Bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. With aging, bones become thinner and more porous due to increased bone absorption. This bone loss leads to loss of height and increased curvature of the spine and joints, contributing to osteoporosis.
The document discusses skeletal physiology, including the four types of bones, structures of long bones, constituents of bone tissue, cells found in bones, functions of bones, and bone development. It also covers cartilage structure and types, bone and cartilage growth, bone fracture repair, and joints. Key points include that long bones have a diaphysis and epiphyses, bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bones and cartilage both grow through cell activity but cartilage also grows through the deposition of new matrix.
1) There are four main types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular. Long bones such as the femur and humerus are named based on their length and shape.
2) The structure of long bones includes a shaft (diaphysis), bulbous ends (epiphyses), articular cartilage covering joint surfaces, and bone marrow cavity (medullary cavity) containing blood vessels.
3) Bone tissue consists of cells, fibers, and a mineralized organic matrix. The matrix includes collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite calcium crystals which harden the bones and provide strength.
The musculoskeletal system allows for movement of the body and is comprised of bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and bone marrow. Bones provide support, protect organs, allow for movement through muscles attaching to them, and store minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that make up the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
The document discusses bones and cartilages. It describes the structure and types of cartilage, including elastic, fibrocartilage, and hyaline cartilage. It then covers the gross structure of bones, including compact and cancellous bone. Bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes are also discussed. The functions of bone include mechanical support, mineral storage, and endocrine functions. Bone formation occurs through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The document also outlines different types of bones such as long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
This document summarizes key aspects of skeletal physiology:
- It describes the four types of bones and the typical structures of long bones, including the diaphysis, epiphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and endosteum.
- It also discusses the major bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes), the Haversian system, bone matrix composition, and methods of measuring bone mineral density.
- Additional sections cover bone formation through intramembranous and endochondral ossification, fracture repair, cartilage types, bone growth, joint classification, and homeostasis functions of bones.
This document discusses skeletal physiology and contains sections on bone types, typical long bone structure, bone cells, homeostatic functions, bone development, bone healing, comparing bone and cartilage types, cartilage mechanisms, joint classification, and synovial joints. It provides detailed descriptions of bone anatomy and physiology, the roles of bones and cartilage, and how bones develop, break down, and heal. The information is presented through labeled sections and subsections explaining different skeletal structures and processes.
The document discusses skeletal physiology, including the functions of bones, bone homeostasis, ossification processes, fracture repair, bone cell types, and classifications of joints. It addresses five functions of bones: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis. It describes the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral - and the phases of fracture repair. Key bone cell types are identified as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Joints are classified based on both structure and function.
1. Bones are composed of compact and spongy (cancellous) bone.
2. Compact bone makes up the dense outer layers and contains Haversian systems with concentric lamellae and central canals.
3. Cancellous bone is found at the ends of bones and contains trabeculae that form an open, porous structure with bone marrow.
The document discusses skeletal physiology, including the four types of bones, structures of long bones, constituents of bone tissue, cells found in bones, functions of bones, and bone development. It also covers cartilage structure and types, bone and cartilage growth, bone fracture repair, and joints. Key points include that long bones have a diaphysis and epiphyses, bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bones and cartilage both grow through cell activity but cartilage also grows through the deposition of new matrix.
1) There are four main types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular. Long bones such as the femur and humerus are named based on their length and shape.
2) The structure of long bones includes a shaft (diaphysis), bulbous ends (epiphyses), articular cartilage covering joint surfaces, and bone marrow cavity (medullary cavity) containing blood vessels.
3) Bone tissue consists of cells, fibers, and a mineralized organic matrix. The matrix includes collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite calcium crystals which harden the bones and provide strength.
The musculoskeletal system allows for movement of the body and is comprised of bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and bone marrow. Bones provide support, protect organs, allow for movement through muscles attaching to them, and store minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that make up the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
The document discusses bones and cartilages. It describes the structure and types of cartilage, including elastic, fibrocartilage, and hyaline cartilage. It then covers the gross structure of bones, including compact and cancellous bone. Bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes are also discussed. The functions of bone include mechanical support, mineral storage, and endocrine functions. Bone formation occurs through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The document also outlines different types of bones such as long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
This document summarizes key aspects of skeletal physiology:
- It describes the four types of bones and the typical structures of long bones, including the diaphysis, epiphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and endosteum.
- It also discusses the major bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes), the Haversian system, bone matrix composition, and methods of measuring bone mineral density.
- Additional sections cover bone formation through intramembranous and endochondral ossification, fracture repair, cartilage types, bone growth, joint classification, and homeostasis functions of bones.
This document discusses skeletal physiology and contains sections on bone types, typical long bone structure, bone cells, homeostatic functions, bone development, bone healing, comparing bone and cartilage types, cartilage mechanisms, joint classification, and synovial joints. It provides detailed descriptions of bone anatomy and physiology, the roles of bones and cartilage, and how bones develop, break down, and heal. The information is presented through labeled sections and subsections explaining different skeletal structures and processes.
The document discusses skeletal physiology, including the functions of bones, bone homeostasis, ossification processes, fracture repair, bone cell types, and classifications of joints. It addresses five functions of bones: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis. It describes the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral - and the phases of fracture repair. Key bone cell types are identified as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Joints are classified based on both structure and function.
1. Bones are composed of compact and spongy (cancellous) bone.
2. Compact bone makes up the dense outer layers and contains Haversian systems with concentric lamellae and central canals.
3. Cancellous bone is found at the ends of bones and contains trabeculae that form an open, porous structure with bone marrow.
There are four main types of bones: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones have a shaft and two articulating ends, examples being the femur and humerus. Short bones are cube-shaped like wrist and ankle bones. Flat bones are broad and thin, found in the skull, shoulder blades, ribs, and sternum. Irregular bones come in various shapes and sizes, like the patella. Bones are made up of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix. They provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation to the body. Bone formation occurs through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral oss
The document discusses the skeletal system and connective tissues. It covers the definitions of osteology and arthrology, the study of bones and joints. The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments and other connective tissues. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation. The two types of ossification that form bones are intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
This document discusses bones, cartilages, and joints. It describes the composition, types and functions of bones, including long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It examines bone cells, formation, and healing. The document also details the types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Additionally, it outlines the different types of joints that restrict movement, allow movement, and names some joint abnormalities.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
This document provides an overview of bone tissue and the skeletal system. It discusses the key functions of bone, the major tissues of the skeletal system including bone, cartilage, periosteum and endosteum. It describes the structure of long bones and the histology of compact and spongy bone. Bone formation occurs through two processes, intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Bone growth and remodeling requires balanced activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and is regulated by minerals, vitamins and hormones like PTH, calcitonin, growth hormone and sex hormones. Calcium homeostasis in the body is maintained through hormonal control of calcium levels in the blood and bone.
Bone is a highly vascular, living, mineralized connective tissue that makes up the human skeleton. It has two types of tissue - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer of bones, and spongy or cancellous bone, which makes up the inner layer. Bone is formed through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and is remodeled throughout life by bone cells. The process of bone resorption and formation allows bones to repair microdamage and change shape. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which break it down. Alveolar bone supports the teeth and is composed of the alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone
Fibrous joints are held together by connective tissue with no cavity present, and are either slightly mobile or immobile. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and are freely movable, consisting of hyaline cartilage covering bone ends, a synovial membrane surrounding the joint cavity, and a fibrous capsule made of ligaments. Synovial joints allow for gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket movements. Long bones have a shaft and two expanded ends, short bones are any shape, flat bones resemble shallow plates, and irregular bones have completely irregular shapes.
This document provides an overview of bone structure and function. It begins with an introduction to bone and classifications of bone. It then discusses the composition of bone, including its inorganic and organic components. Various bone cells are described, such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The document reviews bone development processes including endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. Bone remodeling and regulation of bone cells are also summarized.
Fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and are freely movable, characterized by hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends, a synovial membrane surrounding the joint cavity, and a fibrous capsule made of ligaments. There are six types of movement in synovial joints: gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket. The four types of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Long bones have a shaft and two expanded ends, while short bones can be any shape and flat bones are shallow plates that form boundaries.
Bone formation, growth, and remodeling involves several processes. Compact bone has a microscopic structure of lamellae, osteons, and perforating fibers. Long bone formation involves the development of spongy bone on the inside and compact bone on the outside. There are several types of bone fractures including comminuted, compressed, depressed, and impacted fractures. The healing of bone fractures is a four step process involving hematoma formation, splinting by a fibrocartilage callus, replacement with a bony callus, and bone remodeling.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified bone matrix and three main cell types: osteocytes found in bone matrix lacunae and canaliculi, osteoblasts which synthesize bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone provides structure and protection, supports muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables movement through leveraging of muscles. It is continually remodeled through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, forming concentric osteons through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, support, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living organs composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are two main types of bones - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy bone, which forms the inner layer. The skeletal system develops through two main processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
The document discusses the process of ossification where cartilage is changed to bone during human development. It explains that ossification is impacted by three key cells: osteoblasts, which build bone; osteocytes, which are trapped osteoblasts that give bone its star-shaped appearance; and osteoclasts, which break down old or damaged bone. The document also outlines factors like nutrition, vitamins, hormones, and growth that influence bone growth and remodeling throughout life.
Bones are rigid organs that form the endoskeleton and have several important functions, including movement, support, protection and storage of minerals. There are two types of ossification that form bones - intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones directly in fibrous membranes, while endochondral ossification first forms cartilage templates that are later replaced by bone. Long bones develop primarily through endochondral ossification, beginning as cartilage that is later invaded by blood vessels and replaced with spongy bone. Growth plates allow bones to lengthen, and remodeling allows bones to increase in thickness. Calcium homeostasis and bone health rely on adequate vitamin D, which facilitates intestinal
There are two types of bone ossification: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms bones like the skull and clavicles directly in connective tissue. Endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone to form long bones. This process begins with mesenchymal cells forming cartilage, which then undergoes interstitial and appositional growth. Osteoblasts eventually deposit bone matrix around the calcified cartilage, forming trabeculae and replacing the cartilage with bone from the primary ossification center outward.
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
This document provides an overview of bone histology. It defines bone as a mineralized connective tissue composed of bone matrix and three cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It describes the microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone, including osteons, central canals, lamellae, and trabeculae. It explains the functions of osteoblasts in bone formation, osteoclasts in bone resorption, and osteocytes in bone maintenance. Finally, it discusses the periosteum and endosteum, which cover the external and internal bone surfaces and provide nutrition and new osteoblasts.
Cartilage and bone are types of specialized connective tissue that originate from mesoderm. The main difference is that cartilage is avascular while bone is vascularized. Cartilage contains factors that prevent invasion by blood vessels. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes suspended in an extracellular matrix, while bone contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts involved in formation and resorption of bone tissue.
This document provides an overview of bone structure and development. It begins by defining bone as a living connective tissue composed of both organic and inorganic materials. It then covers the gross structure of long bones, including their shaft, periosteum, cortex, and medullary cavity. Next, it discusses the classification of bones by shape, development, region, and structure. Key points include the parts of a developing long bone such as the epiphysis, diaphysis, and epiphyseal plate. It also reviews bone development through intramembranous and endochondral ossification, as well as Wolff's law regarding bone remodeling in response to stress. In closing, it lists functions of bone and growth
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
There are four main types of bones: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones have a shaft and two articulating ends, examples being the femur and humerus. Short bones are cube-shaped like wrist and ankle bones. Flat bones are broad and thin, found in the skull, shoulder blades, ribs, and sternum. Irregular bones come in various shapes and sizes, like the patella. Bones are made up of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix. They provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation to the body. Bone formation occurs through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral oss
The document discusses the skeletal system and connective tissues. It covers the definitions of osteology and arthrology, the study of bones and joints. The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments and other connective tissues. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation. The two types of ossification that form bones are intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
This document discusses bones, cartilages, and joints. It describes the composition, types and functions of bones, including long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It examines bone cells, formation, and healing. The document also details the types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Additionally, it outlines the different types of joints that restrict movement, allow movement, and names some joint abnormalities.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
This document provides an overview of bone tissue and the skeletal system. It discusses the key functions of bone, the major tissues of the skeletal system including bone, cartilage, periosteum and endosteum. It describes the structure of long bones and the histology of compact and spongy bone. Bone formation occurs through two processes, intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Bone growth and remodeling requires balanced activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and is regulated by minerals, vitamins and hormones like PTH, calcitonin, growth hormone and sex hormones. Calcium homeostasis in the body is maintained through hormonal control of calcium levels in the blood and bone.
Bone is a highly vascular, living, mineralized connective tissue that makes up the human skeleton. It has two types of tissue - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer of bones, and spongy or cancellous bone, which makes up the inner layer. Bone is formed through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and is remodeled throughout life by bone cells. The process of bone resorption and formation allows bones to repair microdamage and change shape. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which break it down. Alveolar bone supports the teeth and is composed of the alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone
Fibrous joints are held together by connective tissue with no cavity present, and are either slightly mobile or immobile. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and are freely movable, consisting of hyaline cartilage covering bone ends, a synovial membrane surrounding the joint cavity, and a fibrous capsule made of ligaments. Synovial joints allow for gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket movements. Long bones have a shaft and two expanded ends, short bones are any shape, flat bones resemble shallow plates, and irregular bones have completely irregular shapes.
This document provides an overview of bone structure and function. It begins with an introduction to bone and classifications of bone. It then discusses the composition of bone, including its inorganic and organic components. Various bone cells are described, such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The document reviews bone development processes including endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. Bone remodeling and regulation of bone cells are also summarized.
Fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and are freely movable, characterized by hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends, a synovial membrane surrounding the joint cavity, and a fibrous capsule made of ligaments. There are six types of movement in synovial joints: gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket. The four types of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Long bones have a shaft and two expanded ends, while short bones can be any shape and flat bones are shallow plates that form boundaries.
Bone formation, growth, and remodeling involves several processes. Compact bone has a microscopic structure of lamellae, osteons, and perforating fibers. Long bone formation involves the development of spongy bone on the inside and compact bone on the outside. There are several types of bone fractures including comminuted, compressed, depressed, and impacted fractures. The healing of bone fractures is a four step process involving hematoma formation, splinting by a fibrocartilage callus, replacement with a bony callus, and bone remodeling.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified bone matrix and three main cell types: osteocytes found in bone matrix lacunae and canaliculi, osteoblasts which synthesize bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone provides structure and protection, supports muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables movement through leveraging of muscles. It is continually remodeled through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, forming concentric osteons through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, support, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living organs composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are two main types of bones - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy bone, which forms the inner layer. The skeletal system develops through two main processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
The document discusses the process of ossification where cartilage is changed to bone during human development. It explains that ossification is impacted by three key cells: osteoblasts, which build bone; osteocytes, which are trapped osteoblasts that give bone its star-shaped appearance; and osteoclasts, which break down old or damaged bone. The document also outlines factors like nutrition, vitamins, hormones, and growth that influence bone growth and remodeling throughout life.
Bones are rigid organs that form the endoskeleton and have several important functions, including movement, support, protection and storage of minerals. There are two types of ossification that form bones - intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones directly in fibrous membranes, while endochondral ossification first forms cartilage templates that are later replaced by bone. Long bones develop primarily through endochondral ossification, beginning as cartilage that is later invaded by blood vessels and replaced with spongy bone. Growth plates allow bones to lengthen, and remodeling allows bones to increase in thickness. Calcium homeostasis and bone health rely on adequate vitamin D, which facilitates intestinal
There are two types of bone ossification: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms bones like the skull and clavicles directly in connective tissue. Endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone to form long bones. This process begins with mesenchymal cells forming cartilage, which then undergoes interstitial and appositional growth. Osteoblasts eventually deposit bone matrix around the calcified cartilage, forming trabeculae and replacing the cartilage with bone from the primary ossification center outward.
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
This document provides an overview of bone histology. It defines bone as a mineralized connective tissue composed of bone matrix and three cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It describes the microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone, including osteons, central canals, lamellae, and trabeculae. It explains the functions of osteoblasts in bone formation, osteoclasts in bone resorption, and osteocytes in bone maintenance. Finally, it discusses the periosteum and endosteum, which cover the external and internal bone surfaces and provide nutrition and new osteoblasts.
Cartilage and bone are types of specialized connective tissue that originate from mesoderm. The main difference is that cartilage is avascular while bone is vascularized. Cartilage contains factors that prevent invasion by blood vessels. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes suspended in an extracellular matrix, while bone contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts involved in formation and resorption of bone tissue.
This document provides an overview of bone structure and development. It begins by defining bone as a living connective tissue composed of both organic and inorganic materials. It then covers the gross structure of long bones, including their shaft, periosteum, cortex, and medullary cavity. Next, it discusses the classification of bones by shape, development, region, and structure. Key points include the parts of a developing long bone such as the epiphysis, diaphysis, and epiphyseal plate. It also reviews bone development through intramembranous and endochondral ossification, as well as Wolff's law regarding bone remodeling in response to stress. In closing, it lists functions of bone and growth
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. There are several bone types classified by shape. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while short, flat, and irregular bones vary in shape. Bone tissue contains cells, water, collagen fibers, and minerals. Growth and remodeling is regulated by hormones and nutrients. Bones develop from cartilage templates in a multi-step process beginning before birth and continuing into early adulthood.
The skeletal system has several important functions:
1. It provides structure and support for the body, protects internal organs, and allows for movement through muscle attachment points.
2. Bones store minerals like calcium and aid in mineral homeostasis. Certain bones also produce blood cells.
3. The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Bones are living tissues with osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. They have an extracellular matrix containing collagen and minerals like hydroxyapatite.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living tissues composed of cells, collagen fibers, and minerals. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different structures adapted to their functions. Bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by bone cells.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living tissues composed of cells, collagen fibers, and minerals. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different structures adapted to their functions. Bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by bone cells.
Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone which is found at the ends of long bones and has a spongy, mesh-like structure. Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone to form most other bones including long bones.
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
The skeletal system consists of bones and cartilage that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and participate in other important bodily functions. The document defines and describes the skeletal system and its components. It discusses the types of bones, bone structure, markings and features, cells, histology, compact vs spongy bone, and divisions of the skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. Specific details are provided on various bones such as the cranial bones, vertebral column, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
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Bone is a complex living tissue that provides structure, protection, and support. There are several types of bone tissue - cortical bone is dense and hard, forming the outer shell, while cancellous bone is spongy and light. Bones also contain bone marrow, which produces blood cells. Bones are made of an organic collagen matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals. They contain various bone cells that maintain the balance between bone formation and resorption. Bones come in different shapes suited to their functions, including long bones in the arms and legs, flat bones in the skull, and irregularly shaped bones.
This document discusses the anatomy and structure of alveolar bone. It begins by classifying bone and describing its composition and functions. It then focuses on the specific properties of alveolar bone, including that it develops from the dental follicle and supports tooth roots. The key cellular and structural elements of alveolar bone are described, such as bone cells, bone matrix, Sharpey's fibers, and blood supply. In summary, the document provides an overview of the development, functions, cellular components, and vascular features of the specialized alveolar bone that surrounds and supports teeth.
1. The skeletal system consists of bone and cartilage and performs several important physiological functions. It includes the bones of the axial skeleton such as the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and the bones of the appendicular skeleton like the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
2. Bones are made of both living and non-living materials. The living parts include bone cells while the non-living parts include the bone matrix made of collagen and hydroxyapatite. Bones can be classified based on their microscopic structure and location in the body.
3. The skeletal system allows for movement through joints which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. The main types of synovial
Cartilage and bone are connective tissues that provide structure and support. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibro, and elastic - each with different compositions and locations in the body. Bones contain bone tissue as well as other tissues. Bones function to provide structure, protect organs, allow movement via muscle attachment, produce blood cells, and store minerals and energy. There are four classes of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different shapes and locations. Bones grow and remodel through both interstitial and appositional growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document provides an overview of bone physiology. It begins with definitions of bone and discusses its various functions. It then covers the classification, structure, development and types of bone cells. Key points include that bone is composed of inorganic minerals deposited in an organic collagen matrix. It undergoes two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Bone growth involves the coordinated activities of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. The document provides detailed descriptions of bone anatomy and histology.
This document analyzes blood typing results from four patients: Mrs. Smith, Mr. Jones, Mr. Green, and Ms. Brown. Table 1 shows their results when tested with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum. Ms. Brown's results showed no agglutination with any of the serums, indicating her blood type is O- and she can only receive O- blood in a transfusion. The document also discusses determining blood types, defining erythroblastosis fetalis as severe anemia in newborn babies caused when a mother's antibodies attack her Rh+ baby's red blood cells, and the importance of taking multiple blood samples to get accurate results for diagnosis and treatment.
Skeletal muscles provide movement, heat, and posture through contraction and relaxation. During contraction, bones are tugged causing movement, and heat is produced from ATP breakdown. Receiving acetylcholine triggers muscle fiber contraction maintaining posture.
The characteristics of excitability are shared between muscles and the nervous system. Muscle contractility allows shortening through actin and myosin filament sliding, while extensibility allows elongation and returning to the primary state.
Skeletal muscles provide movement, heat, and posture through contraction and relaxation. During contraction, bones are tugged causing movement, and heat is produced from ATP breakdown. Receiving acetylcholine triggers muscle fiber contraction maintaining posture.
The characteristics of excitability are shared between muscles and the nervous system. Muscle contractility allows shortening through actin and myosin filament sliding, while extensibility allows elongation and returning to the primary state.
The endocrine and nervous systems work together via the neuroendocrine system to achieve homeostasis through communication, integration, and control. The endocrine system secretes hormones via the bloodstream to target cells in organs and tissues to regulate functions more slowly and for longer durations than the nervous system. Major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, placenta, thymus, and tissues in the stomach and intestines that regulate processes like growth, metabolism, fluid balance, and reproduction.
This document provides information on sensory receptors and the structures involved in the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, and balance. It discusses the types of sensory receptors, their locations and functions. It also describes the neural pathways and mechanisms for each special sense. Key structures are defined for smell (olfactory epithelium, receptors), taste (taste buds, papillae), hearing (external, middle, inner ear structures) and balance (utricle, saccule, semicircular canals).
This document provides information on sensory receptors and the structures involved in the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, and balance. It discusses the main types of sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors. It then describes the structures of sensory organs like muscle spindles, Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel disks, and Golgi tendon organs. The following sections focus on the special senses, outlining the neural pathways and mechanisms of smell, taste, hearing, and the roles of the inner ear in balance.
The 3 meninges (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater) protect the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acts as a cushion and circulates within the subarachnoid space, protecting the central nervous system from damage. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lower lumbar vertebrae and contains nerve roots that carry sensory and motor information into the spinal canal.
This document summarizes different types of tissues in the body. It describes epithelial tissue, which forms protective layers and lines body surfaces. It also discusses four main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, cardiac and nervous. Additionally, it outlines various connective tissues like cartilage, bone, blood and adipose tissue. The document provides details on each tissue's structure and function.
This document discusses various topics in human anatomy and physiology, including:
1) It defines anatomy and physiology and discusses different body structures and functions.
2) It mentions different levels of structural organization in the human body from atoms to complete organisms.
3) It discusses concepts like homeostasis, feedback loops, and planes used to divide the body.
4) It covers various anatomical terminology and directions used to describe the body.
This one sentence document provides a link to view an artifact document stored in Google Docs. The document is titled "Artifact (where is it).docx" and contains a search box to locate information within the file. No other details are provided about the artifact or its contents.
3. Types of Within the Cartilage
Bones Bone & Joints
Functions BONUS
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4. Long bones which are easily identified because of their
extended longitudinal axes; an example is the femur of
the thigh and Humerus of the arm
Short bones are often described as cube- or box- shaped
structures, which are as broad as they are long; an
example is the carpals (wrist) and ankle bones (tarsal)
Flat bones are generally broad and thin with a flattened
and often curved surface; an example is the scapula and
the sternum
Irregular bones are often clustered in groups and come in
various size and shapes; an example is the patella (1)
8. Inorganic Salts: the calcified nature and thus
the hardness of bone results from the deposition
of highly specialized chemical crystals of
calcium and phosphate, called hydroxyapatite.
Organic Matrix: is part of the bone and other
connective tissues is a composite of collagenous
fibers and an amorphous mixture of protein and
polysaccharides called ground substances. The
ground substance of bone provides support and
adhesion between cellular and fibrous elements and
also serves an active role in many cellular
metabolic functions necessary for growth, repair,
and remodeling (1)
10. A bone fracture invariably tears and destroys blood vessels
that carry nutrients to osteocytes. It’s this vascular
damage that initiates the repair sequence. Eventually, dead
bone is either removed by osteoclastic resorption or serves
as a scaffolding or framework for the deposition of a
specialized repair tissue called callus.(1)
11. What is the first
step of Bone
fracture repair?
12. Vascular damage occurring immediately after a fracture
results in hemorrhage and the pooling of blood at the point
of injury. The resulting blood clot is called a fracture
hemotoma. As the hematoma is resorbed, the formation of
specialized callus tissues occurs. It serves to bind the
broken ends of the fracture on both the outside surface
and along the marrow cavity internally. The rapidly
growing callus tissue effectively “collars” the broken ends
and stabilizes the fracture so that healing can proceed. If
the fracture is properly aligned and immobilized and if
complications do not develop, callus tissue will be actively
“modeled” and eventually replaced with normal bone as
the injury heals completely. (1)
13. What is the second
step to bone
fracture repair?
14. A new synthetic skeletal repair material called vitos is now
available to facilitate fracture repair. It consists of a
calcium sponge like matrix material riddled with
microscopic holes. Vitos assists callus tissue in stabilizing
the fracture site and in movement of bone repair cells and
nutrients into the injured area. This new synthetic material
is useful not only in treatment of fractures, but also in
reducing the need for expensive and often surgically
difficult bone grafts. Unlike metal stabilizers, vitos
“patches” degrade naturally in the body after repair and
do not require surgical removal. (1)
15. What is the last
step to bone
fracture repair?
16. Endochondral ossification, is one of the two essential
processes during fetal development of the mammalian
skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike
intramembranous ossification, which is the other process
by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present
during endochondral ossification. It is also an essential
process during the rudimentary formation of long bones,
the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural
healing of bone fractures. (22)
18. Osteoblasts: are small cells that synthesize and secrete
specialized organic matrix, called osteoid, which is an
important part of the ground substance of the bone.
Osteoclasts: are giant multinucleate cells that are
responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals.
They are formed by fusion of several precursor cells
and contain large numbers of mitochondria and
lysosomes
Osteocytes: are mature, non-dividing osteoblasts that have
become surrounded by matrix and now lie within the
lacunae. (1)
20. In intramembranous ossification, groups of cells in the
membrane differentiate into osteoblasts. They secrete matrix
material and collagenous fibers. The Golgi apparatus of these
osteoblasts secrete a compound called mucopolysaccharide, and
the endoplasmic reticulum secretes collagen. Large amounts of
ground substance accumulate around each osteoblast, and
numerous collagen fibers become embedded in the ground
substance. This constitutes the organic matrix. As the matrix
calcifies, the trabeculae join in a network to form spongy bone.
Eventually, the spongy bone will be covered by plates of compact
bone. (1)
21. What is the
development of
intramembranous
ossification?
22. Lamellae: Concentric, cylinder- shaped layers of
calcified matrix
Lacunae: small spaces containing tissue fluid in which
bone cells lie imprisoned between the hard layers of the
lamellae
Canaliculi: ultra-small canals radiating in all directions
from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and
into a larger canal, the Haversian canal
Haversian Canal: extends lengthwise through the center of
each Haversian system; contains blood vessels, and nerves
from the Haversian canal; nutrients and oxygen move
through the Canaliculi to the lacunae and their bone cells- a
short distance about 0.1 mm or less (1)
24. Bone-Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of
osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts enlarge the
diameter of the medullary cavity. Osteoblasts from the
periosteum build new bone around the outside of the bone.
(208)
26. Hyaline- Is the most common cartilage and has a glassy
appearance, it covers the articular surfaces of bones. Forms
the costal cartilages, cartilage rings in the trachea, bronchi
of the lungs and the tip of the nose. It forms from
specialized cells in centers of chondrification, which secrete
matrix material.(208)
Elastic- forms the external ear, Epiglottis and Eustachian
tubes. Large number of elastic fibers confers elasticity and
resiliency.(208)
Fibro- Occurs in symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks,
small quantities of matrix and abundant fibrous elements,
Fibrocartilage are strong and rigid. (208-209)
28. Cartilage- There is 2 different types of growth with
cartilage Interstitial or endogenous growth and
Appositional or exogenous growth. Interstitial growth is
when the cartilage cells divide and secrete additional
matrix, it is seen during childhood and early adolescence
while cartilage is still soft and capable of expansion within.
Appositional growth is when the chondrocytes in the deep
layer of the perichondrium divide and secrete matrix. New
matrix is deposited on the surface, increasing its size. It is
unusual in early childhood, but once initiated, continues
throughout life. (209)
30. Structural- joints are named according to the type of
connective tissue that joins bones together (fibrous or
cartilaginous joints) and the presence of a fluid-filled joint
capsule (synovoial joint) (275)
Functional classification- joints are named according to
degree of movement allowed. Synarthroses- immovable
joint. Amphiarthroses-slightly moveable. Diarthroses- freely
moveable (275)
Synovial joints- are freely movable joints
32. Cartilage: Collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery
ground-substance called Chondrin, which is a protein-
carbohydrate complex. The chondron is secreted by
chondrocytes.
Bone: mineralized connective tissue. Cells called osteocytes
deposit a matrix of collagen and calcium-phosphate which
harden to form crystals of a substance called
hydroxyapatite. Mammalian bone is constructed from
repeated units called Haversian Units.The process of making
new bone is called ossification. (23)
34. Support- bones serve as the supporting framework of the body,
much as steel girders are the supporting framework of our modern
buildings. They contribute to the shape, alignment, and positioning
of the body parts.(1)
36. Protection- hard, bony “boxes” serve to protect the
delicate structures as they enclose. For example, the skull
protects the brain, and the rib cage protects the lungs and
the heart.(1)
38. Movement- bones with their joints constitute levers.
Muscles are anchored firmly to bones. As muscles
contract and shorten, they pull on bones, thereby
producing movement at a joint.(1)
40. Mineral storage- bones serve as the major reservoir for
calcium, phosphorus, and certain other minerals.
Homeostasis of blood calcium concentration- essential for
healthy survival- depends largely on changes in the rate of
calcium movement between the blood and bones. If, for
example, blood calcium concentration increases above
normal, calcium moves more rapidly out of the blood into
bones and more slowlu in the opposite direction. The result?
Blood calcium concentration decreases- usually to its
homeostatic level(1)
42. Hematopoiesis- or blood cell formation is a vital process
carried on but red bone marrow or myeloid tissue. Myeloid
tissue in the adult is located primarily in the ends, or
epiphyses, of certain long bones, in the flat bones of the
skull, in the pelvis, and in the sternum and ribs.(1)
44. Hinge- elbow joint, spool-shaped process fits into concave
sockets, Flexion and Extension only
Pivot- Joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae, arch-
shaped process firsts around peglike process, Rotation
46. Saddle- Thumb joint between first metacarpal and carpal
bones, Saddle-shaped bone fits into socket that is concave-
covex-cocave, Flexion
Condyloid- Joint between the radius and carpal bones, oval
condyle fits into elliptical socket, Flexion
48. Ball and socket- Shoulder joint and hip, Ball-shaped
process fits into concave socket, widest range of
movements
Gliding- joints between articular facts or adjacent
vertebrae; joints between carpal and tarsal bones,
relatively flat articulating surfaces.
50. Mineral Storage: Normally this bone function is
responsible for maintaining the homeostatic level of blood
calcium. If there is too much calcium in the blood, calcium
is stored in the bone. If there is too little calcium in the
blood calcium is removed from the blood.
Hematopoiesis: This bone function is responsible for the
formation of blood cells. This function is carried out by
the myeloid tissue or bone marrow. (1)
51. Which two bone
functions are
interrupted by
osteoporosis?
52. Epiphyseal plates are areas of developing cartilage tissue
near the ends of long bones. The plates regulate and helps
determine the length and shape of a mature bone. Since
children’s bones are still growing, when the plate is
broken it is very likely that their limbs will be crooked or
of unequal length.
53. Why is a bone
fracture along the
epiphyseal plate
harmful to children
and young adults?
55. With aging comes bone loss, because the body produces
cells which absorb bones. They become thinner and more
porous. Two inches of height are lost for the reason that
compression of vertebrae, changes in posture, and
increased curvature of the hips and knees take place.
Osteoporosis is one which has the leading role to much of
these bone degenerations.
56. What are the
changes of the
skeletal system for
older adults and
how does it affect
them?