Ascetic or peritoneal fluid.pptx
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Peritoneal fluid is a serous fluid made by the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity which lubricates the surface of tissue that lines the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity. It covers most of the organs in the abdomen. An increased volume of peritoneal fluid is called ascites
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ascitesbymohammed-160614173622.pdf
1) Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most commonly caused by cirrhosis.
2) Diagnosis involves physical exam findings, ultrasound detection of fluid, and analysis of ascitic fluid. The serum-ascites albumin gradient helps distinguish between portal hypertension and other causes.
3) Initial treatment involves sodium restriction, use of spironolactone and/or furosemide as diuretics, and therapeutic paracentesis if needed. The goal is weight loss of less than 1 kg per day.
ascites-mu1.ppt case presentation of ascites
Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is a test used to determine the cause of ascites. It is calculated by subtracting the ascitic fluid albumin level from the serum albumin level.
A SAAG value helps differentiate between:
- Portal hypertension-related ascites (SAAG >1.1 g/dL) which is most commonly seen in liver cirrhosis.
- Non-portal hypertension related ascites (SAAG <1.1 g/dL) which can be caused by things like peritoneal carcinomatosis, tuberculosis, pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome etc.
In simple terms, a SAAG value helps determine if the ascites is caused by portal
Ascites by_ Dr Mohammed Hussien
1. Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most commonly caused by cirrhosis of the liver.
2. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings, ultrasound imaging, and analysis of ascitic fluid. A serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) can help determine if ascites is caused by portal hypertension.
3. Initial treatment involves sodium restriction, diuretics like spironolactone and furosemide, and therapeutic paracentesis if needed. Refractory ascites may require transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or liver transplantation.
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This document discusses the definition, causes, clinical presentation, and management of complications of chronic liver disease (CLD). It defines CLD as progressive liver destruction over 6 months leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Common complications include esophageal variceal bleeding, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Causes include alcohol, viral hepatitis, NAFLD/NASH, and genetic/autoimmune conditions. Clinical features depend on whether the cirrhosis is compensated or decompensated. Management involves treating the specific complications, such as band ligation for esophageal varices, diuretics and albumin for ascites, and antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial periton
Liver cirrhosis
The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm. It has two lobes and is divided into segments and lobules. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein and performs important metabolic, hematological, synthetic, protective, storage, and excretory functions. Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver caused by chronic liver disease that results in deterioration of liver function and portal hypertension. Common causes are alcohol, hepatitis B/C, and obesity. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, ascites, and bleeding from varices. Treatment involves managing complications through diet, medications, TIPS procedure, and potentially transplantation.
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Ascites ppts
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Clinical signs include abdominal swelling and distension. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like shifting dullness and diagnostic imaging. Treatment involves restricting sodium intake, diuretics, and paracentesis to remove excess fluid. The nursing management focuses on pain management, fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and restoring normal gastrointestinal function.
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ascitesbymohammed-160614173622.pdf
1) Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most commonly caused by cirrhosis.
2) Diagnosis involves physical exam findings, ultrasound detection of fluid, and analysis of ascitic fluid. The serum-ascites albumin gradient helps distinguish between portal hypertension and other causes.
3) Initial treatment involves sodium restriction, use of spironolactone and/or furosemide as diuretics, and therapeutic paracentesis if needed. The goal is weight loss of less than 1 kg per day.
ascites-mu1.ppt case presentation of ascites
Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is a test used to determine the cause of ascites. It is calculated by subtracting the ascitic fluid albumin level from the serum albumin level.
A SAAG value helps differentiate between:
- Portal hypertension-related ascites (SAAG >1.1 g/dL) which is most commonly seen in liver cirrhosis.
- Non-portal hypertension related ascites (SAAG <1.1 g/dL) which can be caused by things like peritoneal carcinomatosis, tuberculosis, pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome etc.
In simple terms, a SAAG value helps determine if the ascites is caused by portal
Ascites by_ Dr Mohammed Hussien
1. Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most commonly caused by cirrhosis of the liver.
2. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings, ultrasound imaging, and analysis of ascitic fluid. A serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) can help determine if ascites is caused by portal hypertension.
3. Initial treatment involves sodium restriction, diuretics like spironolactone and furosemide, and therapeutic paracentesis if needed. Refractory ascites may require transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or liver transplantation.
CLD Diagnosis and management………………..pptx
This document discusses the definition, causes, clinical presentation, and management of complications of chronic liver disease (CLD). It defines CLD as progressive liver destruction over 6 months leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Common complications include esophageal variceal bleeding, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Causes include alcohol, viral hepatitis, NAFLD/NASH, and genetic/autoimmune conditions. Clinical features depend on whether the cirrhosis is compensated or decompensated. Management involves treating the specific complications, such as band ligation for esophageal varices, diuretics and albumin for ascites, and antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial periton
Liver cirrhosis
The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm. It has two lobes and is divided into segments and lobules. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein and performs important metabolic, hematological, synthetic, protective, storage, and excretory functions. Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver caused by chronic liver disease that results in deterioration of liver function and portal hypertension. Common causes are alcohol, hepatitis B/C, and obesity. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, ascites, and bleeding from varices. Treatment involves managing complications through diet, medications, TIPS procedure, and potentially transplantation.
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Ascites ppts
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Clinical signs include abdominal swelling and distension. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like shifting dullness and diagnostic imaging. Treatment involves restricting sodium intake, diuretics, and paracentesis to remove excess fluid. The nursing management focuses on pain management, fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and restoring normal gastrointestinal function.
Ascitis
This document discusses ascites, which is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It defines ascites and lists its main causes as increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, increased permeability of capillaries, and leakage of fluid. The document describes the pathophysiology and classification of ascites as transudative or exudative. It outlines the clinical signs and diagnostic workup of ascites including abdominal examination, imaging, and analysis of ascitic fluid. Treatment approaches include dietary changes, diuretics, therapeutic paracentesis, TIPS procedure, and liver transplantation.
GI bleeding.pdf
This document discusses gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, including:
1) GI bleeding can present as overt (visible bleeding) or occult (hidden bleeding) and can originate from the upper or lower GI tract. Common symptoms include hematemesis, melena, and hematochezia.
2) Etiologies of upper GI bleeding include esophageal varices, peptic ulcers, Mallory-Weiss tears, and Dieulafoy's lesions. Management involves endoscopy, vasoactive drugs, proton pump inhibitors, and blood transfusions.
3) Lower GI bleeding can originate from the small intestine or colon. Causes include vascular ectasias, cancers, diverticulosis, and inflammatory bowel disease
Approach To a Patient with Ascitis
1. Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that can occur due to conditions like cirrhosis, heart failure, and cancer.
2. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like flank bulging and shifting dullness as well as paracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics.
3. Treatment depends on the cause, with high SAAG ascites from cirrhosis treated initially with salt restriction and diuretics while malignant ascites may require drainage or shunt procedures.
AAAscites.pptx
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It most commonly occurs due to cirrhosis and portal hypertension, accounting for 85% of cases. Other causes include malignancy, cardiac diseases, infections, and pancreatic disorders. The fluid is evaluated based on characteristics, serum-ascites albumin gradient, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, amylase, and adenosine deaminase levels to determine the cause. A transudate with a high serum-ascites albumin gradient suggests cirrhosis, while an exudate with a low gradient indicates an alternate cause like cancer or infection.
ASCITES 2018.pptx
Ascites is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. The most common cause is liver cirrhosis. Patients experience abdominal swelling and pressure. Ascites is diagnosed through physical exam, imaging, and lab tests. Lab tests help distinguish between transudative ascites caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, and exudative ascites caused by inflammation. The fluid-to-serum albumin gradient measured in lab tests indicates whether the cause is portal hypertension or another source.
Upper GI bleeding
This document provides an overview of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. It defines upper GI hemorrhage as bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract below the ligament of Treitz. The most common causes are listed as peptic ulcer, portal hypertension, gastritis, and esophageal varices. Patients typically present with hematemesis, melena, or hematochezia. Diagnosis involves physical examination, lab tests, and endoscopic evaluation. Initial management focuses on stabilizing the patient and determining the source and rate of bleeding in order to guide specific treatment.
GI Bleeding Kalesh
The document discusses the approach to GI hemorrhage. It begins with the clinical presentation of GI bleeding, including symptoms of upper and lower GI bleeding. It then discusses resuscitation of patients based on bleeding severity. The causes, symptoms, and approaches to treatment of upper and lower GI bleeding are described. Diagnostic tests including endoscopy are explained. Specific causes of upper GI bleeding like peptic ulcers and varices are elaborated. Causes of lower GI bleeding including diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, and ischemia are also summarized.
GI bleeding
GI bleeding, also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, occurs when blood vessels in the GI tract rupture. It can occur in any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. The causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers and esophageal varices. Lower GI bleeding may be caused by inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, or hemorrhoids. Signs and symptoms include acute bleeding presenting as shock or chronic bleeding leading to anemia. Risk factors include liver disease, smoking, and NSAID use. Treatment involves endoscopy, drug therapies, and sometimes surgery. Nursing management focuses on monitoring for signs of bleeding and supporting circulation. Prevention emphasizes lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and limiting alcohol.
uppergibleeding2014-140201122630-phpapp01 (1).pptx
1. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a potentially life-threatening emergency that is commonly caused by variceal bleeding from liver disease or non-variceal bleeding from peptic ulcers.
2. Initial management involves stabilization, identifying the source of bleeding through endoscopy within 24 hours, and treating the underlying cause.
3. Ongoing resuscitation may require blood transfusions, antibiotics, gastric acid suppression, and vasoconstrictors while the source of bleeding is addressed endoscopically or surgically.
Gastrointestinal bleeding.pdf
Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur in the upper or lower GI tract and has many potential causes. Common causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers, esophageal tears, esophageal varices, and esophagitis. Lower GI bleeding may be caused by diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, colon polyps, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or proctitis. Signs can include vomiting or passing black stool, and diagnosis involves tests like endoscopy, colonoscopy, or imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications, procedures to stop bleeding, fluid replacement, and blood transfusions.
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This document provides an overview of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, including its causes, types, diagnostic studies, treatment options, and nursing management. The main causes of upper GI bleeding include drug use, esophageal varices, esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and stomach or duodenal cancers. Diagnostic studies involve endoscopy to identify the source of bleeding. Treatment may involve endoscopic therapies, drugs to reduce bleeding, or surgery in severe cases. Nursing care focuses on emergency stabilization and monitoring for signs of ongoing bleeding or complications.
Ascites in domestic animals
Ascites refers to an accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid in the peritoneal cavity, characterized by a distended lower abdomen. It can be caused by decreased plasma protein levels, increased hydrostatic pressure, or liver or kidney damage. Clinically, affected animals have an enlarged, barrel-shaped abdomen with fluid waves visible on palpation. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or paracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics. Treatment focuses on resolving underlying causes, increasing plasma proteins, diuretics to promote fluid excretion, and draining excess fluid in severe cases.
Ascitic fluid examination
The document discusses the analysis of ascitic fluid, which is abnormal fluid accumulation in the abdomen. Key points:
1. Ascitic fluid analysis involves examining the fluid's physical appearance, biochemical properties, microscopic cells, culture results, and cytology/molecular testing to determine the cause of fluid buildup and diagnose conditions like cancer, infection, or liver disease.
2. Transudative ascites has a low protein level (<30g/L) and is caused by systemic diseases like liver cirrhosis, while exudative ascites has a high protein level (>30g/L) and results from local abdominal diseases.
3. The serum-ascites albumin gradient measured the fluid protein
asciticfluidexamination-200420102558 (2).pdf
Ascites fluid is the fluid in the abdominal cavity that are protect the organ form other organ and safe for other one .. there is some abnormal in this fluid then we can check the details about it is normal are caused disease so to the purpose of diagnostic we can examine in the Lab. Sample of asciteic fluid take by a surgeon after that for the diagnostic purpose send it in a laboratory.there the sample will be culture, routine examination and cytoly are held
Portal hypertension
Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure in the portal vein system, which carries blood to the liver, exceeds 10 mm Hg. It is usually caused by cirrhosis or scarring of the liver. Complications include variceal bleeding, ascites, and end-stage liver disease. Diagnosis involves assessing the underlying liver disease through clinical examination, labs, and imaging. Doppler ultrasound and angiography can evaluate the portal venous system. Upper endoscopy is important to identify esophageal or gastric varices which are prone to bleeding in portal hypertension. Treatment depends on the severity but may include pharmacotherapy, endoscopic variceal ligation, TIPS procedure, or liver transplantation.
Portal hypertension, hepatic failure
Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure in the portal vein system exceeds 12 mmHg, usually due to obstruction of blood flow or increased blood flow. This causes several complications including ascites, varices, splenomegaly, and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic failure can be acute or chronic and results from liver cell damage and loss of metabolic function, leading to jaundice, encephalopathy, and potentially hepatorenal or hepatopulmonary syndrome.
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Principles of Management
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Scoring systems
Bleeding git.ppt
This document discusses gastrointestinal bleeding, including:
- Gastrointestinal bleeding can arise from any location in the GI tract and represents the initial symptom of GI disease in 1/3 of patients.
- Clinical presentations of GI bleeding include hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, occult bleeding, and symptoms of blood loss/anemia.
- Common causes of upper GI bleeding are peptic ulcers and esophageal varices, while diverticulosis and colon polyps are common causes of lower GI bleeding.
- The approach to a patient with GI bleeding involves stabilizing their hemodynamic status, identifying the source of bleeding, stopping active bleeding, treating the underlying cause, and preventing recurrent
Management of ascites(3).pptx
This document provides an overview of the management of ascites. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, treatment, and complications of ascites. Ascites is most often caused by portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis. Other causes include malignancy, infection, heart failure, and nephrotic syndrome. Evaluation involves diagnostic paracentesis and ascitic fluid analysis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but typically involves dietary sodium restriction and diuretic medication. Complications include spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Lower git bleeding
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), which occurs in the small and large intestines, presenting as hematochezia or melaena. Common causes of LGIB include diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, ischemic colitis, vascular malformations, polyps, tumors, and anal issues. LGIB is typically chronic and self-limiting, though some cases are acute and require blood transfusion. The diagnostic workup depends on the patient's age and symptoms, and may involve endoscopy, imaging, or angiography to identify the source of bleeding.
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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Similar to Ascetic or peritoneal fluid.pptx
Ascitis
This document discusses ascites, which is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It defines ascites and lists its main causes as increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, increased permeability of capillaries, and leakage of fluid. The document describes the pathophysiology and classification of ascites as transudative or exudative. It outlines the clinical signs and diagnostic workup of ascites including abdominal examination, imaging, and analysis of ascitic fluid. Treatment approaches include dietary changes, diuretics, therapeutic paracentesis, TIPS procedure, and liver transplantation.
GI bleeding.pdf
This document discusses gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, including:
1) GI bleeding can present as overt (visible bleeding) or occult (hidden bleeding) and can originate from the upper or lower GI tract. Common symptoms include hematemesis, melena, and hematochezia.
2) Etiologies of upper GI bleeding include esophageal varices, peptic ulcers, Mallory-Weiss tears, and Dieulafoy's lesions. Management involves endoscopy, vasoactive drugs, proton pump inhibitors, and blood transfusions.
3) Lower GI bleeding can originate from the small intestine or colon. Causes include vascular ectasias, cancers, diverticulosis, and inflammatory bowel disease
Approach To a Patient with Ascitis
1. Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that can occur due to conditions like cirrhosis, heart failure, and cancer.
2. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like flank bulging and shifting dullness as well as paracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics.
3. Treatment depends on the cause, with high SAAG ascites from cirrhosis treated initially with salt restriction and diuretics while malignant ascites may require drainage or shunt procedures.
AAAscites.pptx
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It most commonly occurs due to cirrhosis and portal hypertension, accounting for 85% of cases. Other causes include malignancy, cardiac diseases, infections, and pancreatic disorders. The fluid is evaluated based on characteristics, serum-ascites albumin gradient, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, amylase, and adenosine deaminase levels to determine the cause. A transudate with a high serum-ascites albumin gradient suggests cirrhosis, while an exudate with a low gradient indicates an alternate cause like cancer or infection.
ASCITES 2018.pptx
Ascites is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. The most common cause is liver cirrhosis. Patients experience abdominal swelling and pressure. Ascites is diagnosed through physical exam, imaging, and lab tests. Lab tests help distinguish between transudative ascites caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, and exudative ascites caused by inflammation. The fluid-to-serum albumin gradient measured in lab tests indicates whether the cause is portal hypertension or another source.
Upper GI bleeding
This document provides an overview of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. It defines upper GI hemorrhage as bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract below the ligament of Treitz. The most common causes are listed as peptic ulcer, portal hypertension, gastritis, and esophageal varices. Patients typically present with hematemesis, melena, or hematochezia. Diagnosis involves physical examination, lab tests, and endoscopic evaluation. Initial management focuses on stabilizing the patient and determining the source and rate of bleeding in order to guide specific treatment.
GI Bleeding Kalesh
The document discusses the approach to GI hemorrhage. It begins with the clinical presentation of GI bleeding, including symptoms of upper and lower GI bleeding. It then discusses resuscitation of patients based on bleeding severity. The causes, symptoms, and approaches to treatment of upper and lower GI bleeding are described. Diagnostic tests including endoscopy are explained. Specific causes of upper GI bleeding like peptic ulcers and varices are elaborated. Causes of lower GI bleeding including diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, and ischemia are also summarized.
GI bleeding
GI bleeding, also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, occurs when blood vessels in the GI tract rupture. It can occur in any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. The causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers and esophageal varices. Lower GI bleeding may be caused by inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, or hemorrhoids. Signs and symptoms include acute bleeding presenting as shock or chronic bleeding leading to anemia. Risk factors include liver disease, smoking, and NSAID use. Treatment involves endoscopy, drug therapies, and sometimes surgery. Nursing management focuses on monitoring for signs of bleeding and supporting circulation. Prevention emphasizes lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and limiting alcohol.
uppergibleeding2014-140201122630-phpapp01 (1).pptx
1. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a potentially life-threatening emergency that is commonly caused by variceal bleeding from liver disease or non-variceal bleeding from peptic ulcers.
2. Initial management involves stabilization, identifying the source of bleeding through endoscopy within 24 hours, and treating the underlying cause.
3. Ongoing resuscitation may require blood transfusions, antibiotics, gastric acid suppression, and vasoconstrictors while the source of bleeding is addressed endoscopically or surgically.
Gastrointestinal bleeding.pdf
Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur in the upper or lower GI tract and has many potential causes. Common causes of upper GI bleeding include peptic ulcers, esophageal tears, esophageal varices, and esophagitis. Lower GI bleeding may be caused by diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, colon polyps, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or proctitis. Signs can include vomiting or passing black stool, and diagnosis involves tests like endoscopy, colonoscopy, or imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications, procedures to stop bleeding, fluid replacement, and blood transfusions.
Gastrointestinal BLEEDING.pptx
This document provides an overview of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, including its causes, types, diagnostic studies, treatment options, and nursing management. The main causes of upper GI bleeding include drug use, esophageal varices, esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and stomach or duodenal cancers. Diagnostic studies involve endoscopy to identify the source of bleeding. Treatment may involve endoscopic therapies, drugs to reduce bleeding, or surgery in severe cases. Nursing care focuses on emergency stabilization and monitoring for signs of ongoing bleeding or complications.
Ascites in domestic animals
Ascites refers to an accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid in the peritoneal cavity, characterized by a distended lower abdomen. It can be caused by decreased plasma protein levels, increased hydrostatic pressure, or liver or kidney damage. Clinically, affected animals have an enlarged, barrel-shaped abdomen with fluid waves visible on palpation. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or paracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics. Treatment focuses on resolving underlying causes, increasing plasma proteins, diuretics to promote fluid excretion, and draining excess fluid in severe cases.
Ascitic fluid examination
The document discusses the analysis of ascitic fluid, which is abnormal fluid accumulation in the abdomen. Key points:
1. Ascitic fluid analysis involves examining the fluid's physical appearance, biochemical properties, microscopic cells, culture results, and cytology/molecular testing to determine the cause of fluid buildup and diagnose conditions like cancer, infection, or liver disease.
2. Transudative ascites has a low protein level (<30g/L) and is caused by systemic diseases like liver cirrhosis, while exudative ascites has a high protein level (>30g/L) and results from local abdominal diseases.
3. The serum-ascites albumin gradient measured the fluid protein
asciticfluidexamination-200420102558 (2).pdf
Ascites fluid is the fluid in the abdominal cavity that are protect the organ form other organ and safe for other one .. there is some abnormal in this fluid then we can check the details about it is normal are caused disease so to the purpose of diagnostic we can examine in the Lab. Sample of asciteic fluid take by a surgeon after that for the diagnostic purpose send it in a laboratory.there the sample will be culture, routine examination and cytoly are held
Portal hypertension
Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure in the portal vein system, which carries blood to the liver, exceeds 10 mm Hg. It is usually caused by cirrhosis or scarring of the liver. Complications include variceal bleeding, ascites, and end-stage liver disease. Diagnosis involves assessing the underlying liver disease through clinical examination, labs, and imaging. Doppler ultrasound and angiography can evaluate the portal venous system. Upper endoscopy is important to identify esophageal or gastric varices which are prone to bleeding in portal hypertension. Treatment depends on the severity but may include pharmacotherapy, endoscopic variceal ligation, TIPS procedure, or liver transplantation.
Portal hypertension, hepatic failure
Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure in the portal vein system exceeds 12 mmHg, usually due to obstruction of blood flow or increased blood flow. This causes several complications including ascites, varices, splenomegaly, and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic failure can be acute or chronic and results from liver cell damage and loss of metabolic function, leading to jaundice, encephalopathy, and potentially hepatorenal or hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Upper GI bleeding (UGIB) Lecture Ppt.pptx
Consist of
Definition & Presentation
Causes of UGI bleeding
Principles of Management
High risk Factors
Scoring systems
Bleeding git.ppt
This document discusses gastrointestinal bleeding, including:
- Gastrointestinal bleeding can arise from any location in the GI tract and represents the initial symptom of GI disease in 1/3 of patients.
- Clinical presentations of GI bleeding include hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, occult bleeding, and symptoms of blood loss/anemia.
- Common causes of upper GI bleeding are peptic ulcers and esophageal varices, while diverticulosis and colon polyps are common causes of lower GI bleeding.
- The approach to a patient with GI bleeding involves stabilizing their hemodynamic status, identifying the source of bleeding, stopping active bleeding, treating the underlying cause, and preventing recurrent
Management of ascites(3).pptx
This document provides an overview of the management of ascites. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, treatment, and complications of ascites. Ascites is most often caused by portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis. Other causes include malignancy, infection, heart failure, and nephrotic syndrome. Evaluation involves diagnostic paracentesis and ascitic fluid analysis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but typically involves dietary sodium restriction and diuretic medication. Complications include spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Lower git bleeding
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), which occurs in the small and large intestines, presenting as hematochezia or melaena. Common causes of LGIB include diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, ischemic colitis, vascular malformations, polyps, tumors, and anal issues. LGIB is typically chronic and self-limiting, though some cases are acute and require blood transfusion. The diagnostic workup depends on the patient's age and symptoms, and may involve endoscopy, imaging, or angiography to identify the source of bleeding.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Ascetic or peritoneal fluid.pptx
- 1. Ascetic or Peritoneal fluid Subject: Clinical Pathology Muhammad Jawad Ullah Lecturer (MLT) CUSIT
- 2. DEFINITION • Peritoneal fluid is a liquid made in the abdominal cavity which provides lubrication to the surface of tissue that lines the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity. • It covers most of the organs in the abdomen. • It is found in small quantities, generally 5-20 ml between the layers of the peritoneum that line the abdominal wall. • Elevated level of the said fluid can result in a condition known as ascites.
- 3. What is Ascites? • Ascites is the accumulation of ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity. • Many diseases can cause ascites, but the most common is **portal hypertension, which is usually due to cirrhosis (Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism). • Ascites does not typically become clinically detectable until there are at least 500mLs of fluid present. • **Portal hypertension is an increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system. Veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas merge into the portal vein
- 4. Signs and Symptoms • Abdominal distension • Abdominal discomfort • Weight gain • Shortness of breath • Reduced appetite
- 6. Continue… • A PERFORATED BOWEL is a hole in the wall of the intestine which can occur for a variety of reasons. • PANCREATITIS is the inflammation of pancreas. It happens when digestive enzymes activated before they are released into small intestine. Two types: acute and chronic. • MALIGNANCY is the state or presence of a malignant tumour; cancer. • HEMORRHAGIC PANCREATITIS is characterized by bleeding within or around the pancreas, and is usually considered a late sequela of acute pancreatitis.
- 8. Serum Ascitic Albumin Gradient (SAAG) • The Serum Ascitic Albumin Gradient (SAAG) indirectly measures portal pressure and can be used to determine if ascites is due to portal hypertension. • A high SAAG (>1.1g/dL) suggests the ascitic fluid is a transudate • A low SAAG (<1.1g/dL) suggests the ascitic fluid is an exudate • A high SAAG (i.e. transudate) suggests the presence of portal hypertension: • Cirrhosis • Hepatic failure • Alcoholic hepatitis
- 9. Continue… • Causes of a low SAAG (i.e. exudate) include: • Malignancy • Infection • Pancreatitis • Nephrotic syndrome
- 11. Continue… • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is infection of ascitic fluid without an apparent source. • Sign and symptoms are: • Fever • malaise • symptoms of ascites and worsening hepatic failure.