Bellandur Lake is located in Bengaluru, India and is the largest lake in the city. It has a catchment area of approximately 148 square kilometers and used to be an important source of water for the city and surrounding areas. However, rapid urbanization has led to untreated sewage and other pollutants being dumped into the lake, degrading its water quality. The lake now receives over 550 million liters of sewage per day and reached a peak pollution level in 2015 when large amounts of toxic froth formed on the lake's surface and even caught fire.
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility PresentationKlangpanya
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asia’s decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the river’s ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
Ganga river is flowing in almost through the 11 states in India. In all places her issue is critical and different. Jalangi river in Navadweep region is tributary of ganga and is polluted by drainage. This presentation explains how nature based solution is only remedy for the treatment of sewage
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility - The Challenges of Transbo...Klangpanya
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asia’s decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the river’s ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING AROUND RAMTEK AREA (PERTAINING TO DUDHALA LAKE)ijiert bestjournal
Dudhala Lake is situated at a distance of 2 km from Ramtek bus stand in the north east direction. The project work mainly includes to stud y the present situation of Dudhala lake and suggest the feasible measures to increase the s torage capacity of Dudhala lake and give remedial measures so as to fulfill the water d emand in that area. The study of Dudhala Lake revealed the major problem faced by the people regarding the storage of lake as it was not getting filled instead of sufficient rainfa ll in Ramtek.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility PresentationKlangpanya
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asia’s decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the river’s ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
Ganga river is flowing in almost through the 11 states in India. In all places her issue is critical and different. Jalangi river in Navadweep region is tributary of ganga and is polluted by drainage. This presentation explains how nature based solution is only remedy for the treatment of sewage
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility - The Challenges of Transbo...Klangpanya
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asia’s decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the river’s ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING AROUND RAMTEK AREA (PERTAINING TO DUDHALA LAKE)ijiert bestjournal
Dudhala Lake is situated at a distance of 2 km from Ramtek bus stand in the north east direction. The project work mainly includes to stud y the present situation of Dudhala lake and suggest the feasible measures to increase the s torage capacity of Dudhala lake and give remedial measures so as to fulfill the water d emand in that area. The study of Dudhala Lake revealed the major problem faced by the people regarding the storage of lake as it was not getting filled instead of sufficient rainfa ll in Ramtek.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A slideshow on Riverfront development (ongoing activities as well as prospective and necessary measures) in Varanasi, why Varanasi Ghats mean so much, why blind urbanization is not enough, etc.
The transboundary basin of the Teesta River encompasses 12,159 square kilometers, of which 10,155 are in India and 2,004 are in Bangladesh. Approximately 8,051 square kilometers of the river basin lie in hilly parts of Sikkim (6,930 square kilometers) and West Bengal (1,121 square kilometers). Approximately 4,108 square kilometers of the basin lie in the plains of West Bengal (2,104 square kilometers) and Bangladesh (2,004 square kilometers).
Historically, the Teesta was part of the Ganges river system, flowing south from Jalpaiguri in West Bengal in three separate channels: the Karatoya, the Purnabhaba, and the Atrai. It is speculated that the three channels led to the name “Trisrota” (“possessed of three streams”) and subsequently to “Teesta.” Following a flood in 1787, the Teesta changed its course southeast to join the Brahmaputra.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
This presentation has the complete information about the water resources based on the points from environmental science in engineering.The points are made so easy it is very easy to understand.
Keeping Urban and Rural Set up Safe - The Prime Responsibility of a StateAI Publications
One of the prime responsibilities of a State, which in most cases should be tackled in a collective manner along with the neighbouring provinces with active participation, cooperation, coordination, financial support, as well as, directive from the Centre. Each year owing to incessant rains advancing especially at the peak of the rainy season, severe floods causing relentless sufferings to millions of hapless peoples from several Indian states have become an expected annual calamity. This year too the disaster struck in a unsurprising manner affecting millions in populated states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh as well as in Tamil Nadu and in the deep south in Kerala where the severity was maximum. Even the capital New Delhi and relatively dry states like Rajasthan and Gujarat were also affected by the calamity. For reducing the severe condition faced by millions of people from several Indian States, a plan must be chalked out by the Government in association with the planners, scientists, engineers, technologists involving management of land and water. The author, based on his earlier communication on the subject, suggests certain essential measures aiming to alleviate the severe condition faced by the nation.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Assessment, analysis and study of encroachments and change in natural water f...eSAT Journals
Abstract Advancements in study and assessment of changing land use patterns using modern techniques like use of satellite data is inevitable today owing to high accuracy and ease of its accessibility to researchers. In this study, satellite images of over last ten years have been precisely used to analyze the changes in natural water flow and geographic characteristics of world famous Dal Lake in state of Jammu & Kashmir arising due uncontrolled human expansion and destruction of natural lake topography. The lake currently in advanced stages of eutrophication has been rapidly shrinking in its area at an alarming rate over last five decades. Major contributors to such changes are the direct or indirect discharge of untreated wastes from Srinagar city into water body through numerous sewer lines and uncontrolled land filling by local inhabitants in interiors of lake to meet their growing needs of urbanization and need for more agricultural land. Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen derived from growth of vegetation within the lake and sewage have drastically altered water quality parameters and dramatically disrupted the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of lake from years; making the water obtained from lake unfit for any kind of consumption or aquatic life. Uncontrolled pollution and wide encroachments laden with exponential increase of sewage discharges have led to severe changes in land use pattern in interiors of the lake which is the main source of destruction of natural physiognomies of lake and gradual choking up of its water sources. All this has compounded into complete breakdown of drainage mechanism of the Lake with a threat of floods in Lake Catchment unavoidable in coming time. Keywords: Sewage, Eutrophication, Catchment, Topography, Ecology
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Pia, an intern with BIOME Trust evaluates possibilities and risks with sewage water reuse. She does this in the context of the Jakkur lake in the North of Bangalore. The aim of the project was to study the nitrate levels of the treated water flowing through Jakkur Lake from the BWSSB sewage treatment plant situated at the inlet, and thereby value the function of the lake as a wastewater treatment and a groundwater recharging system.
Mitigating the Menace of Urban Flooding in Uttar Pradesh through Spatial Plan...rdvw5xh4ht
Global warming has changed the rainfall pattern leading to abnormal flooding specially in urban areas. The presentation, through a case of Lucknow, the capital city of most populous state of India discusses ways and means for mitigating the menace of urban flooding inIndia.
A slideshow on Riverfront development (ongoing activities as well as prospective and necessary measures) in Varanasi, why Varanasi Ghats mean so much, why blind urbanization is not enough, etc.
The transboundary basin of the Teesta River encompasses 12,159 square kilometers, of which 10,155 are in India and 2,004 are in Bangladesh. Approximately 8,051 square kilometers of the river basin lie in hilly parts of Sikkim (6,930 square kilometers) and West Bengal (1,121 square kilometers). Approximately 4,108 square kilometers of the basin lie in the plains of West Bengal (2,104 square kilometers) and Bangladesh (2,004 square kilometers).
Historically, the Teesta was part of the Ganges river system, flowing south from Jalpaiguri in West Bengal in three separate channels: the Karatoya, the Purnabhaba, and the Atrai. It is speculated that the three channels led to the name “Trisrota” (“possessed of three streams”) and subsequently to “Teesta.” Following a flood in 1787, the Teesta changed its course southeast to join the Brahmaputra.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
This presentation has the complete information about the water resources based on the points from environmental science in engineering.The points are made so easy it is very easy to understand.
Keeping Urban and Rural Set up Safe - The Prime Responsibility of a StateAI Publications
One of the prime responsibilities of a State, which in most cases should be tackled in a collective manner along with the neighbouring provinces with active participation, cooperation, coordination, financial support, as well as, directive from the Centre. Each year owing to incessant rains advancing especially at the peak of the rainy season, severe floods causing relentless sufferings to millions of hapless peoples from several Indian states have become an expected annual calamity. This year too the disaster struck in a unsurprising manner affecting millions in populated states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh as well as in Tamil Nadu and in the deep south in Kerala where the severity was maximum. Even the capital New Delhi and relatively dry states like Rajasthan and Gujarat were also affected by the calamity. For reducing the severe condition faced by millions of people from several Indian States, a plan must be chalked out by the Government in association with the planners, scientists, engineers, technologists involving management of land and water. The author, based on his earlier communication on the subject, suggests certain essential measures aiming to alleviate the severe condition faced by the nation.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Assessment, analysis and study of encroachments and change in natural water f...eSAT Journals
Abstract Advancements in study and assessment of changing land use patterns using modern techniques like use of satellite data is inevitable today owing to high accuracy and ease of its accessibility to researchers. In this study, satellite images of over last ten years have been precisely used to analyze the changes in natural water flow and geographic characteristics of world famous Dal Lake in state of Jammu & Kashmir arising due uncontrolled human expansion and destruction of natural lake topography. The lake currently in advanced stages of eutrophication has been rapidly shrinking in its area at an alarming rate over last five decades. Major contributors to such changes are the direct or indirect discharge of untreated wastes from Srinagar city into water body through numerous sewer lines and uncontrolled land filling by local inhabitants in interiors of lake to meet their growing needs of urbanization and need for more agricultural land. Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen derived from growth of vegetation within the lake and sewage have drastically altered water quality parameters and dramatically disrupted the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of lake from years; making the water obtained from lake unfit for any kind of consumption or aquatic life. Uncontrolled pollution and wide encroachments laden with exponential increase of sewage discharges have led to severe changes in land use pattern in interiors of the lake which is the main source of destruction of natural physiognomies of lake and gradual choking up of its water sources. All this has compounded into complete breakdown of drainage mechanism of the Lake with a threat of floods in Lake Catchment unavoidable in coming time. Keywords: Sewage, Eutrophication, Catchment, Topography, Ecology
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Pia, an intern with BIOME Trust evaluates possibilities and risks with sewage water reuse. She does this in the context of the Jakkur lake in the North of Bangalore. The aim of the project was to study the nitrate levels of the treated water flowing through Jakkur Lake from the BWSSB sewage treatment plant situated at the inlet, and thereby value the function of the lake as a wastewater treatment and a groundwater recharging system.
Mitigating the Menace of Urban Flooding in Uttar Pradesh through Spatial Plan...rdvw5xh4ht
Global warming has changed the rainfall pattern leading to abnormal flooding specially in urban areas. The presentation, through a case of Lucknow, the capital city of most populous state of India discusses ways and means for mitigating the menace of urban flooding inIndia.
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
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Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
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Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
3. • located in the suburb of Bellandur in the southeast of the city
of Bengaluru.
• largest lake in the city.
• part of Bellandur drainage system
• that drains the southern and the south-eastern parts of the city.
The lake is a receptor from three chains of lakes upstream, and
has a catchment area of about 148 square kilometres (37,000
acres). Water from this lake flows further east to the Varthur
Lake, from where it flows down the plateau and eventually into
the Pinakani river basin.[8]
4. • 148–287 km2 (57–111 sq mi)
Max. length 3.6 km (2.2 mi)
Max. width 1.4 km (0.87 mi)
Surface area 812–919 acres (329–372 ha)
Average depth 2 m (6 ft 7 in)
Max. depth 9 m (30 ft)
Surface elevation 870 m (2,850 ft)
5.
6. • Bellandur lake. Bellandur lake is the largest water body in the BMA, spanning an area of 370 hectares, making it one of the largest
manmade lakes in Southeast Asia (Lele & Sengupta, 2018). Bellandur lake is located in south-east Bangalore city, a very important
ecological zone as it was one of the major sources of water to various fauna and migratory birds from different parts of the country
up until 15 years ago. It also provided drinking water to half the city’s population. Since Bangalore does not have a perennial river,
it depended on Bellandur the harvestation? of rainwater to sustain livelihood activities such as agriculture, irrigation, and cleaning.
Therefore, this lake played a crucial role in recharging groundwater and sustaining flora, fauna and human life through this region
of Bangalore. Until 1970, there were three channels that fed the lake with storm water, allowing it to be a constant source of
freshwater to the city. The three channels are part of the Bellandur drainage system, which drained the southern and southeastern
parts of the city, however, urbanization in the 1980s blocked those chains resulting in insufficient rainwater reaching the lake.
Since the lake wasn’t able to drain itself 12 anymore, excess untreated sewage and effluents that entered settled in the lakebed,
which further led to a decrease in aquatic life. With decades of indiscriminate waste disposal into this lake and a lack of drainage
options, the lake has become heavily polluted. Bellandur lake receives 550 million liters per day (MLD) of sewage, 200 MLD of
which is treated effluent from the sewage treatment plant (STP) located upstream and remaining is untreated sewage that comes
in through stormwater inlets and official BWSSB sewers. Bellandur lake is also in a very densely populated area. It is located very
close to the old airport in Bangalore and surrounded by apartment complexes, settlements of Bellandur and Iblur village, and
military lands. These surrounding residents have faced the brunt of Bellandur’s pollution and have filed cases with the Karnataka
High Court going back as far as 1998 to augment the capacity of STP. In April 2015, Bellandur lake reached its peak pollution level.
The biosurfactants and other compounds that entered the lake through sewage caused the formation of froth and foam over it
surface. Eventually, the froth overflowed onto the roads and started being carried away by the winds, endangering road traffic,
especially bicyclists and motorcyclists. In May that year, the froth caught fire and burned for three days. This was repeated again in
later November after which, the state government was forced to address the issue and formed an expert committee to go about
the rejuvenation of this lake. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) characterizes ignitability as one of the four primary
characteristics required to designate something as hazardous waste (EPA, 2020)
8. • Scope of the Study
• The Bellandur Lake catchment has been subjected to extreme environmental stress mainly due to the rampant
unplanned developmental activities in the catchment in recent years.
• Part of catchment area also falls under the Bangalore city municipal limits, which is mainly responsible for most of the
sewage that flows into the lake apart from the natural storm water that drains into the lake.
• Of late, with the increasing pressures on land in the municipal limits, the land belonging to the lakebed has also been
subjected to ad-hoc development approaches as evinced from the field investigations. The functional ability of the
ecosystem is impaired due to structural changes in the ecosystem. This is evident from poor water quality, breeding of
disease vectors, contamination of ground water in the catchment, frequent flooding in the catchment due to topography
alteration, decline in ground water table, erosion in lake bed, etc. The development plans of the region (current as well
as the proposed) ignore the integrated planning approaches considering all components of the ecosystem. Serious
threats to the sustainability of the region due to lack of holistic approaches in aquatic resources management are:
1. Land use changes: Conversion of watershed area of the lake to residential and commercial layouts has altered the
hydrological regime while enhancing the silt movement – lowering water yield in the catchment affecting the ground
water recharge.
2. Alteration in landscape topography: This activity is heinous, as it alters the integrity of the region affecting all biotic (all
inhabitants including humans) and abiotic components of the lake catchment. This would also have serious implications
on the storm water flow in the catchment.
9. 1. Poor water quality: Major portion of untreated city sewage (400+ MLD) is let into the lake thus hampering the ecological
balance of the system as the quantity of the pollutant entering the lake is beyond the neutralising ability of the lake. This
has lead to the enrichment of nutrients and has resulted in the lake eutrophication. The treatment units are designed for
primary and secondary treatment only. This makes inorganic pollutants like NPK, will get into the lake from the treated
water. With the partial treated wastewater and insufficient capacity of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) the lake would
continue to receive nutrients. As per the current plan, the treated water would be let into the lake, which is likely to get
mixed with the untreated sewage as the present and proposed capacity of 248 MLD is unable to handle the city’s waste
water (which is about 400+MLD).
2. Bellandur lake forms a part of Pennar river catchment. Water from Bellandur flows to Varthur lake which ultimately joins
the Pennar river. Hence, the waste water treatment would help the downstream users as well. Apart from this, the
treatment plants would provide organic nutrients. Thus the City’s wastewater could be a boon to the downstream users.
3. Instead of centralised STP’s authorities should plan for decentralised treatment plant in each corporation ward / zone,
so that plan for reuse of water could be implemented, which would be economically viable.
4. Lack of plan for treated water: Current plan for treatment design capacity is 248 MLD which is about 45% of the sewage
getting into the lake. The current plan is to leave the treated water in to the lake. This would get mixed with untreated
waste water, rendering the treatment exercise futile. Authorities should plan for supply of this treated water in a separate
network to meet the garden and toilet requirements of the city.
5. Mismanagement of municipal solid wastes: City solid wastes ranging from building demolition wastes, bulky wastes
(carcasses), garbage, etc. are being dumped in the shoreline affecting the shoreline ecology, water quality and
aesthetics.
6. Increased population in the region is mainly due to implementation of most of the developmental projects in the city
(ignoring other parts of the state) and these skewed developmental approaches have led to large scale migration. The
declining quality of the city is evident from enhanced travel time (due to traffic congestions), lack of basic amenities
(drinking water, electricity, etc.), decline in quality of natural resources (air, surface water, ground water, land, etc.).
10. Bellandur Lake Catchment
• Latitude 77° 35´ west and 77° 45´ east
• 12° 50´ south and 13° 00´ north (toposheet 57 H/9, scale: 1:50,000).
• over all catchment area is about 287.33 sq. km with a water spread area of 361 ha (Water Resources Department,
2003).
• Terrain - relatively flat and sloping towards south of Bangalore city.
• Relative slope of the region is found to be very gentle to gentle slope.
• The relative contour height is 930 m above mean sea level and the lowest is 880 m.
• The height is found to be 870 m above mean sea level near the tank. The drainage pattern is dendrite type and is
characterized by gneiss and gneiss granite rocks. Three main streams join the tank, which form the entire watershed.
One of the streams originates at the northern part of the region, Jayamahal and covers the eastern portion and is
referred to as the eastern stream. Another stream originates from the central part of the city, Krishna Raja Market and
covers the central part of the region before joining the tank and is called the central stream. Another stream commands
southwestern part of the region called the western stream. Further, before the confluence with Bellandur Tank, all the
streams come across two to three tanks (Sreekantha and Narayana, 2000). The rainfall data is available for the last 100
to 110 years. Rainfall varies from 725.5 mm to 844.8 mm. The district receives 51 % of the total annual rainfall in the
southwest monsoon period, i.e. June to September. The average annual rainfall in the catchment was 859 mm in 1999.
April is usually the hottest month with the mean daily maximum and minimum temperature of 33.4° C and 21.2° C
respectively. December is generally the coolest month with the mean daily maximum and minimum temperature of 25°
C and 15.3° C respectively. The temperature drops down to 8° C during January nights. Relative humidity is high from
June to October (80 to 85 %). Thereafter, it decreases and from February to April becomes 25 to 35%. The relative
humidity in the morning is higher than in the evening, giving rise to the formation of fog.
11. • It is observed that the population in the lake catchment under
the municipal limits is about 1721779 persons as per the 2001
census. This is almost one-third of the Bangalore city’s
population for which the lake catchment is catering to. With the
natural topography of the catchment sloping towards the lake in
the entire catchment, any storm water run off eventually makes
its way into the lake. Further, with the increased presence of
urban areas in the catchment, the lake is also receiving
wastewater generated in these areas that flow along the natural
drainage.
12. Implications of “Unplanned” Development in the Bellandur Lake Catchment
• Rampant Urbanisation along the Catchment
• Disposal of Domestic Wastewater into the Lake
13. • » What did Bellandur lake look like earlier?
• Bellandur lake, which is one of the oldest and largest lakes in
lifeline for surrounding 18 villages a few decades ago. Old
Bellandur village recall the good times when lake was full and
fertile (till 1970s). People used to cultivate paddy, grow
and tomatoes in abundance and also do fishing. Apparently,
families were living in this neighbourhood.
• The lake water then was used for irrigation as well as for
of Bellandur and nearby villages used to celebrate annual
festival) on this now infamous lake.
14. • » How big is the lake?
• According to Lake Development Authority (LDA) Bellandur
891.9 acre and its water storing capacity is 17.66 million
original size of the lake, but some portion of the lake is
encroached over the years. A Committee constituted by
Karnataka in 2011 has estimated the present size of the
However, lake activists estimate the lake size to be not