ARM has unveiled a new microprocessor architecture called ARMv8-R that is designed specifically for real-time embedded applications in automotive electronics and industrial control systems. One key feature is hardware-assisted virtualization which allows different operating systems, applications, and real-time tasks to run isolated on a single processor. This is in high demand from automotive and industrial customers to help combine safety-critical applications more efficiently. The ARMv8-R architecture also aims to support running rich operating systems alongside real-time operating systems on the same processor using virtualization.
Arm's new architecture for automotive and industrial control markets Swaroop Reddy Bugulu
ARM has revealed its latest ARMv8-R architecture designed for low-power computing in automotive and industrial applications. The new architecture features high memory protection capabilities and supports real-time operating systems and general purpose operating systems on the same processor. It allows for software consolidation across different operating systems and applications to accelerate development time and reduce costs. The ARMv8-R architecture is expected to enable more advanced driver assistance systems and efficient hybrid electric vehicle power train control systems.
5 Things to Know about Virtualization on Compact PCI SerialMEN Micro
The document discusses virtualization on CompactPCI Serial platforms. It notes that the modular architecture of CompactPCI Serial is well-suited for flexible virtualization solutions. The Intel Xeon D-based G25A single board computer is highlighted as a powerful server component for virtualization. Key benefits of virtualization include consolidating applications, separating workloads, and reducing costs through improved hardware utilization and simplifying maintenance. CompactPCI Serial is described as an open, scalable standard suitable for applications across industries requiring reliable operation in harsh environments.
The document discusses MEN's rugged industrial Ethernet switch family. It is designed for mission critical applications in harsh environments like transportation, industrial automation, and energy. The switches are optimized to meet different network requirements through scalable, modular designs. They help save costs by having a long lifespan, lower maintenance needs, and avoiding vendor lock-in through open standards compliance.
menTCS is an open computer platform based upon modern IT standards that covers all safety-critical applications on a train and wayside. It is SIL 4 certifiable and comes with pre-certified hardware in combination with pre-certified software and corresponding certificates from TÜV SÜD, drastically reducing the time of the certification process.
menRDC is an open computer platform based on modern IT standards that covers all data processing and communication on a train and in train-land communication, and meets all the requirements of EN 50155. In the spirit of “Mobility 4.0”, the menRDC is a “connected device” that interacts with the participants in the IoT (Internet of Things).
Unique Liaison between Modularity and Safety. The MTCS is an open and modular railway computer platform based on standard hardware and software and freely programmable ...
PSIM pushes the possibilities of power electronics. Discover how engineers in more than 70 countries have used PSIM to design and simulate power electronics.
Arm's new architecture for automotive and industrial control markets Swaroop Reddy Bugulu
ARM has revealed its latest ARMv8-R architecture designed for low-power computing in automotive and industrial applications. The new architecture features high memory protection capabilities and supports real-time operating systems and general purpose operating systems on the same processor. It allows for software consolidation across different operating systems and applications to accelerate development time and reduce costs. The ARMv8-R architecture is expected to enable more advanced driver assistance systems and efficient hybrid electric vehicle power train control systems.
5 Things to Know about Virtualization on Compact PCI SerialMEN Micro
The document discusses virtualization on CompactPCI Serial platforms. It notes that the modular architecture of CompactPCI Serial is well-suited for flexible virtualization solutions. The Intel Xeon D-based G25A single board computer is highlighted as a powerful server component for virtualization. Key benefits of virtualization include consolidating applications, separating workloads, and reducing costs through improved hardware utilization and simplifying maintenance. CompactPCI Serial is described as an open, scalable standard suitable for applications across industries requiring reliable operation in harsh environments.
The document discusses MEN's rugged industrial Ethernet switch family. It is designed for mission critical applications in harsh environments like transportation, industrial automation, and energy. The switches are optimized to meet different network requirements through scalable, modular designs. They help save costs by having a long lifespan, lower maintenance needs, and avoiding vendor lock-in through open standards compliance.
menTCS is an open computer platform based upon modern IT standards that covers all safety-critical applications on a train and wayside. It is SIL 4 certifiable and comes with pre-certified hardware in combination with pre-certified software and corresponding certificates from TÜV SÜD, drastically reducing the time of the certification process.
menRDC is an open computer platform based on modern IT standards that covers all data processing and communication on a train and in train-land communication, and meets all the requirements of EN 50155. In the spirit of “Mobility 4.0”, the menRDC is a “connected device” that interacts with the participants in the IoT (Internet of Things).
Unique Liaison between Modularity and Safety. The MTCS is an open and modular railway computer platform based on standard hardware and software and freely programmable ...
PSIM pushes the possibilities of power electronics. Discover how engineers in more than 70 countries have used PSIM to design and simulate power electronics.
This document provides an overview of a training program on Foundation Fieldbus Engineering for Process Automation held on January 18-19, 2013 in Bangalore, India. It discusses the basics of modern industrial automation, the journey to Foundation Fieldbus technology, benefits of Fieldbus, project phases, and qualifications for an effective Fieldbus engineering team. The trainer, Sachin Rasane, has over 25 years of experience in instrumentation and automation projects in oil and gas.
This document provides an overview of the progress of international standardization of Fieldbus technology. It describes how Fieldbus was recognized as a standardization work item in 1984 and how various organizations like the Fieldbus Foundation have worked to develop unified Fieldbus standards since the 1990s. The document outlines the key low-speed and high-speed Fieldbus standard specifications established by organizations like IEC and ISA.
Fieldbus is a digital communication network that replaces the existing 4-20 mA analog standard. It uses a bi-directional, multi-drop, serial-bus network to connect field devices like sensors, actuators, and controllers. Foundation fieldbus is an open architecture that uses digital communication over two wire pairs to connect intelligent field devices and distribute control applications across the network. It provides benefits like reduced wiring, self-diagnostics, improved control capability, and integration with information systems. While fieldbus offers advantages in cost savings and performance, it also has some disadvantages like increased complexity, higher component costs, and risks around standards.
Ingeteam provides railway control and monitoring systems, including the Ingesys IC2, IC3, and associated software and tools. The systems feature modular architectures, redundancy, IEC standards compliance, and over 30 years of availability. Ingeteam has over 25 years of automation experience and 5000 applications worldwide in industries like rail, wind, and hydro.
Reliable Silicon and Software IP with the right features is key for the timely design of today's complex automotive electronics. What used to be science fiction is now science fact: cars connect to the internet, drive on their own, alert the driver to and help avoid hazards, and offer rich infotainment systems with smartphone integration. Here we will discuss how the right Silicon IP helps automotive engineers achieve demanding design goals faster and with less risk. Examples come from CAST's Automotive IP product line, which covers today's co-existing interconnect technologies—ranging from LIN and SENT to CAN-FD and Automotive Ethernet—and also provides solutions for the low-latency, high- quality processing, compression, and display of automotive image and video content. Learn more at http://www.cast-inc.com.
Automotive Challenges Addressed by Standard and Non-Standard Based IPCAST, Inc.
IP cores from CAST for automotive bus controllers and video applications: CAN FD, LIN, SENT, Ethernet, HDR/WDR, and more. Visit http://www.cast-inc.com for more info.
This document provides an overview of automotive software. It discusses key terms like OEM, Tier 1, and ECU. It describes the production chain and gives examples of common ECUs. Emerging areas like autonomous driving, electric vehicles, and connectivity are covered. The document also discusses communication protocols, programming languages, technical positions, AUTOSAR standards, development processes like V-Model and Scrum, and recommends training resources.
The document discusses Adaptive AUTOSAR and its impact on diagnostics. Adaptive AUTOSAR uses a service-oriented architecture and allows applications to be loaded dynamically. It supports multiple scheduling strategies and each application has its own address space. For diagnostics, each software cluster will have its own diagnostic server instance and address. Communication between diagnostic clients and servers will use DOIP. Future releases will support external testers connecting via DOIP to diagnostic servers in different software clusters.
Practical Use & Understanding of Foundation FieldBus for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
Foundation Fieldbus (FF) is one of the leading fieldbuses in Process Automation. Its sophisticated architecture is tailor-made for today's automation systems. Its unique set of features allows for the implementation of true distributed control. The Foundation Fieldbus includes an H1 protocol based on IEC 61158-2 physical layer specification as well as an HSE standard for communication over Ethernet/IP. These features and the possibility for distributed control make the Foundation Fieldbus unique for process control application.
The main aim of this workshop is to give you a clear understanding of Foundation Fieldbus and to enable you to specify and design systems using this technology. There has been a surge of interest in Foundation Fieldbus due to the tremendous benefits it provides. This workshop aims to break down the terminology and jargon barriers and to explain Foundation Fieldbus in a simple and understandable way; thus enabling you to apply the technology effectively.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-use-and-understanding-foundation-fieldbus-engineers-and-technicians-24
The document describes a Train Management System (TMS) implemented on the Mumbai Suburban rail network. Key points:
1) TMS was implemented to automate train control and provide passenger information as the manual system was slow, stressful and didn't allow holistic management.
2) TMS collects train movement data from stations via modems and feeds it to a centralized server which controls train movement and triggers passenger displays.
3) This increased punctuality, efficiency, and passenger satisfaction by allowing more trains and enhanced information.
Presentation by Hansang Lee
Automotive Software Engineering
Technical University of Chemnitz
13th May 2019
This presentation is mainly about,
- Basic Knowledge of AUTOSAR
- Task Scheduling Concepts on AUTOSAR with Multicore Supporing
The document summarizes the evolution of avionics architectures from independent analog systems to integrated modular digital systems. It describes four generations: (1) Independent analog systems from the 1940s-50s with no communication between systems; (2) Federated digital architectures from the 1960s-70s with loosely coupled systems connected via data buses; (3) Integrated modular architectures from the 1980s-90s with increased digitalization and function sharing; and (4) Advanced integrated architectures post-2000 with common modules, processors and an open systems approach. The modern trend is toward greater integration, modularity, networking and software-defined functionality.
The document discusses options for multi-core platforms for human machine interfaces (HMIs) in industrial applications. It evaluates Texas Instruments' Sitara AM57x system on chip (SoC), Freescale/NXP's MAC57D5xx multi-core ARM-based microcontroller, and Intel's Atom E3800 SoC. The Sitara AM57x provides various CPU core options along with graphics and communications interfaces. The MAC57D5xx includes ARM Cortex cores, a graphics accelerator, and I/O processor. The Atom E3800 is based on Intel's x86 architecture and offers integrated graphics and I/O. A comparative analysis of these options is presented to determine the most suitable multi-
Adaptive AUTOSAR - The New AUTOSAR ArchitectureAdaCore
Adaptive AUTOSAR is a new architecture from AUTOSAR that is designed to support more flexible, dynamic, and connected vehicle functions beyond what classic AUTOSAR currently supports. It features a dynamic operating system, strong application isolation, soft real-time capabilities, and higher resource availability compared to classic AUTOSAR. Both classic and adaptive AUTOSAR support functional safety through product measures like software partitioning, protection mechanisms, and diagnostics as well as process measures in development like requirements specification and testing.
5 Things to Know about the Train Control System menTCSMEN Micro
menTCS is an open computer platform based upon modern IT standards that covers all safety-critical applications on a train and wayside. It is SIL 4 certifiable and comes with pre-certified hardware in combination with pre-certified software and corresponding certificates from TÜV SÜD, drastically reducing the time of the certification process.
7SJ62 Multifunction Over Current Protection Relayashwini reliserv
The SIPROTEC 4 7SJ62 relays can be used for line protection of high and medium voltage networks with earthed (grounded), low-resistance earthed, isolated or compensated neutral point. With regard to motor protection, the SIPROTEC 4 7SJ62 is suitable for asynchronous machines of all sizes. The relay performs all functions of backup protection supplementary to transformer differential protection. 7SJ62 is featuring the "flexible protection functions". Up to 20 protection functions can be added according to individual requirements. Thus, for example, a rate-of-frequency-change protection or reverse power protection can be implemented.
This document provides an overview of the history and technical aspects of fieldbus technology in industrial automation. It discusses the origins and early developments of fieldbus standards in the 1980s and 1990s. It then describes some of the key technical considerations for fieldbus including application relationships using client-server and publisher-subscriber models, medium access control, and network architectures. The document traces the development of important standards like IEC 61158 and IEC 61784 and the roles of different fieldbus technologies and standards organizations.
The document discusses several digital avionics data bus systems used for exchanging data between aircraft subsystems. It describes the Ethernet, MIL-STD-1553, and ARINC 429/629 bus protocols. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access and supports data rates up to 1 Gbps. MIL-STD-1553 is a time division multiplex bus that operates at 1 Mbps. ARINC 429 is a low-speed unidirectional bus, while ARINC 629 is a higher speed bidirectional bus that uses carrier sense multiple access.
The document describes DC drive solutions from Control Techniques, including their Mentor MP and Quantum MP DC drives. The Mentor MP and Quantum MP are advanced digital DC drives that provide reliable motor control and flexible system interfacing capabilities. They integrate control functionality from Emerson's Unidrive SP AC drive and include options for expanded I/O, communications, feedback and automation capabilities through add-in modules. The drives can interface with modern industrial networks and are suitable for new DC motor applications as well as upgrades to existing DC motor systems.
The document provides details on the architecture and configuration of EMC Symmetrix storage arrays. It describes the key components of Symmetrix arrays including engines, directors, caches and virtual matrix interconnect. It also covers topics like device mapping, masking and configuration management tools.
This document provides an overview of a training program on Foundation Fieldbus Engineering for Process Automation held on January 18-19, 2013 in Bangalore, India. It discusses the basics of modern industrial automation, the journey to Foundation Fieldbus technology, benefits of Fieldbus, project phases, and qualifications for an effective Fieldbus engineering team. The trainer, Sachin Rasane, has over 25 years of experience in instrumentation and automation projects in oil and gas.
This document provides an overview of the progress of international standardization of Fieldbus technology. It describes how Fieldbus was recognized as a standardization work item in 1984 and how various organizations like the Fieldbus Foundation have worked to develop unified Fieldbus standards since the 1990s. The document outlines the key low-speed and high-speed Fieldbus standard specifications established by organizations like IEC and ISA.
Fieldbus is a digital communication network that replaces the existing 4-20 mA analog standard. It uses a bi-directional, multi-drop, serial-bus network to connect field devices like sensors, actuators, and controllers. Foundation fieldbus is an open architecture that uses digital communication over two wire pairs to connect intelligent field devices and distribute control applications across the network. It provides benefits like reduced wiring, self-diagnostics, improved control capability, and integration with information systems. While fieldbus offers advantages in cost savings and performance, it also has some disadvantages like increased complexity, higher component costs, and risks around standards.
Ingeteam provides railway control and monitoring systems, including the Ingesys IC2, IC3, and associated software and tools. The systems feature modular architectures, redundancy, IEC standards compliance, and over 30 years of availability. Ingeteam has over 25 years of automation experience and 5000 applications worldwide in industries like rail, wind, and hydro.
Reliable Silicon and Software IP with the right features is key for the timely design of today's complex automotive electronics. What used to be science fiction is now science fact: cars connect to the internet, drive on their own, alert the driver to and help avoid hazards, and offer rich infotainment systems with smartphone integration. Here we will discuss how the right Silicon IP helps automotive engineers achieve demanding design goals faster and with less risk. Examples come from CAST's Automotive IP product line, which covers today's co-existing interconnect technologies—ranging from LIN and SENT to CAN-FD and Automotive Ethernet—and also provides solutions for the low-latency, high- quality processing, compression, and display of automotive image and video content. Learn more at http://www.cast-inc.com.
Automotive Challenges Addressed by Standard and Non-Standard Based IPCAST, Inc.
IP cores from CAST for automotive bus controllers and video applications: CAN FD, LIN, SENT, Ethernet, HDR/WDR, and more. Visit http://www.cast-inc.com for more info.
This document provides an overview of automotive software. It discusses key terms like OEM, Tier 1, and ECU. It describes the production chain and gives examples of common ECUs. Emerging areas like autonomous driving, electric vehicles, and connectivity are covered. The document also discusses communication protocols, programming languages, technical positions, AUTOSAR standards, development processes like V-Model and Scrum, and recommends training resources.
The document discusses Adaptive AUTOSAR and its impact on diagnostics. Adaptive AUTOSAR uses a service-oriented architecture and allows applications to be loaded dynamically. It supports multiple scheduling strategies and each application has its own address space. For diagnostics, each software cluster will have its own diagnostic server instance and address. Communication between diagnostic clients and servers will use DOIP. Future releases will support external testers connecting via DOIP to diagnostic servers in different software clusters.
Practical Use & Understanding of Foundation FieldBus for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
Foundation Fieldbus (FF) is one of the leading fieldbuses in Process Automation. Its sophisticated architecture is tailor-made for today's automation systems. Its unique set of features allows for the implementation of true distributed control. The Foundation Fieldbus includes an H1 protocol based on IEC 61158-2 physical layer specification as well as an HSE standard for communication over Ethernet/IP. These features and the possibility for distributed control make the Foundation Fieldbus unique for process control application.
The main aim of this workshop is to give you a clear understanding of Foundation Fieldbus and to enable you to specify and design systems using this technology. There has been a surge of interest in Foundation Fieldbus due to the tremendous benefits it provides. This workshop aims to break down the terminology and jargon barriers and to explain Foundation Fieldbus in a simple and understandable way; thus enabling you to apply the technology effectively.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-use-and-understanding-foundation-fieldbus-engineers-and-technicians-24
The document describes a Train Management System (TMS) implemented on the Mumbai Suburban rail network. Key points:
1) TMS was implemented to automate train control and provide passenger information as the manual system was slow, stressful and didn't allow holistic management.
2) TMS collects train movement data from stations via modems and feeds it to a centralized server which controls train movement and triggers passenger displays.
3) This increased punctuality, efficiency, and passenger satisfaction by allowing more trains and enhanced information.
Presentation by Hansang Lee
Automotive Software Engineering
Technical University of Chemnitz
13th May 2019
This presentation is mainly about,
- Basic Knowledge of AUTOSAR
- Task Scheduling Concepts on AUTOSAR with Multicore Supporing
The document summarizes the evolution of avionics architectures from independent analog systems to integrated modular digital systems. It describes four generations: (1) Independent analog systems from the 1940s-50s with no communication between systems; (2) Federated digital architectures from the 1960s-70s with loosely coupled systems connected via data buses; (3) Integrated modular architectures from the 1980s-90s with increased digitalization and function sharing; and (4) Advanced integrated architectures post-2000 with common modules, processors and an open systems approach. The modern trend is toward greater integration, modularity, networking and software-defined functionality.
The document discusses options for multi-core platforms for human machine interfaces (HMIs) in industrial applications. It evaluates Texas Instruments' Sitara AM57x system on chip (SoC), Freescale/NXP's MAC57D5xx multi-core ARM-based microcontroller, and Intel's Atom E3800 SoC. The Sitara AM57x provides various CPU core options along with graphics and communications interfaces. The MAC57D5xx includes ARM Cortex cores, a graphics accelerator, and I/O processor. The Atom E3800 is based on Intel's x86 architecture and offers integrated graphics and I/O. A comparative analysis of these options is presented to determine the most suitable multi-
Adaptive AUTOSAR - The New AUTOSAR ArchitectureAdaCore
Adaptive AUTOSAR is a new architecture from AUTOSAR that is designed to support more flexible, dynamic, and connected vehicle functions beyond what classic AUTOSAR currently supports. It features a dynamic operating system, strong application isolation, soft real-time capabilities, and higher resource availability compared to classic AUTOSAR. Both classic and adaptive AUTOSAR support functional safety through product measures like software partitioning, protection mechanisms, and diagnostics as well as process measures in development like requirements specification and testing.
5 Things to Know about the Train Control System menTCSMEN Micro
menTCS is an open computer platform based upon modern IT standards that covers all safety-critical applications on a train and wayside. It is SIL 4 certifiable and comes with pre-certified hardware in combination with pre-certified software and corresponding certificates from TÜV SÜD, drastically reducing the time of the certification process.
7SJ62 Multifunction Over Current Protection Relayashwini reliserv
The SIPROTEC 4 7SJ62 relays can be used for line protection of high and medium voltage networks with earthed (grounded), low-resistance earthed, isolated or compensated neutral point. With regard to motor protection, the SIPROTEC 4 7SJ62 is suitable for asynchronous machines of all sizes. The relay performs all functions of backup protection supplementary to transformer differential protection. 7SJ62 is featuring the "flexible protection functions". Up to 20 protection functions can be added according to individual requirements. Thus, for example, a rate-of-frequency-change protection or reverse power protection can be implemented.
This document provides an overview of the history and technical aspects of fieldbus technology in industrial automation. It discusses the origins and early developments of fieldbus standards in the 1980s and 1990s. It then describes some of the key technical considerations for fieldbus including application relationships using client-server and publisher-subscriber models, medium access control, and network architectures. The document traces the development of important standards like IEC 61158 and IEC 61784 and the roles of different fieldbus technologies and standards organizations.
The document discusses several digital avionics data bus systems used for exchanging data between aircraft subsystems. It describes the Ethernet, MIL-STD-1553, and ARINC 429/629 bus protocols. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access and supports data rates up to 1 Gbps. MIL-STD-1553 is a time division multiplex bus that operates at 1 Mbps. ARINC 429 is a low-speed unidirectional bus, while ARINC 629 is a higher speed bidirectional bus that uses carrier sense multiple access.
The document describes DC drive solutions from Control Techniques, including their Mentor MP and Quantum MP DC drives. The Mentor MP and Quantum MP are advanced digital DC drives that provide reliable motor control and flexible system interfacing capabilities. They integrate control functionality from Emerson's Unidrive SP AC drive and include options for expanded I/O, communications, feedback and automation capabilities through add-in modules. The drives can interface with modern industrial networks and are suitable for new DC motor applications as well as upgrades to existing DC motor systems.
The document provides details on the architecture and configuration of EMC Symmetrix storage arrays. It describes the key components of Symmetrix arrays including engines, directors, caches and virtual matrix interconnect. It also covers topics like device mapping, masking and configuration management tools.
This document provides an overview of four ARM architecture families: ARM7, ARM9, ARM10, and ARM11. It describes the key features and performance improvements of each family over previous generations. The ARM9 introduced a 5-stage pipeline compared to ARM7's 3-stage pipeline, improving clock speed. ARM10 added a branch predictor and separate load/store unit. ARM11 supported SIMD instructions and reduced cache aliasing problems. Each new family optimized the pipeline design and added capabilities to enhance performance and efficiency.
Using Unisphere for VMAX to Manage CKD Devices in zOSBarry Snoots
This white paper discusses how the Unisphere tool for VMAX arrays can be used to manage Count Key Data (CKD) devices attached to a mainframe running z/OS. Unisphere provides a simplified web-based interface for storage administrators to perform common tasks like creating and mapping CKD devices without involving EMC personnel. This allows changes to be made more quickly and reduces communication errors.
At the end of 2004, the average U.S. Fortune 500 corporation contained around 120 terabytes (TB) of
server disk storage. By yearend 2009, this had increased to more than 700 TB. On current trends, it will
reach more than four petabytes (4,000 TB) by yearend 2014
Hardware Support for Efficient VirtualizationJohn Fisher-Osimisterchristen
Hardware Support for Efficient Virtualization
John Fisher-Ogden
University of California, San Diego
Abstract
Virtual machines have been used since the 1960’s in creative
ways. From multiplexing expensive mainframes to providing
backwards compatibility for customers migrating to new hard-
ware, virtualization has allowed users to maximize their usage of
limited hardware resources. Despite virtual machines falling by
the way-side in the 1980’s with the rise of the minicomputer,we
are now seeing a revival of virtualization with virtual machines
being used for security, isolation, and testing among others.
With so many creative uses for virtualization, ensuring high
performance for applications running in a virtual machine be-
comes critical. In this paper, we survey current research to-
wards this end, focusing on the hardware support which en-
ables efficient virtualization. Both Intel and AMD have incor-
porated explicit support for virtualization into their CPUde-
signs. While this can simplify the design of a stand alone virtual
machine monitor (VMM), techniques such asparavirtualization
and hosted VMM’s are still quite effective in supporting virtual
machines.
We compare and contrast current approaches to efficient vir-
tualization, drawing parallels to techniques developed byIBM
over thirty years ago. In addition to virtualizing the CPU, we
also examine techniques focused on virtualizing I/O and the
memory management unit (MMU). Where relevant, we identify
shortcomings in current research and provide our own thoughts
on the future direction of the virtualization field.
1 Introduction
The current virtualization renaissance has spurred excit-
ing new research with virtual machines on both the soft-
ware and the hardware side. Both Intel and AMD have
incorporated explicit support for virtualization into their
CPU designs. While this can simplify the design of a
stand alone virtual machine monitor (VMM), techniques
such asparavirtualizationand hosted VMM’s are still
quite effective in supporting virtual machines.
This revival in virtual machine usage is driven by many
motivating factors. Untrusted applications can be safely
sandboxed in a virtual machine providing added security
and reliability to a system. Data and performance isola-
tion can be provided through virtualization as well. Se-
curity, reliability, and isolation are all critical components
for data centers trying to maximize the usage of their hard-
ware resources by coalescing multiple servers to run on a
single physical server. Virtual machines can further in-
crease reliability and robustness by supporting live migra-
tion from one server to another upon hardware failure.
Software developers can also take advantage of virtual
machines in many ways. Writing code that is portable
across multiple architectures requires extensive testingon
each target platform. Rather than maintaining multiple
physical machines for each platform, testing can be done
within a virtual machi ...
EC8791 EMBEDDED AND REALTIME SYSTEMS.pptxRensWick2
This document discusses embedded systems design. It begins with an overview of embedded systems and their components. It then covers the embedded systems design process, including requirements analysis, specifications, architecture design, and integration. Design methodologies like top-down, bottom-up, and structured approaches are introduced. Challenges in embedded design such as meeting deadlines and minimizing power consumption are also addressed.
A new performance standard for Flash-based storage in automotive applicationsSilicon Motion
The document discusses the transition in the automotive industry from eMMC storage to UFS storage. UFS provides significantly higher read/write speeds and IOPS that are necessary for new advanced in-vehicle infotainment systems with more autonomous driving capabilities. Silicon Motion's Ferri-UFS product provides automotive manufacturers an easy way to take advantage of the performance benefits of UFS while meeting the industry's stringent quality and reliability demands through features like error correction and extensive testing. The Ferri-UFS is well-suited to meet the storage needs of the next generation of digital cockpits in vehicles.
On September 15th GlobalLogic held MeetUP "Future Intelligent Mobility with Adaptive AUTOSAR - Transforming Vehicle E/E Architecture". Our speaker was software engineer Abhishek Babhulkar.
Learn about the huge transformation the industry is going through, among other things, because of the rapid electrification and the rise of autonomous driving.
At the center point of this transformation is automotive electronics, and Adaptive AUTOSAR is driving this transformation. Adaptive AUTOSAR came with a paradigm shift in the design, with the delivery strategies of automotive software and with introduced technologies like POSIX based OS, OTA updates and SOA, to name a few to automotive embedded systems. All leading OEM’s are adapting Adaptive AUTOSAR to power their class-leading features.
In this presentation, we will see the "Why, How, and What" of Adaptive AUTOSAR, the networking in the automotive embedded systems, and an overview of SOA for communication to understand the future of communication among systems in vehicles.
About the speaker:
Abhishek Babhulkar, Software Engineer has been working in the Embedded industry for around 6 years, out of which he spent a significant amount of time working in AUTOSAR. He also has experience in industrial IOT and automation.
He has worked with premium partners of the AUTOSAR consortium, during which he contributed to AUTOSAR classic 4.4 and AUTOSAR adaptive 20.11.
NXP_SDV_RealTime software development organisationssuser57b3e5
The document discusses how to design a software-defined vehicle architecture with real-time integration in centralized vehicle compute. It proposes using a real-time high-performance processor with hardware virtualization support to implement multiple virtual ECUs. Ethernet and Time Sensitive Networking standards can be used to improve communication latencies and determinism between virtual ECUs. Together, this approach simplifies the vehicle software and hardware architecture, increases hardware utilization, simplifies software updates, and enables software-defined vehicles.
Density based traffic light controlling (2)hardik1240
The document discusses the aims and scope of a project to build a traffic control system based on density. It uses IR sensor pairs placed at intervals to automatically detect traffic density and give priority to heavier traffic. The system aims to solve the problem of wasted time at intersections when traffic density is uneven between sides. It will control traffic lights based on real-time density calculations from the sensor data.
Smartphones architecture is generally different from
common desktop architectures. It is limited by power, size and
cost of manufacturing with the goal to provide the best
experience for users in a minimum cost. Stemming from this
fact, modern micro-processors are designed with an
architecture that has three main components: an application
processor that executes the end user’s applications, a modem
responding to baseband radio activities, and peripheral devices
for interacting with the end user.
Parallelism
Multicores:
The Cortex A7 MPCore processor implements the ARMv7-A
architecture. The Cortex A7 MPCore processor has one to
four processors in a single multi-processor device. The
following figure shows an example configuration with four
processors [3].
In this paper, we are discussing the architecture of the
application processor of Apple iPhone. Specifically, Apple
iPhone uses ARM Cortex generation of processors as their
core. The following sections discusses this architecture in terms
of Instruction Set Architecture, Memory Hierarchy and
Parallelism.
Eco4Cloud is a software company that maximizes the efficiency of virtualized data centers. Their main product, Eco4Cloud, automatically consolidates virtual machines onto the minimum number of physical servers needed, allowing underutilized servers to be powered off. This leads to significant reductions in energy costs and capacity needs. Eco4Cloud is platform-agnostic and integrates seamlessly with virtualization platforms. It also improves memory usage through smart ballooning. Eco4Cloud has been successfully deployed by managed service providers, enterprises, and outsourcing companies to reduce costs and optimize infrastructure utilization.
This whitepaper discusses consolidating digital instrument clusters, heads-up displays, and infotainment systems into a single system to reduce costs. There are two main architectural approaches: a multi-layered approach that composites different visual layers, and a full display frame approach that renders the entire display as one layer. Both approaches come with challenges for functional safety requirements, including managing limited hardware resources and ensuring safety critical systems are not impacted by non-safety critical systems. The whitepaper concludes that hardware consolidation can significantly reduce costs if a reliable software architecture is developed that maintains functional safety.
Virtualization abstracts physical computing resources into virtual resources that can be allocated dynamically. It allows for server consolidation, improved system management, increased application availability, and more efficient use of resources. There are different types of virtualization including server, storage, and network virtualization. Server virtualization uses a virtual machine monitor to run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. Storage virtualization presents a logical view of physical storage to improve utilization and manageability. Trap-and-emulate is a common approach for virtualizing the system instruction set architecture by having privileged instructions trap to an emulator.
The document discusses the evolution of in-vehicle networking in automobiles. It notes that modern high-end vehicles now have over 70 electronic control units (ECUs) compared to only 6 ECUs in 1996 vehicles. This complexity has created challenges around weight, cost, energy consumption, and number of networks and cables. The document proposes moving to an Ethernet-based network architecture with domain controllers to help address these issues. It provides examples of how Ethernet could be implemented in infotainment systems and discusses functional safety standards like ISO26262.
Webinar presentation on AUTOSAR Multicore SystemsKPIT
The document discusses AUTOSAR multicore systems and provides an overview of the following key points:
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2. CONTENTS
Sl.No.
Topic
Page.No.
I
LIST OF FIGURES
i
II
LIST OF TABELS
ii
NOMENCLATURE
iii
1
ABSTRACT
01
2.
INTRODUCTION
02
III
2.1 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
02
2.2 Hybrid Electric vehicle (HEV) power train control
02
3.
WHAT’S SPECIAL IN THIS VERSION?
03
4.
KEY FEATURES OF ARMv8-R ARCHITECTURE
05
4.1 Virtual memory system architecture (VMSA)
05
4.2 About the VMSA
05
5.
VIRTUALIZATION
08
5.1 Hardware vitualization/ platform virtualization
5.1.1 Different Types of Hardware Virtualization
5.2 Hardware-assisted virtualization
08
08
09
6.
VFP v3/4
09
7.
GIC Registers
09
8.
WHY HYPERVISOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE?
11
9.
TODAY’S CORTEX-R ARCHITECTURE
14
10.
CONCLUSION
18
11.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
19
2
3. LIST OF THE FIGURES
FIG. No
NAME OF FIGURE
1.
ARM v8-R Privilege Levels
04
2.
The ARMV8-R Architecture
07
3.
ARMv8-R in a car
12
4.
Instruction Set of ARMv8-R and ARMv8-A
15
3
PAGE No
4. LIST OF TABLES
TABLE. No
TABLE NAME
PAGE. No
1
CORTEX-A15 GIC memory-map
09
2
A-profile, R-profile and M-profile
16
3
Cortex-R4, Cortex-R5, and Cortex-R7
17
4
5. NOMENCLATURE
ABBREVIATION
EXPANSION
ARM
Advanced RISC Machine
RISC
Reduced Instruction Set computer
ADAS
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
HEV
Hybrid Electric vehicle
ACC
Adaptive Cruise Control
ISA
Intelligent Speed Advice
ICE
Internal Combustion Engine
TMC
Toyota Motor Company
SIMD
Single Instruction to Multiple Data
SEI
System Error Interrupt
VMSA
Virtual Memory System Architecture
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check
MMU
Memory Management Unit
TLB
Translation Lookaside Buffer
ASID
Application Space Identifier
OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer
PMSA
Protected Memory System Architecture
MPU
Memory Protection Unit
5
6. 1. ABSTRACT:
ARM Holdings reveals latest evolution of the ARM real time architecture profile, targeted
specifically for the automotive and industrial segments. ARM is a RISC-based architecture
designed specifically for low-power computing, mainly because processors based on these
architectures use fewer transistors than those found in a traditional processor. As a result, ARMbased processors are extremely popular in portable and battery powered devices, and almost all
smartphones and tablets are powered by them. ARM has now launched a new generation of
Cortex-R series of real time processors for automotive and industrial safety and control
applications. Featuring some real time capabilities of application (A) profile ARMv8-A and real
time (R) profile ARMv7-R architectures, ARMv8-R is built with key architectural developments
to focus on requirements of future integrated control and safety applications. ARMv8-R
architecture specification will have high end memory protection capabilities with real time and
industrial safety characteristics. The deployment of ARMv8-R architecture will result in cost
reduction and improvement in efficiency and performance of the embedded systems to match the
needs of the automotive applications such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS),
Hybrid Electric vehicle (HEV) power train control and factory automation.
Index Terms—VMSA (virtual memory system architecture), PMSA (protected memory
system architecture), microcontroller unit (MCU)
6
7. 2. INTRODUCTION:
2.1 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS):
They are the systems to help the driver in the driving process. When designed with a safe
Human-Machine Interface it should increase car safety and more generally road safety.
Examples of such system are:
In-vehicle navigation system with typically GPS and TMC for providing up-to-date
traffic information
Adaptive cruise control(ACC)
Lane departure warning system
Collision avoidance system (precrash system)
Intelligent speed adaptation or intelligent speed advice(ISA)
Night vision
Adaptive light control
Pedestrian protection system
Automatic parking
Traffic sign recognition
Blind spot detection
Driver drowsiness detection
Vehicular communication systems
Hill descent control
Electric vehicle warning sounds used in hybrids and plug-in-electric vehicle.
2.2 Hybrid Electric vehicle (HEV) power train control:
The Toyota Prius is the world’s best selling hybrid car, with cumulative global sales of over 3
million units through June 2013. A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric
vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system
with an electric propulsion system.
7
8. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a
conventional vehicle or better performance. There are a variety of HEV types, and the degree to
which they function as EVs varies as well. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric
car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist.
Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative braking,
which converts the vehicle’s kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than
wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal
combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator ( this combination
is known as a motor-generator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric
drive motors. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting
it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system.
A hybrid electric produces less emission from its ICE than a comparably sized gasoline car, since
an HEV’s gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably sized pure gasoline-burning
vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower emissions) and if not used to directly drive
the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy. About 6.8
million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide by august 2013, led by Toyota Motor
Company(TMC) with more than 5.5 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold as of August 2013.
3. What's special in this version?
One of the key developments in 32-bit ARMv8-R architecture is use of a hypervisor mode in
processor hardware and support for hardware virtualization. Combing the two will result in a
virtual machine monitor, enabling programmers to combine different operating systems,
applications and real-time tasks on a single processor and at the same time ensuring isolation of
memory and processing time between those operating systems, applications and real-time tasks.
This will facilitate software consolidation and re-use, which will accelerate time-to-market and
reduce development costs
8
10. 4. Key Features of ARMv8-R architecture:
•
•
•
Support for ARM's advanced SIMD extensions (ARM NEON Technology) for accelerating
multimedia and signal processing algorithms.
System register mapping of the interrupt control registers and the addition of a System Error
Interrupt (SEI) for improvement of interrupt response time and handling of critical errors.
Support for full Virtual Memory System Architecture (VMSA) for the use of wide range of
software assets present in application processor and rich operating system world.
Instruction sets from ARMv8-A architecture with new instructions for managing memory
• protection, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) instructions and enhanced floating point
instructions according to the latest IEEE standard.
4.1 Virtual memory system architecture (VMSA):
It is based on a memory management unit (MMU). It contains the following sections:
4.2 About the VMSA:
Complex operating systems typically use a virtual memory system to provide separate, protected
address spaces for different processes. Processes are dynamically allocated memory and other
memory mapped system resources under the control of a memory management unit(MMU). The
MMU allows fine-grained control of a memory system through a set of virtual to physical
address mappings and associated memory properties held within one or more structures known
as Translation Look aside Buffers (TLBs) within the MMU. The contents of the TLBs managed
through hardware translation lookups from a set of translation tables maintained in memory.
The process of doing a full translation table lookup is called a translation table walk. It is
performed automatically by hardware, and has a significant cost in execution time, atleast one
main memory access, and often two. TLBs reduce the average cost of a memory access by
caching the results of translation table walks. Implementations can have a unified TLB( von
Neumann architecture) or separate instruction and Data TLBs( Harvard architecture).
10
11. The VMSA has been significantly enhanced in ARMv6. This is referred to as VMSAv6. To
prevent the need for TLB invalidation on a context switch, each virtual to physical address
mapping can be marked as being associated with a particular application space, or as global for
all application spaces. Only global mappings and those for the current application space are
enabled at any time. By changing the application space identifier (ASID), the enabled set of
virtual to physical address mappings can be altered. VMSAv6 has added definitions for different
memory types
Memory access sequence
Memory access control:
This controls whether a program has no-access, read-only access, or read/write access to
the memory area. When an access is not permitted, a memory abort is signaled to the
processor. The level of access allowed can be affected by whether the program is running
in user mode, or a privileged mode, and by the use of domains.
Memory region attributes:
These describe properties of a memory region, examples include device (VMSAv6), noncacheable, write-through, and write-back.
Thumb instructions:
The Thumb instruction set is a subset of the most commonly used 32-bit ARM instructions.
Thumb instructions are each 16 bits long, and have a corresponding 32-bit ARM instruction that
has the same effect on the processor model. Thumb instructions operate with the standard ARM
register configuration, allowing excellent interoperability between ARM and Thumb states. On
execution, 16-bit Thumb instructions are transparently decompressed to full 32-bit ARM
instructions in real time, without performance loss.
Thumb has all the advantages of a 32-bit core:
32-bit address space
32-bit registers
32-bit shifter, and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
11
13. 5. Virtualization:
It refers to the act of creating virtual (rather than actual) version of something including but not
limited to a virtual computer hardware platform, operating system, and storage device or
computer network resources.
The term “virtualization” traces its roots to 1960s mainframes, during which it was a method of
logically dividing the mainframes resources for different applications since then, the meaning of
the term has evolved to the afore mentioned.
5.1 Hardware virtualization/ platform virtualization:
It refers to the creation of a virtual machine that acts like a real computer with an OS software
executed on these virtual machines is separated from the underlaying hardware resources. For
example, a computer that is running Microsoft windows may host a virtual machine that looks
like a computer with Ubuntu Linux OS, Ubuntu-based software can be run on the virtual
machine. In hardware virtualization, the host machine is the actual machine on which the
virtualization takes place, and the guest machine is the virtual machine. The words host and
guest are used to distinguish the software that runs on the physical machine from the software
that runs on the virtual machine.
The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is called a
hypervisor or virtual machine manager.
5.1.1 Different Types of Hardware Virtualization:
i.
Full virtualization:
Almost complete simulation of the actual hardware to allow software, which typically
consists of a guest OS, to run unmodified.
ii.
Partial virtualization:
Some but not all of the target environment is simulated. Some guest programs, therefore,
may need modifications to run in this virtual environment.
iii.
Para virtualization:
A hardware environment is not simulated, however, the guest programs are executed in
their own isolated domains, as if they are running on a separate system modified to run in
this environment.
13
14. 5.2 Hardware-assisted virtualization:
It is a way of improving the efficiency of hardware virtualization and involves employing
specially designed CPUs, hardware components that help improve the performance of a guest
environment.
6. VFP v3/4:
VFP can be used for “normal” (non-vector) floating point calculations. Also, NEON doesn’t
support double-precision FP so only VFP instructions can be used for that. Instructions starting
with V (eg.vldl.32, vmla.f32) are NEON instructions, and those starting with F(eg.fldd, fmacd)
are VFP.( Although ARM docs now prefer using the vprefix even for VFP instructions.
VFPv3 is an optional extension to the ARM, ThumbEE instruction sets in the ARMv7-A and
ARMv7-R profiles. Some of the VFP extension register banks are VFPv2, VFPv3-D16-FP16 and
VFPv3-D16.
7. GIC Registers:
The GIC registers are grouped into four contiguous 4 kb or 8 kb pages. The distributor block
reside in the 4kb page, while the cpu interface, virtual interface control, and virtual cpu interface
blocks reside in the 8kb pages. The GIC provides two ways to access the GIC virtual interface
control registers. A single common base address for the GIC virtual interface control registers.
Each processor can access to its own GIC virtual interface control registers through this base
address.
CORTEX-A15 GIC memory-map:
Base offset
Offset range
GIC block
0x0000
0x0000-0x0FFF
Reserved
0x1000
0x1000-0x1FFF
Distributor
0x2000
0x2000-0x3FFF
CPU interface
0x4000
0x5000-0x4FFF
Virtual interface control
( common base address)
0x5000
0x6000-0x7FFF
Table 1: CORTEX-A15 GIC memory-map
14
Virtual CPU interface
15. A number of operating system products will support ARMv8-R architecture ecosystem including
INTEGRITY from Green Hills Software, Nucleus from Mentor Graphics, and T-Kernel from
eSOL.
According to David Kleidermacher, chief technology officer at Green Hills Software, "The
evolution to support concurrent general-purpose and real-time operating systems is a significant
development for ARM architecture and the ARM ecosystem."
Mentioning about automotive and industrial interoperability and safety standards, he said, “We
expect our eT-Kernel real-time OS and its dedicated IDE to be certified for ISO 26262
automotive functional safety standard in the second quarter in 2014."
Glenn Perry, general manager of Mentor Graphics Embedded Software Division said, "Mentor’s
support of the ARMv8-R architecture will enable both ARM licensees and embedded developers
to create innovative solutions for automotive, industrial, and safety-critical applications."
“Our mutual customers can make use of this innovative architecture ahead of silicon availability
through virtual prototypes and also when ARMv8-R based devices are available with the small
footprint, power-efficient Nucleus RTOS, Mentor Embedded Linux, virtualization technologies,
AUTOSAR solutions and Sourcery Code Bench tools," he added.
MADISON, Wis.
ARM has unveiled its new microprocessor architecture specifically designed to run
deterministic, real-time embedded applications in automotive electronics and other
industrial control systems.
One of the highlights of the new architecture--dubbed ARMv8-R—is a hardware-assisted
virtualization mode designed in its real-time embedded processor. EE Times has learned
that Nvidia is likely to be among the first companies to license the ARMv8-R
architecture.
Described by ARM as a “bare-metal” hypervisor mode, the new architecture’s
virtualization feature is in big demand among real-time embedded system designers
saddled with the “increasingly sticky problem of combining different software with
safety-critical applications,” says Richard York, director of product marketing at ARM.
The need to run different operating systems, applications, and real-time tasks on a single
15
16. processor is paramount. Yet system designers are asked to do so by ensuring they are
strictly isolated from one another.
Automotive customers—carmakers and Tier 1s included—are particularly eager for the
virtualization feature, according to York.
The ARMv8-R architecture is designed to run rich Oss( such as Android for a graphical
user interface) and real-time operating systems on the same processor. It is also designed
to allow both virtual memory and protected memory systems to coexist on one processor.
ARMv8-R architecture enables a “rich” OS with memory management.
Kevin Krewell, senior analyst at the Linley Group, summed it up:
“A system designer can consolidate multiple real-time microcontroller functions into one
ARM8-R based processor without posing real-time responsiveness and process
isolation.”
Those looking to play a bigger role in the automotive market are paying close attention to
ARM’s new microprocessor architecture. Asked about ARMv8-R, Nvidia told EE Times
in a separate interview in which Nvidia is investing heavily in the development of
hypervisor solutions for a number of markets, including automotive. Based on the ARM
architecture, Nvidia automobile solutions will be able to run multiple operating systems
on a single processor to enable simultaneous use of both infotainment applications and
more safety-critical functions.
8. Why hypervisor for automotive?
A big change in the automotive landscape in recent years is that more and more features in new
cars are defined in software and electronics, rather than mechanical systems. As a result, “more
and more car OEMs have begun writing their own software codes.” Explained York. Carmakers,
seeking a little bit more control over their own cars, are coming up with clever new features
through their own software.
The need to handle the growing load of disparate software including contributed codes by OEMs
is, in turn, pressuring Tier 1 modular vendors such as Bosch or continental, said York. Their
modules are now expected to run, on the same ECU, new contributed codes from OEMs
16
17. (original equipment manufacturers) alongside existing software—some of which are safetycritical applications—“without mucking everything up,” said York.
Fig 3. ARMv8-R in a car
Contributed codes are all over the map. Their spectrum ranges from safety-related features such
as braking to less critical functions like window wipers, seat positioning, and new graphics on
the human-machine interface. The key for the successful integration of such diverse software is
the microprocessor’s ability to make a clear partition separating one app from another.
Leading software vendors such as Green Hills Software already offer secure virtualization
through a well proven hypervisor layer, York told us. To date, however, none had developed
hardware support for virtualization. With hardware support, “you no longer need to rely on
writing complex software, which is often a very expensive solution.”
The fundamentals of the ARMv8-R architecture are consistent with the ARMv8-A, according to
York. While the previously announced ARMv8-A architecture is focused more on high
performance, the ARMv8-R zeroes in on real-time processing. The new architecture, for the time
being, only supports 32-bit register, as the company does not see, for now, the need for 64-bit
17
18. among real-time embedded applications, said York. The new ARMv8-R will maintain backward
compatibility with ARMv7-R ARM and Thumb instruction sets.
Ecosystem support for the ARMv8-R architecture is anticipated in a number of operating system
products including Green Hills Software’s Integrity, Nucleus from Mentor Graphics, and Tkernel from eSOL, according to ARM. These integrated hardware and software solutions will be
capable of supporting stringent automotive and industrial interoperability and safety standards,
including AUTOSAR, ISO 26262, and IEC61508. ARM will be disclosing details of the new
architecture at the upcoming event.
The ARM architecture continuosly evolves to support deployment of energy-efficient
computation devices in a growing spectrum of applications that can take advantage of progress in
semiconductor technology.
Recent advances included the large physical address extensions (LPAE) for the ARMv7-A
applications architecture and the new 32-/64 bit ARMv8-A applications architecture. These
developments will lead to a new generation of cortex-R processors that will meet the needs of
integrated control and safety systems in applications such as ADAS, HEV power train control
and factory automation.
ARM is known primarily for its range of cortex-A processors used in significant numbers of
consumer devices such as smart phones and tablets. Each of these processors is based on
evolutions of ARM’s application profile (A profile) architecture, with each generation adding
new features for increased performance and capabilities, while ensuring compatibility with a
broad software ecosystem. Some features—for example , the addition of 64-bit processing in
ARMv8-A-- benefit significantly from being presented to the ARM ecosystem ahead of products
containing this feature becoming available; this provides an opportunity for discussion and
development of associated software, including operating systems, and system IP collateral, as
well as providing guidance on ARM’s intended direction.
In addition to the A profile, the ARM architecture also contains profiles targeting the specific
needs of embedded, real-time processors and microcontrollers, respectively called the Real-time
(R profile) and microcontroller profiles (M profile). Found in systems ranging from anti-lockbraking to white goods to cell phone radios, the Cortex-R and Cortex-M series processors, based
18
19. on these profiles, form the relatively unknown masses of CPUs that make the everyday world
work in a safe and reliable way.
9. Today’s Cortex-R Architecture:
ARM’s current lineup of embedded, real-time processors is based on the ARMv7-R architecture,
and is formed of three complementary processors: the cortex-R4, cortex-R5 and cortex-R7
processors. In common with processors based on the ARMv7-A architecture, these processors
execute both the ARM(A32) and Thumb(T32) instruction sets, but differ by offering a range of
features for safety and real-time applications. From an architectural point of view, the key
difference between the A and R profiles are the memory system capabilities. The ARMv8-A
profile provides full virtual memory support via the virtual system memory architecture (VMSA)
commonly found on desktop and mobile-phone platforms. The ARMv8-R profile implements
memory protection without translation via the protected memory system architecture (PMSA).
The PMSA uses registers tightly coupled to the processor in a memory protection unit( MPU) to
provide protection of memory without the non-deterministic behavior introduced by potential
TLB misses. PMSA provides support for running Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) with
the ability to prevent erroneous execution of tasks corrupting either other tasks or the kernel.
Cortex- R4 processor in 2005, the features and capabilities of ARM’s embedded
processors have been driven to provide a portfolio capable of supporting highperformance computing solutions for embedded systems, where high availability, fault
tolerance, maintainability and real-time responses are required, such as:
Automotive:
Airbag, braking, stability, dashboard, engine management
Storage:
Hard disk drive controllers, solid state drive controllers
Mobile Handsets:
3G, 4G, LTE, WiMax, smartphones and baseband modems
Embedded:
Medical, industrial, high-end microcontroller units (MCU)
19
20. Enterprise:
Networking and printers; inkjet and multi-function printer
Home:
Digital TV, BluRay players and portable media players
Cameras:
Digital still camera (DSC) and digital video camera (DVC)
Fig 4. Instruction Set of ARMv8-R and ARMv8-A
In addition to the requirements of today’s systems ARM sees four new challenges for real-time
application developers such as Desire for consolidation( Aim of providing more capable
systems), Increased safety and integrity, Demand for future rich software.
20
21. A profile, R profile, and M profile:
Application profile
32-bit
Real-time profile
Microcontroller profile
64-bit
32-bit register width
32-bit register width
and
ARM
Thumb instruction set
registers
A32(ARM),
T32(Thumb) and A64
and
Thumb
instructions
only
instruction sets
Runs
rich
operating
systems
Virtualization
Protected-memory
support
Runs real-time OS
Protected
memory
support
Virtualization
extension
extension
Table 2. A-profile, R-profile and M-profile
Thus it provides a wide range of applications such as in automotives, storage devices, mobile
handsets, embedded, and enterprise and has a scope of providing better features as the
technology is advanced depending upon the requirement whether it is 32-bit or 62-bit and it may
be either thumb instructions or extensions of versions of virtual floating point variables. The
above tabular form represents the different profiles that are used such as application profile, realtime profile and microcontroller profile in which we are focusing on real-time profile based
applications
21
22. Cortex-R4 , Cortex-R5 and Cortex-R7:
Introduced 2005
Introduced 2010
Introduced 2012
ARMv7-R architecture
ARMv7-R architecture
ARMv7-R architecture
High-
Low-latency
Large-performance
performance,
real-time,
deeply
port
embedded processor
Deterministic
event
and
peripheral
Accelerator
increase and Advanced
coherency port
response
Smaller floating- point
micro-architecture
unit, Enhanced memory
Symmetric
multiprocessing
protection
Soft and hard error
handling
Configurable
Dual core in split or lock
Quality of service features
Integrated-interrupt
step
feature
Bus error management
set
controller
Table 3. Cortex-R4, Cortex-R5, and Cortex-R7
22
23. Latest ARMv8-R and its future scope:
The ARMv8-R architecture represents the latest evolution of the ARM real-time architecture
profile. While adopting some features from the ARMv8-A architecture announced in 2011,
ARMv8-R remains a 32-bit architecture using the AArch32 exception model( compatible with
that used in ARMv7-R ) and executing the A32(ARM) and T32(Thumb) instruction sets. In
addition to the real-time features already present in ARMv7-R, the ARMv8-R architecture adds a
number of key architectural capabilities aimed at addressing the requirements of future integrated
control and safety applications.
Consolidation via virtualization is to address the requirement to be able to consolidate multiple
systems onto a single processor, ARMv8-R architecture brings support for hardware
virtualization. In common with ARMv8-A, this results in the addition of a new exception level of
higher priority than any that already exists on current Cortex-R processors.
10. CONCLUSION:
Thus the ARMv8-R architecture adds a number of key architectural capabilities aimed at
addressing the requirements of future integrated control and safety applications and results in the
addition of a new exception level of higher priority than any that already exists on current
Cortex-R processors.
23
24. 11. BIBILIOGRAPHY:
REFERENCES:
[1] ARM Limited, Introducing NEONTM - Development Article,
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[2] ARM Limited, ARM v8-A Instruction Set Overview, July
[3] ARM Limited, ARM Architecture Reference Manual - ARM
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[4] S. Bentmar Holgersson, “Optimising IIR Filters Using ARM NEON,” 2012
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[6] www.elctronicsforu.com
[7]www.EFYtimes.com
[8]www.efymagonline.com
[9]www.linuxforu.com
[10]www.efytechcenter.com
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