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to convert consumers to branded products
An analysis of Balance Sheet and Income Statement of Asian Paints to check whether the company is worthy of securing a loan or not. (Only for Academic Use)
All financial ratios of bata shoe of last five years Faiz Subhani
financial analysis of firm's financial statements & horizontal and vertical analysis is also given in this
also explained the purpose of finding each ratio for a firm and how can we compare with its past years and with other organizations and with industry standards
This case study explains the plethora of problems and challenges faced by the coal behemoth - Coal India Limited, in revamping its coal production to serve India's growing energy needs
in this presentation we discussed about basic of ratio, types of ratio, comparison of ratios of hul and itc limited.
some ratios and graphs are taken from moneycontrol.com
Financial ratios and their use in understanding Financial StatementsPranav Dedhia
An introduction and in-depth understanding on the importance of Financial ratios in understanding financial statements of business entities along with relevant examples
A Report On The Financial Analysis Of Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL)Navitha Pereira
Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is India's largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods company with a heritage of over 80 years in India. On any given day, nine out of ten Indian households use their products. In this report we do financial analysis of Balance Sheets and Profit & Loss A/Cs of the company. We also analyze the impact of demonetization and GST on the company and also look at the FMCG sector as a whole.
Financial Analysis of the Indian FMCG IndustryNavitha Pereira
Fast-moving consumer goods or Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost. FMCG sector is the 4th largest contributor to Indian economy with a market size of more than US$ 51.4 billion in 2017. This sector will continue to see growth as it depends on an ever-increasing internal market for consumption, and demand for these goods remains more or less constant, irrespective of recession or inflation. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives Indian FMCG industry a competitive advantage. Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc. in India is low, indicating the untapped market potential. Increasing Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to convert consumers to branded products
An analysis of Balance Sheet and Income Statement of Asian Paints to check whether the company is worthy of securing a loan or not. (Only for Academic Use)
All financial ratios of bata shoe of last five years Faiz Subhani
financial analysis of firm's financial statements & horizontal and vertical analysis is also given in this
also explained the purpose of finding each ratio for a firm and how can we compare with its past years and with other organizations and with industry standards
This case study explains the plethora of problems and challenges faced by the coal behemoth - Coal India Limited, in revamping its coal production to serve India's growing energy needs
in this presentation we discussed about basic of ratio, types of ratio, comparison of ratios of hul and itc limited.
some ratios and graphs are taken from moneycontrol.com
Financial ratios and their use in understanding Financial StatementsPranav Dedhia
An introduction and in-depth understanding on the importance of Financial ratios in understanding financial statements of business entities along with relevant examples
REPORT ON SUMMER TRAINING A FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION...priya bansal
REPORT ON SUMMER TRAINING
A FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF B.K. TRADING CO.
I HELP'S U HOW TO PREPARE INTERNSHIP TRAINING REPORT ON A FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
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It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
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As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
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2. WHAT ARE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS?
• Financial Statement Analysis, or
FSA, is the process of reviewing and
analysing a company's financial
statements to make better economic
decisions. It is created to study the
financial health and overall
performance of the company.
• The analysis helps to determine the
profitability, solvency, liquidity and
stability of the company.
• The statements included in the
analysis are income statement,
balance sheet, cash flow statement
and statement of changes in equity.
• FSA compares the company's
performance over a period of time
with itself (intracompany basis),
between other companies
(intercompany basis), from the same
industry or another and against that
industry's averages.
3. IMPORTANCE OF FSA
• Financial analysis is important to evaluate the financial performance of
the company and to determine the financial position of the company in
the market, helps make predictions of the company's future performance
as well as shows the operating efficiency of the firm.
• The analytical tools and techniques provide useful information to
promote more informed decision making and in turn, more profits,
growth and resources.
• In short, it provides helpful information about the organisation’s past
performance, its present condition and its future performance.
• Additionally, it helps assess the company's earnings in terms of power,
persistence, quality, growth and its solvency.
• It also helps to eliminate any discrepancies and to minimise any
chances of fraud.
5. ACCOUNTING RATIOS
1. LIQUIDITY RATIO:- Refers to the company’s ability
to meet short-term liabilities.
2. SOLVENCY RATIO:- Refers to the company’s ability
to meet long-term liabilities.
3. TURNOVER RATIO:- Refers to the company's
efficiency in utilising resources.
4. PROFITABILITY RATIOS:- Refers to the efficiency
and success of the company.
6. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL USERS OF FSA
The Different users that might be interested in the financial statements
of a company are:
• The Management
• The Employees
• Creditors & Lenders
• Investors
• Shareholders
• Labour Unions
• Government Agencies
7. LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS:
• The accuracy of the financial statements depends entirely on the
individual preparing it.
• It only considers the monetary aspects of the company's performance and
position, ignoring non-monetary aspects.
• If one company's accounting period ends on 31st December and the
other’s on 31st march, the financial statements of the companies cannot
be compared.
• A good financial statement does not translate to a good financial future for
the company. There are other factors that can cause a company to
collapse.
• It ignores price level changes and is influenced by personal judgements.
• It is an interim report which does not consider cost price level changes
and is based on accounting concepts, therefore it does not show the exact
position of the company.
10. ABOUT
ASIAN PAINTS PVT LTD
Asian paints is a multinational public limited company, started in 1942
under the name Asian Oil And Paints Company, by four friends -
Champaklal Choksey, Chimanlal Choksi, Suryakant Dani and Arvind
Vakil - in a friend’s garage,.
headquartered in Mumbai Maharashtra, The company manufactures,
sells and distributes paints, coatings, etc.
Within its first 3 years, the turnover had reached 3.5 lacs and in 1967
Asian paints became the 10 largest paint company in the world.
Asian paints falls under the paint and chemical industry. Products
manufactured by the company are basic and industrial chemicals and
decorative paints, which are sold worldwide.
In 2002, it became the market leader of Indian decorative paints and
with a turnover of Rs 158.5 billion, Asian Paints now operates in 19
countries around the world, has 26 manufacturing facilities and
serves customers in over 65 Nations, with the aim of becoming one of
the top 5 decorative coating companies in the world.
13. CALCULATING ACCOUNTING RATIOS
1. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
These ratios indicate the company’s cash level, liquidity position and the capacity to meet its
short-term liabilities
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Quick Ratio = (Cash & Cash Equivalents + Accounts Receivables) /
Current Liabilities
Cash Ratio = Cash & Cash Equivalents / Current Liabilities
2. SOLVENCY RATIOS
These ratios indicate whether the company has the capability to meet its long-term
obligations by comparing its debt level with its assets and equity etc.
Debt-To-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity
Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets
Interest Coverage Ratio = EBITDA / Interest Expense
14. 3. PROFITABILITY RATIOS
These ratios demonstrate a company’s efficiency to use its assets to generate profits.
Gross Margin = (Sales – COGS) / Sales
Operating Profit Margin = EBIT / Sales
Net Margin = Net Income / Sales
Return on Total Asset (ROA) = EBIT / Total Assets
Return on Total Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity
4. TURNOVER RATIOS
These ratios indicate how efficiently a company is able to utilize its available assets or convert its
inventories to cash
Receivables Turnover Ratio = Sales / Accounts Receivable
Inventory Turnover Ratio = COGS / Inventories
Payable Turnover Ratio = COGS / Accounts Payable
Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales / Total Assets
Net Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales / Net Fixed Assets
Equity Turnover Ratio = Sales / Total Equity
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. COMMENTS:
P&L STATEMENT:
• Operating income during the year increased by 7.2% .
• The company's operating profit increased by 16.8%.
• Operating profit margins decreased by 22.4% in 2021 compared to
20.5% in 2020.
• Depreciation charges increased by 1.4% .
• Finance costs decreased by 10.5% .
• Other income decreased by 0.4%.
• Net profit for the year grew by 16.7%.
• Net profit margins grew from 13.2% in 2020 to 14.4% in 2021.
20. •BALANCE SHEET:
• The company's current liabilities is Rs 59 billion in 2021
compared to Rs 44 billion in 2020, witnessing an increase of
35.3%.
• Long-term debt is at Rs 145 million, compared to Rs 186
million in 2020, decreasing by 22.0%.
• Current assets increased by 59% at Rs 120 billion.
• fixed assets decreased by 3% at Rs 83 billion in 2021.
• Overall, total assets and liabilities are Rs 204 billion in 2021
against Rs 161 billion in 2020, showing a growth of 26%..
21. CASH FLOW STATEMENT ANALYSIS:
• During 2021 it is rs 37 billion, showing 21.2% improvement.
• Investing activities are rs -5 billion in 2021, improving by
5.1%.
• Cash flow from financial activities in 2021 is rs -7 billion,
improving by 77%.
• Net cash flow for the company is rs 25 billion in 2021,
compared to rs -4 billion net cash flows in during 2020.
22. SOLVENCY RATIOS:
• Current Ratio: The company's current ratio (measures the company's
ability to pay short-term and long-term obligations) improved at 2.0x in
2021 compared to 2020’s 1.7x.
• Interest Coverage Ratio: The company's interest coverage ratio
(company’s ability to pay interest expense on outstanding debts)
improved, at 47.7x in 2021, from 36.0x in 2020. A higher ratio is
preferable.
• Profitability Ratios:
• Return on Equity (ROE): The ROE (ability to generate profits from
shareholders capital) decreased at 24.8% in 2021, from 26.9% during
2020.
• Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): The ROCE for the company, (ability to
generate profits from total capital) declined at 34.1% in 2021, from 36.3%
during 2020.
• Return on Assets (ROA): The ROA of the company (measures how
efficiently the company uses assets to generate profit) declined at 16.1%
in 2021, from 17.5% in 2020.
23. REFERENCES:
• TS Grewal Double Entry Book Keeping Class 12 Text Book
• https://www.educba.com/ratio-analysis-formula/
• https://www.asianpaints.com/content/dam/annual-report-2021/pdf/Financial-
Statements.pdf
• https://www.business-standard.com/company/asian-paints-34/financials-ratios
• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/financial-
statements/limitations/5-major-limitations-of-financial-statements-
accounting/66765
• https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/asianpaints/consolidated-
ratiosVI/AP31#AP31
• https://byjus.com/commerce/5-limitations-of-financial-analysis/