This document summarizes an analysis of a crankshaft design to optimize strength and reduce mass. A 3D model of the crankshaft was created in PRO/E and imported into ANSYS for finite element analysis under different loads. The analysis found stress concentrations in the crankpin and journal fillets. The design was modified by reducing the web thickness from 13mm to 10mm, which decreased mass while maintaining acceptable equivalent stress levels and an acceptability factor above 1.15. Modal analysis of the modified design identified its first six natural frequencies and vibration modes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET - Stress Analysis of Solid Rocket Motor CaseIRJET Journal
This document discusses a stress analysis of a solid rocket motor case conducted using finite element analysis. The analysis studied the actual stress distributions in different parts of the rocket motor case. It was found that element size affects the results, but the effects level off after a particular size. Stresses in the cylindrical shell and hemispherical dome were analyzed. Stress analysis helps determine stresses at different points, which are difficult to calculate using empirical relations. The finite element software ANSYS was used to model the rocket motor case geometry and conduct the stress analysis.
RELIABILITY BASED DESIGN OF A GEAR BOXIJERA Editor
Reliability is the probability that a system, component or device will perform without failure for a specified period of time under specified operating conditions. The concept of reliability is of great importance in the design of various machine members. Conventional engineering design uses a deterministic approach. It disregards the fact that the material properties, the dimensions of the components and the externally applied loads are statistical in nature. In conventional design this uncertainties are covered with a factor of safety, which is not always successful. The growing trend towards reducing uncertainty and increasing reliability is to use the probabilistic approach. In the present work a three shaft four speed gear box and six speed gear box are designed using reliability principles. For the specified reliability of the system (Gear box), component reliability (Gear pair) is calculated by considering the system as a series system. Design is considered to be safe and adequate if the probability of failure of gear box is less than or equal to a specified quantity in each of the two failure modes. . All the parameters affecting the design are considered as random variables and all the random variables are assumed to follow normal distribution. A computer program in C++ is developed to calculate the face widths in bending and surface failure modes. The larger one out of the two values is considered. By changing the variations in the design parameters, variations in the face widths are studied.
IRJET- Structural Design Analysis of Bypass Casing for an Aero EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses the structural design analysis of a bypass casing for an aero engine. The goal is to reduce weight while meeting strength and buckling requirements. Five configurations are analyzed: the baseline ortho-grid design and modified designs using different ortho-grid and iso-grid patterns. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate stresses and buckling factors. The results show that Configuration 5, an iso-grid design, meets strength and buckling requirements while achieving a 15% weight reduction compared to the baseline. Therefore, the iso-grid configuration is selected as the final design.
EShape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element MethodsIJERA Editor
The paper represents an application of an optimization procedure for a mass and stress optimization of the bellcrank of a double wishbone suspension system of SRM University’s FormulaSAE vehicle. The used optimization procedure, so-called Fully Stressed Design, is based on an indirect approach utilizing optimum criteria. The aim of the optimization was to achieve the lowest possible mass of the construction taking into consideration the allowed resistance and also to investigate and analyze the structural stress distribution of bellcrank at the real time condition during damping process and the spring actuation.
Modeling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Connecting Rod by Using AnsysIOSR Journals
Connecting rod is a major link inside of a internal combustion engine. It is the intermediate member
between the piston and the crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin
to the crank pin thus converting the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary motion of the crank. In this paper
a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is
developed using Solid modeling software i.e. PRO/E (creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is done
to determine the von-misses stresses shear stress and strains for the given loading conditions.
Design of a testing bench, statistical and reliability analysis of some mecha...IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a testing bench to determine mechanical properties of materials and stiffness of springs or absorption factors of shock absorbers simultaneously. The testing bench uses combinations of test specimens and springs or shock absorbers. Statistical analysis is conducted on the results to determine mean values and standard deviations of the spring stiffness or material properties such as resilience or tensile strength. Specifically, the testing of ebony wood samples and a spring determined the spring stiffness and wood resilience. Testing of glass samples and a spring or shock absorber yielded the spring/absorber properties and glass tensile strength.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the design and material selection for a 245 KN resistant block crane hook. The study models a hook design using the alloy Alloy 1.2367 (X38CrMoV5-3) in Solidworks. Finite element analysis is conducted in Solidworks Simulation to analyze the hook's performance. The results show that with the new alloy, the maximum Von Mises stress of 2.04796e+07 N/m2 is well below the alloy's yield strength. The study concludes that Alloy 1.2367 (X38CrMoV5-3) can withstand the same loads as traditional materials but with reduced mass, making it a suitable replacement for crane hooks
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET - Stress Analysis of Solid Rocket Motor CaseIRJET Journal
This document discusses a stress analysis of a solid rocket motor case conducted using finite element analysis. The analysis studied the actual stress distributions in different parts of the rocket motor case. It was found that element size affects the results, but the effects level off after a particular size. Stresses in the cylindrical shell and hemispherical dome were analyzed. Stress analysis helps determine stresses at different points, which are difficult to calculate using empirical relations. The finite element software ANSYS was used to model the rocket motor case geometry and conduct the stress analysis.
RELIABILITY BASED DESIGN OF A GEAR BOXIJERA Editor
Reliability is the probability that a system, component or device will perform without failure for a specified period of time under specified operating conditions. The concept of reliability is of great importance in the design of various machine members. Conventional engineering design uses a deterministic approach. It disregards the fact that the material properties, the dimensions of the components and the externally applied loads are statistical in nature. In conventional design this uncertainties are covered with a factor of safety, which is not always successful. The growing trend towards reducing uncertainty and increasing reliability is to use the probabilistic approach. In the present work a three shaft four speed gear box and six speed gear box are designed using reliability principles. For the specified reliability of the system (Gear box), component reliability (Gear pair) is calculated by considering the system as a series system. Design is considered to be safe and adequate if the probability of failure of gear box is less than or equal to a specified quantity in each of the two failure modes. . All the parameters affecting the design are considered as random variables and all the random variables are assumed to follow normal distribution. A computer program in C++ is developed to calculate the face widths in bending and surface failure modes. The larger one out of the two values is considered. By changing the variations in the design parameters, variations in the face widths are studied.
IRJET- Structural Design Analysis of Bypass Casing for an Aero EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses the structural design analysis of a bypass casing for an aero engine. The goal is to reduce weight while meeting strength and buckling requirements. Five configurations are analyzed: the baseline ortho-grid design and modified designs using different ortho-grid and iso-grid patterns. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate stresses and buckling factors. The results show that Configuration 5, an iso-grid design, meets strength and buckling requirements while achieving a 15% weight reduction compared to the baseline. Therefore, the iso-grid configuration is selected as the final design.
EShape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element MethodsIJERA Editor
The paper represents an application of an optimization procedure for a mass and stress optimization of the bellcrank of a double wishbone suspension system of SRM University’s FormulaSAE vehicle. The used optimization procedure, so-called Fully Stressed Design, is based on an indirect approach utilizing optimum criteria. The aim of the optimization was to achieve the lowest possible mass of the construction taking into consideration the allowed resistance and also to investigate and analyze the structural stress distribution of bellcrank at the real time condition during damping process and the spring actuation.
Modeling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Connecting Rod by Using AnsysIOSR Journals
Connecting rod is a major link inside of a internal combustion engine. It is the intermediate member
between the piston and the crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin
to the crank pin thus converting the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary motion of the crank. In this paper
a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is
developed using Solid modeling software i.e. PRO/E (creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is done
to determine the von-misses stresses shear stress and strains for the given loading conditions.
Design of a testing bench, statistical and reliability analysis of some mecha...IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a testing bench to determine mechanical properties of materials and stiffness of springs or absorption factors of shock absorbers simultaneously. The testing bench uses combinations of test specimens and springs or shock absorbers. Statistical analysis is conducted on the results to determine mean values and standard deviations of the spring stiffness or material properties such as resilience or tensile strength. Specifically, the testing of ebony wood samples and a spring determined the spring stiffness and wood resilience. Testing of glass samples and a spring or shock absorber yielded the spring/absorber properties and glass tensile strength.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the design and material selection for a 245 KN resistant block crane hook. The study models a hook design using the alloy Alloy 1.2367 (X38CrMoV5-3) in Solidworks. Finite element analysis is conducted in Solidworks Simulation to analyze the hook's performance. The results show that with the new alloy, the maximum Von Mises stress of 2.04796e+07 N/m2 is well below the alloy's yield strength. The study concludes that Alloy 1.2367 (X38CrMoV5-3) can withstand the same loads as traditional materials but with reduced mass, making it a suitable replacement for crane hooks
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on designing the column structure of a Horizontal Machining Center (HMC) to withstand vibration during operation. Three column structure concepts were modeled and analyzed in CREO and ANSYS to determine their natural frequencies and deformation under load. Modal analysis found Concept 1 had the highest natural frequency, lowest weight, and least deformation, indicating it would provide the most stability. Cutting force calculations for milling and drilling operations were also presented to estimate the loads the column would experience from dynamic machine components like the spindle motor. A pre-stressed analysis was proposed to validate the column's performance under the cutting forces generated during heavy machining processes.
Design, Analysis and weight optimization of Crane Hook: A Reviewijsrd.com
Crane hook are highly liable component and are always subjected to failure due to accumulation of large amount of stress which can eventually lead to its failure .In this present work, to study the different design parameter & stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition for different cross section, the design and drafting of crane hook will be prepared by using ANSYS 14.5. By finite element analysis, the stress which is to be formed in various cross section are compared with design calculation .The stress concentration factors are used in strength and durability evaluation of structure and machine element. In this work and also we observe the parameter that affects the weight reduction.
OPTIMIZATION AND FATIGUE ANALYSISOF A CRANE HOOK USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODijmech
Stress analysis plays an important role in the design of structures like crane hook under loading conditions.
Crane hook is a reliable lifting component being used in industries. Structure failure of crane hook occurs
because of the stress induced due to repetitive loading and unloading conditions. In this study, solid
modeling of crane hook having trapezoidal cross-section referring to one of its existing design is done
using SOLIDWORKS. Further, analyses are carried out in ANSYS Workbench and nCode DesignLife. The
lengths of two parallel sides of the cross-section of crane hook are varied and different candidates are
obtained for loading capacity of 30 ton on the basis of Mass, total Displacement and Von-Mises stress.This
is done to reduce weight and balance economy. Further, out of these candidates, best candidates are
considered and fatigue analysis is performed on these candidates.
IRJET- Flywheel Power Generation and MultiplicationIRJET Journal
This document describes a flywheel power generation technology that uses a large gear-flywheel to store rotational energy and multiply power output. A 67-ton, 12-meter diameter flywheel is rotated at 800 rpm by a 350 kW motor. Pinion gears attached around the flywheel's perimeter increase its rpm to 1800, which rotates a 750 kW permanent magnet generator to produce electricity. The flywheel stores energy based on its mass distribution and large diameter, allowing continuous power generation without stopping as the stored rotational energy is transferred to the generator. Experiments showed that an 11-ton, 2-meter flywheel could rotate a generator for over 30 minutes after the motor was disconnected, demonstrating the technology's ability to provide sustained power generation.
This document is a thesis submitted by Pravardhan S. Shenoy to the University of Toledo in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering. The thesis, advised by Dr. Ali Fatemi, involves dynamic load analysis and optimization of a connecting rod. The study performs load analysis on the connecting rod to determine dynamic loads over time. Finite element analysis is conducted under quasi-dynamic and static loads. The connecting rod is then optimized for weight and cost subject to constraints like fatigue life.
IRJET-Design, Analysis and Weight Optimization of Leaf Spring for Light Weigh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design, analysis and weight optimization of leaf springs for light vehicles. The researchers modeled two different designs of a leaf spring using CREO 2.0 software and analyzed them using HYPERWORKS. The analysis found weight reductions of 14.47% for 55Si2Mn90 steel and 14.37% for 50CrV4 steel by incorporating holes into the leaf spring design. Finite element analysis showed von Mises stresses were 12.91% lower for 50CrV4 and 18.21% lower for 55Si2Mn90 with the optimized hole design compared to the original design under the same loading conditions. The study concluded the hole design successfully reduced weight by over 14%
IRJET- Investigation of Stresses in Rear Half Axle of an AutomobileIRJET Journal
The document investigates stresses in the rear half axle of an automobile using finite element analysis. It considers various cases like increasing angular velocity, inclination of the axle, and additional loads. Von-Mises and maximum principal stresses increase with higher angular velocity and additional loads. At a constant speed, stresses increase up to a certain inclination angle and then remain similar. Comparing FEA results to analytical calculations shows good agreement at higher angular velocities. The maximum stresses occur at the junction of the axle and gear.
1) The document describes a finite element analysis of a connecting rod from a diesel engine to optimize its design.
2) A CAD model of the connecting rod was created in Pro/E and then analyzed under quasi-dynamic loading conditions using ANSYS.
3) The analysis found that von Mises stresses were highest in the shank area between the big and small ends, but also identified regions of low stress where material could potentially be removed to reduce weight without compromising safety.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Crane Hook by using Composite MaterialIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that analyzed the design and stresses in a crane hook made of compacted graphite iron composite material compared to a forged steel crane hook. The crane hook model was designed in CATIA V5 and then both materials were analyzed in ANSYS for stresses and deformations under load. The results showed that the compacted graphite iron crane hook had lower stresses and weight than the forged steel design. Therefore, the study concluded that compacted graphite iron could be an improved alternative material for crane hooks compared to traditional forged steel.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing and reducing the weight of a universal joint yoke through the use of composite materials. The study first analyzes a conventional universal joint yoke made of SM45C steel using finite element analysis. It then models modified universal joint yokes made of carbon/epoxy composite and Kevlar/epoxy composite. Calculations of torsional strength, buckling strength, and bending natural frequency show that both composite designs meet requirements while reducing weight compared to steel. Static stress analyses and modal analyses using FEA are presented and compared between materials. The study aims to improve mechanical properties and reduce weight of universal joints through composite material optimization.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document contains 38 questions related to machine design. The questions cover topics such as standardization of sizes, tolerances, fits, design of joints, shafts, levers, frames and other machine elements. Design calculations are required to determine dimensions that satisfy given loading and stress criteria. Materials, their properties and appropriate factors of safety are provided. References for solutions and examples are given from standard machine design textbooks.
Finite Element Analysis and Design Optimization of Connecting RodIJERA Editor
The objective of this study is to improve the design of connecting rod of single cylinder four stroke Otto cycle
engine by shape optimization. The main objective of this study is weight reduction of connecting rod and
improving its performance without affecting its functionality. Finite element analysis is one of the most
important tools of CAD/CAM CAE. For this study ANSYS analysis software is used for modeling, analysis and
shape design optimization. Initially, according to design considerations maximum loads were calculated for
various maximum operating loading conditions. Calculated loads used as a loading condition in various load
steps of FEM analysis. Stresses generated across all the locations of connecting rod evaluated using ANSYS
Workbench. For optimization ANSYS Shape optimization module is used and extracted the required shape of
connecting rod. Final CAD model of optimized connecting rod is prepared in Design Modeler. Static structural
analysis of modified design is performed and the results compared with baseline design. After result are
validated with the help of Modified Goodman’s Diagram. From the shape optimization we could able to achieve
14.73% weight reduction in existing connecting rod. Since the optimized design is having sufficient life, the
design is much improved as compared to the existing design
Cyclic Life Establishment of First Stage Compressor Blade - Aircraft Jet EngineIJERA Editor
In this project an attempt is made to identify the cyclic life, modal efficacies for assessing the life that is declared
by the Original Engine Manufacturer. Using the Goodman diagram and knowing the mean stress of the blade for
all rpm conditions.
Modelling and analysis of single circular grooves made on dry friction clutcheseSAT Journals
This document analyzes the modeling and simulation of single circular grooves made on dry friction clutches. It describes the modeling of a clutch plate with a single circular groove in CATIA V5 and analyzing it in ANSYS. The analysis shows the single circular groove clutch plate has a maximum deformation of 1.9013e-5 m, Von-Mises stress of 1.3378e7 Pa, heat flux of 14503 W/m2, and can transmit a torque of 62.131 Nm, which is 10.43% more than other groove patterns. The document concludes the single circular groove pattern provides better torque transmission capacity compared to other patterns.
Finite element optimization of stator by casted and welded structureseSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses finite element optimization of the structure of a stator that can be made by either casting or welding.
2) Finite element models of both the casted and welded stator structures were created and analyzed under the applied loads to compare their performance.
3) An optimization analysis was performed on the casted structure model by varying 11 design parameters to minimize the weight while meeting the stress and displacement criteria. The optimized casted design required 504kg of material.
Stress Analysis of I.C.Engine Connecting Rod by FEM and PhotoelasticityIOSR Journals
Abstract: The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production critical component. Every vehicle
that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod .From the viewpoint of
functionality, connecting rods must have the highest possible rigidity at the lowest weight. The major stress
induced in the connecting rod is a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are
produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of
reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the
centrifugal effects. The result of which is, the maximum stresses are developed at the fillet section of the big and
the small end.Hence, the paper deals with the stress analysis of connecting rod by Finite Element Method using
Pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS WORKBENCH 11.0 software. The comparison and verification of the results
obtained in FEA is done experimentally by the method of Photo elasticity(Optical Method). The method of
Photoelasticity includes the casting of Photoelastic sheet using Resin AY103 and Hardner HY951, preparation
of the model from Photoelastic sheet calibration of the sheet to determine material fringe value.
Keywords - Big End fillet section ,Connecting Rod, Compressive Stresses , Failure of Connecting Rod, FEA,
Photoelasticity, Small End fillet section, Tensile Stresses.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on designing the column structure of a Horizontal Machining Center (HMC) to withstand vibration during operation. Three column structure concepts were modeled and analyzed in CREO and ANSYS to determine their natural frequencies and deformation under load. Modal analysis found Concept 1 had the highest natural frequency, lowest weight, and least deformation, indicating it would provide the most stability. Cutting force calculations for milling and drilling operations were also presented to estimate the loads the column would experience from dynamic machine components like the spindle motor. A pre-stressed analysis was proposed to validate the column's performance under the cutting forces generated during heavy machining processes.
Design, Analysis and weight optimization of Crane Hook: A Reviewijsrd.com
Crane hook are highly liable component and are always subjected to failure due to accumulation of large amount of stress which can eventually lead to its failure .In this present work, to study the different design parameter & stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition for different cross section, the design and drafting of crane hook will be prepared by using ANSYS 14.5. By finite element analysis, the stress which is to be formed in various cross section are compared with design calculation .The stress concentration factors are used in strength and durability evaluation of structure and machine element. In this work and also we observe the parameter that affects the weight reduction.
OPTIMIZATION AND FATIGUE ANALYSISOF A CRANE HOOK USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODijmech
Stress analysis plays an important role in the design of structures like crane hook under loading conditions.
Crane hook is a reliable lifting component being used in industries. Structure failure of crane hook occurs
because of the stress induced due to repetitive loading and unloading conditions. In this study, solid
modeling of crane hook having trapezoidal cross-section referring to one of its existing design is done
using SOLIDWORKS. Further, analyses are carried out in ANSYS Workbench and nCode DesignLife. The
lengths of two parallel sides of the cross-section of crane hook are varied and different candidates are
obtained for loading capacity of 30 ton on the basis of Mass, total Displacement and Von-Mises stress.This
is done to reduce weight and balance economy. Further, out of these candidates, best candidates are
considered and fatigue analysis is performed on these candidates.
IRJET- Flywheel Power Generation and MultiplicationIRJET Journal
This document describes a flywheel power generation technology that uses a large gear-flywheel to store rotational energy and multiply power output. A 67-ton, 12-meter diameter flywheel is rotated at 800 rpm by a 350 kW motor. Pinion gears attached around the flywheel's perimeter increase its rpm to 1800, which rotates a 750 kW permanent magnet generator to produce electricity. The flywheel stores energy based on its mass distribution and large diameter, allowing continuous power generation without stopping as the stored rotational energy is transferred to the generator. Experiments showed that an 11-ton, 2-meter flywheel could rotate a generator for over 30 minutes after the motor was disconnected, demonstrating the technology's ability to provide sustained power generation.
This document is a thesis submitted by Pravardhan S. Shenoy to the University of Toledo in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering. The thesis, advised by Dr. Ali Fatemi, involves dynamic load analysis and optimization of a connecting rod. The study performs load analysis on the connecting rod to determine dynamic loads over time. Finite element analysis is conducted under quasi-dynamic and static loads. The connecting rod is then optimized for weight and cost subject to constraints like fatigue life.
IRJET-Design, Analysis and Weight Optimization of Leaf Spring for Light Weigh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design, analysis and weight optimization of leaf springs for light vehicles. The researchers modeled two different designs of a leaf spring using CREO 2.0 software and analyzed them using HYPERWORKS. The analysis found weight reductions of 14.47% for 55Si2Mn90 steel and 14.37% for 50CrV4 steel by incorporating holes into the leaf spring design. Finite element analysis showed von Mises stresses were 12.91% lower for 50CrV4 and 18.21% lower for 55Si2Mn90 with the optimized hole design compared to the original design under the same loading conditions. The study concluded the hole design successfully reduced weight by over 14%
IRJET- Investigation of Stresses in Rear Half Axle of an AutomobileIRJET Journal
The document investigates stresses in the rear half axle of an automobile using finite element analysis. It considers various cases like increasing angular velocity, inclination of the axle, and additional loads. Von-Mises and maximum principal stresses increase with higher angular velocity and additional loads. At a constant speed, stresses increase up to a certain inclination angle and then remain similar. Comparing FEA results to analytical calculations shows good agreement at higher angular velocities. The maximum stresses occur at the junction of the axle and gear.
1) The document describes a finite element analysis of a connecting rod from a diesel engine to optimize its design.
2) A CAD model of the connecting rod was created in Pro/E and then analyzed under quasi-dynamic loading conditions using ANSYS.
3) The analysis found that von Mises stresses were highest in the shank area between the big and small ends, but also identified regions of low stress where material could potentially be removed to reduce weight without compromising safety.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Crane Hook by using Composite MaterialIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that analyzed the design and stresses in a crane hook made of compacted graphite iron composite material compared to a forged steel crane hook. The crane hook model was designed in CATIA V5 and then both materials were analyzed in ANSYS for stresses and deformations under load. The results showed that the compacted graphite iron crane hook had lower stresses and weight than the forged steel design. Therefore, the study concluded that compacted graphite iron could be an improved alternative material for crane hooks compared to traditional forged steel.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing and reducing the weight of a universal joint yoke through the use of composite materials. The study first analyzes a conventional universal joint yoke made of SM45C steel using finite element analysis. It then models modified universal joint yokes made of carbon/epoxy composite and Kevlar/epoxy composite. Calculations of torsional strength, buckling strength, and bending natural frequency show that both composite designs meet requirements while reducing weight compared to steel. Static stress analyses and modal analyses using FEA are presented and compared between materials. The study aims to improve mechanical properties and reduce weight of universal joints through composite material optimization.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document contains 38 questions related to machine design. The questions cover topics such as standardization of sizes, tolerances, fits, design of joints, shafts, levers, frames and other machine elements. Design calculations are required to determine dimensions that satisfy given loading and stress criteria. Materials, their properties and appropriate factors of safety are provided. References for solutions and examples are given from standard machine design textbooks.
Finite Element Analysis and Design Optimization of Connecting RodIJERA Editor
The objective of this study is to improve the design of connecting rod of single cylinder four stroke Otto cycle
engine by shape optimization. The main objective of this study is weight reduction of connecting rod and
improving its performance without affecting its functionality. Finite element analysis is one of the most
important tools of CAD/CAM CAE. For this study ANSYS analysis software is used for modeling, analysis and
shape design optimization. Initially, according to design considerations maximum loads were calculated for
various maximum operating loading conditions. Calculated loads used as a loading condition in various load
steps of FEM analysis. Stresses generated across all the locations of connecting rod evaluated using ANSYS
Workbench. For optimization ANSYS Shape optimization module is used and extracted the required shape of
connecting rod. Final CAD model of optimized connecting rod is prepared in Design Modeler. Static structural
analysis of modified design is performed and the results compared with baseline design. After result are
validated with the help of Modified Goodman’s Diagram. From the shape optimization we could able to achieve
14.73% weight reduction in existing connecting rod. Since the optimized design is having sufficient life, the
design is much improved as compared to the existing design
Cyclic Life Establishment of First Stage Compressor Blade - Aircraft Jet EngineIJERA Editor
In this project an attempt is made to identify the cyclic life, modal efficacies for assessing the life that is declared
by the Original Engine Manufacturer. Using the Goodman diagram and knowing the mean stress of the blade for
all rpm conditions.
Modelling and analysis of single circular grooves made on dry friction clutcheseSAT Journals
This document analyzes the modeling and simulation of single circular grooves made on dry friction clutches. It describes the modeling of a clutch plate with a single circular groove in CATIA V5 and analyzing it in ANSYS. The analysis shows the single circular groove clutch plate has a maximum deformation of 1.9013e-5 m, Von-Mises stress of 1.3378e7 Pa, heat flux of 14503 W/m2, and can transmit a torque of 62.131 Nm, which is 10.43% more than other groove patterns. The document concludes the single circular groove pattern provides better torque transmission capacity compared to other patterns.
Finite element optimization of stator by casted and welded structureseSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses finite element optimization of the structure of a stator that can be made by either casting or welding.
2) Finite element models of both the casted and welded stator structures were created and analyzed under the applied loads to compare their performance.
3) An optimization analysis was performed on the casted structure model by varying 11 design parameters to minimize the weight while meeting the stress and displacement criteria. The optimized casted design required 504kg of material.
Stress Analysis of I.C.Engine Connecting Rod by FEM and PhotoelasticityIOSR Journals
Abstract: The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production critical component. Every vehicle
that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod .From the viewpoint of
functionality, connecting rods must have the highest possible rigidity at the lowest weight. The major stress
induced in the connecting rod is a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are
produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of
reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the
centrifugal effects. The result of which is, the maximum stresses are developed at the fillet section of the big and
the small end.Hence, the paper deals with the stress analysis of connecting rod by Finite Element Method using
Pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS WORKBENCH 11.0 software. The comparison and verification of the results
obtained in FEA is done experimentally by the method of Photo elasticity(Optical Method). The method of
Photoelasticity includes the casting of Photoelastic sheet using Resin AY103 and Hardner HY951, preparation
of the model from Photoelastic sheet calibration of the sheet to determine material fringe value.
Keywords - Big End fillet section ,Connecting Rod, Compressive Stresses , Failure of Connecting Rod, FEA,
Photoelasticity, Small End fillet section, Tensile Stresses.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes black spots (locations with frequent accidents) on National Highway 55 in Angul district, Odisha, India. The authors collected accident data from 2002-2011 and divided the highway into 4 stretches. Stretch 4 had the highest accident rate, followed by stretch 1, 2, and 3. For each stretch, the authors identified black spots, noted contributing factors like poor visibility or shoulders, and recommended countermeasures such as clearing obstructions, improving junctions, and adding speed bumps. The conclusions were that stretches 4 and 1 needed the most improvement through roadside clearance, shoulder maintenance, lighting, and junction upgrades to help reduce accidents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document analyzes friction stir welding tools with various threaded pin profiles. Three tool pin profiles are modeled in CATIA and analyzed using ANSYS: cylindrical, frustum, and conical pins with threads. The stress distributions and displacement vectors in the pins are obtained for different rotational speeds and temperatures. The results show that the cylindrical pin profile experiences the lowest stress levels and displacement compared to the other profiles. Increasing rotational speed does not significantly affect the stress, while higher temperatures generally increase stress across all pin profiles. The cylindrical pin profile is determined to be preferable for withstanding loads during friction stir welding.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of different pilot-based channel estimation schemes for OFDM systems using QPSK and 16-QAM modulation over Rayleigh fading channels with Doppler frequency shifts. It compares block-type pilot arrangement, which inserts pilots into all subcarriers periodically, to comb-type arrangement, which inserts pilots into each symbol and requires interpolation. It evaluates channel estimation algorithms like LS, LMMSE, SVD for block pilots and linear, quadratic, and cubic spline interpolation for comb pilots. The goal is to analyze how bit error rate is affected by Doppler shifts. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the schemes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes the design of a single-layer microstrip antenna with symmetrical Y-slots to achieve wide bandwidth. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a square patch measuring 30mm x 30mm and two symmetrical Y-slots and a rectangular slot on the patch. Electromagnetic simulations show the antenna achieves a return loss below -10dB from 4.04GHz to 5.12GHz, providing a 22% bandwidth. The antenna has a maximum gain of 4.33dBi and directive gain between 7.16-8.06dBi within the operating bandwidth, making it suitable for wireless applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
El documento describe el concepto de emprendimiento, notando que aunque siempre ha estado presente en la historia humana, en las últimas décadas se ha vuelto más importante para superar problemas económicos constantes y crecientes. Define un emprendedor como una persona que asume riesgos económicos al identificar oportunidades de negocio y organizar los recursos necesarios para aprovecharlas. Brevemente menciona que la cultura se refiere a actividades que disfrutamos.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the strength of a single cylinder two-stroke crankshaft using finite element analysis in ANSYS. The crankshaft was modeled in PRO/E and imported into ANSYS. Boundary conditions representing gas force, bending moment, and torque loads were applied. Stress values from each load case were used to calculate equivalent stress in the crankpin and journal fillets. The equivalent stresses were compared to the material's fatigue strength to validate the design. The analysis found the equivalent stress in the crankpin fillet to be 289.65 MPa with an acceptability factor of 1.616, indicating adequate strength.
Reduction of Vibrations in a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine using Blade Design Mo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aimed to reduce vibrations in a vertical axis wind turbine by modifying blade design. The researchers first performed modal and static structural analysis on a standard NACA 0024 blade profile. They identified areas to optimize the design to reduce vibrations. Their proposed design used a hollowed profile with internal ribs to reduce weight by 51% while also increasing the drag coefficient. Modal analysis found the proposed design had lower and less varied deformation between modes, indicating reduced vibrations. The proposed design showed potential to improve turbine performance and safety through reduced material costs, inertia, and more consistent vibration response across operating modes.
IRJET- Stress Analysis and Fatigue Failure of Typical Compressor ImpellerIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the stress analysis, modal analysis, and fatigue failure analysis of a typical centrifugal compressor impeller. A 3D model of the impeller was created in Solid Edge and imported into ABAQUS for finite element analysis. Stress analysis found maximum stresses of 357 MPa, which could cause permanent deformation and reduce fatigue life. Modal analysis determined the first four natural frequencies and mode shapes. Fatigue analysis using the Goodman equation estimated a fatigue life of over 10^7 cycles for the impeller material of AL2618 based on an equivalent stress of 176 MPa. The analyses aimed to understand stresses and vibration modes that could lead to early fatigue failure of compressor impeller blades.
FEA OF A CRANKSHAFT IN CRANK-PIN WEB FILLET REGION FOR IMPROVING FATIGUE LIFEijiert bestjournal
A crankshaft is often designed with a fillet radius to improving fatigue life of crankshaft. The fatigue life of crankshaft is depend on the proper fillet radius. This fillet radius is changes than fatigue life is also changes of crankshaft. In most of the time fatigue failure is occur in crank-pin web fillet region. The crankshaft fillet rolling process is one of the commonly adopted methods in engineering to improve fatigue life of the crankshaft. A finite element analysis is implemented to approximate the stress distribution induced in the crankpin fillet region. The modelling of crankshaft is created by Creo-parametric. Finite element analysis is performed to obtain the variation of stress at critical locations and fatigue life of the crank shaft using the ANSYS software and applying th e boundary conditions. Radius of fillet is changes in model of crankshaft to improvement in fatigue life. Th is work in doing for optimization of a crankshaft in crank-pin web fillet region with fatigue life as well as to study a relation between fillet radius/diameter of crankpin to fatigue life. .
Design Optimization and Analysis of a Steam Turbine Rotor GroovesIOSR Journals
1. The document describes a finite element analysis performed to optimize the design of steam turbine rotor grooves.
2. The analysis evaluated different fillet radii ranging from 13 to 50 mm to determine the maximum principal stress and stress concentration factor.
3. The optimal design was found to have a fillet radius of 40 mm, which reduced the stress concentration factor to 1.152 and deformation to 0.066121 mm.
Design, Analysis, and Optimization of Continuous Variable TransmissionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design, analysis, and optimization of a continuous variable transmission (CVT) system. It aims to identify weaknesses in the existing CVT belt design and increase efficiency. The current design has issues like noise, jerking, and low belt life. A SolidWorks model and Ansys analysis are used to evaluate stresses on the V-belt, made of composite material. The study involves reviewing the existing design, analyzing it, optimizing the design, analyzing the revised design, and comparing results. The belt material is changed from rubber to Kevlar to achieve an optimized design with lower stress and deformation as well as increased life cycle.
The document discusses the thermo-mechanical analysis of a crankcase for a six cylinder truck diesel engine. It outlines the process of identifying loads from combustion, inertia, thermal effects and assembly and applying them in a finite element analysis of the crankcase. The analysis seeks to determine the durability and fatigue life of the crankcase under the varying operating loads of the engine.
Finite Element Analysis and Fatigue analysis of Crane Hook with Different Ma...IRJET Journal
1. A finite element analysis was conducted on a crane hook to determine the stresses induced under loading and evaluate three potential materials: structural steel, aluminum alloy, and wrought iron.
2. The analysis found that structural steel and wrought iron experienced the lowest stresses and deformations compared to aluminum alloy.
3. A fatigue analysis was then performed on the structural steel and wrought iron models to evaluate fatigue life and damage contours, with the goal of selecting the best material for the crane hook.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
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This document summarizes a study that evaluates the design of a connecting rod using finite element analysis. It begins by introducing the connecting rod component and its function in an internal combustion engine. It then reviews previous related studies and identifies a gap in analyzing stresses and fatigue life of connecting rods in light vehicle engines. The objectives are defined as evaluating the stresses and fatigue failure of an existing connecting rod design, creating a CAD model, conducting finite element analysis, testing on a universal testing machine, analyzing alternative designs, and recommending a best design. Dimensions and material properties of the existing connecting rod are provided. Mathematical calculations of forces and stresses on the connecting rod are shown. The methodology involves creating a finite element model and conducting finite element analysis to
Static Structural, Fatigue and Buckling Analysis of Jet Pipe Liner by Inducin...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the static structural, fatigue, and buckling behavior of conventional and corrugated jet pipe liners through finite element analysis. A conventional liner model and optimized corrugated liner model were created and meshed. Static structural analysis found that the corrugated liner had lower deformation and similar von-Mises stresses to the conventional liner. Fatigue analysis determined the corrugated liner had a slightly lower fatigue life but still above the design target of 1 million cycles. Buckling analysis revealed the corrugated liner had a higher buckling load multiplier, indicating it is stiffer than the conventional liner against buckling. In conclusion, introducing corrugation improved the liner's buckling strength without negatively impacting other
The study on effect of torque on piston lateral motion eSAT Journals
Abstract The studies of engine components reveal the cause for the engine vibration and noise. The piston slap due to the impact of the piston in the walls of the cylinder is considered as one of the predominant source of engine noise. In the present work engine performance characteristics are considered. The variation of the torque from minimum to maximum and the corresponding values of the engine performance parameters are logged. The effect of torque on engine speed and on piston movement is studied. The duration of the piston in cylinder for these input values ore also logged. The piston lateral movement is recorded by measuring the gap between cylinder inner wall and the piston skirt for the piston primary motion from TDC to BDC and vice versa. Finite element analysis is carried for von-Mises stress and x-directional displacement for the lateral displacement. The high stress region in the piston is emphasized for the study. It is found that near TDC region the engine is experiencing the maximum impact due to high torque which is the result of combustion pressure and also corresponds to the cause for piston lateral motion in this region. Index Terms: engine torque, finite element analysis, lateral motion, and stress
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Finite Element Analysis of Hybrid Trike’s Roll CageIRJET Journal
The document summarizes the finite element analysis of the roll cage for a hybrid trike vehicle. It discusses the design objectives of ensuring driver safety, reducing weight and cost. AISI 1018 steel was selected for the roll cage material. A static structural analysis was performed in Hypermesh software to analyze the roll cage under different impacts - front, side, rollover, and bump. The analysis showed maximum von mises stresses lower than the yield strength of the material, indicating safety factors above 1.3 in all cases. This confirms the roll cage structure can withstand the expected impacts while meeting the objectives.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Static Stress Analysis of Connecting Rod Using Finite Element ApproachIOSR Journals
Every vehicle which equipped with internal combustion engine requires connecting rod. In this paper a static stress analysis of connecting rod made up of SS 304 used in Cummins NTA 885 BC engine is conducted, using finite element method. After measuring the dimension of connecting rod, model is developed in CATIA V5 software and imported to ANSYS WORKBENCH 14.0 software. Static analysis is done by fixing the smaller end and load is applied at bigger end of connecting rod. Stress developed at four different sections is used for analysis. Maximum stress point and section prone to failure is finding out by this analysis. Graph between stress and load is plotted at section prone to failure and result of stress analysis is shown with the help of image.
ANALYSIS OF CNC LATHE SPINDLE FOR MAXIMUM CUTTING FORCE CONDITION AND BEARING...AM Publications
The present CNC machine structures consist of spindle system which plays a relating to the quality of the
final product and the overall productivity and efficiency of the machine tool itself. The spindle of a CNC lathe
machine, which is rotated by the main motor, holds the cutting tool, which cuts the work piece, so that the cutting
forces are generated which effects the spindle accuracy directly. The forces which are affecting the CNC machine tool
spindle are tangential force (Ft), feed force (Fc), radial force (Fr) and will be estimated. Based on maximum cutting
force incurred the analysis will be carried out. The main objective is to find the static, fatigue analysis of spindle
structure for maximum cutting force condition and predicting life of bearings. From static analysis stress and
deformation of the spindle can be found. Stress obtained from the stress analysis is less than the yield strength of the
material and deformation of the spindle is very less which can be neglected. Equivalent alternating stress, factor of
safety and life of the spindle is found by fatigue analysis and which results are closely matches with the analytical
value
The document analyzes the crankshaft of a single cylinder four stroke engine using ANSYS software to determine the optimal material. Three materials were considered for the crankshaft: structural steel, aluminum alloy, and nickel chromium molybdenum steel. The crankshaft was modeled in SolidWorks and imported into ANSYS for stress analysis. Von Mises stress and total deformation were compared for each material. The results showed that aluminum alloy had the lowest von Mises stress of 146.28 MPa, making it the strongest and best material candidate for withstanding the loads on the crankshaft.
Design Optimization of Alternator Pulley for LocomotivesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that optimized the design of an alternator pulley for locomotives using computer-aided design and simulation tools. The initial pulley design was analyzed using finite element analysis software to evaluate stress levels. An optimization study was then conducted to minimize the pulley mass while maintaining structural integrity. This resulted in a 35.74% reduction in weight and a 45.95% increase in the strength-to-weight ratio compared to the original design. The optimized design was found to have reduced stress levels below the allowable limits for the pulley material. The study demonstrated how design optimization techniques can enhance productivity by reducing material usage and costs.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
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Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Ar33252258
1. Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris, Prof. Vinayak H. Khatawate / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.252-258
252 | P a g e
Optimization of Crankshaft using Strength Analysis
Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris*, Prof. Vinayak H.
Khatawate**
*(SEM IV, M.E (CAD/CAM & Robotics), PIIT, New Panvel, India,)
** (Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PIIT, New Panvel, India,)
ABSTRACT
The crankshaft is an important
component of an engine. This paper presents
results of strength analysis done on crankshaft of
a single cylinder two stroke petrol engine, to
optimize its design, using PRO/E and ANSYS
software. The three dimensional model of
crankshaft was developed in PRO/E and
imported to ANSYS for strength analysis. This
work includes, in analysis, torsion stress which is
generally ignored. A calculation method is used
to validate the model. The paper also proposes a
design modification in the crankshaft to reduce
its mass. The modal analysis of modified design is
also done to investigate possibility of resonance.
Keywords – ANSYS, Crankshaft, Finite Element
Method, PRO/E, Strength Analysis, Modal Analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
In strength analysis, considering loads
acting on the component, equivalent stresses are
calculated and compared with allowable stresses to
check if the dimensions of the component are
adequate. Crankshaft is an important and most
complex component of an engine. Due to
complexity of its structure and loads acting on it,
classical calculation method has limitations to be
used for strength analysis [1]. Finite Element
Method is a numerical calculation method used to
analyze such problems. The crankpin fillet and
journal fillet are the weakest parts of the crankshaft
[1] [2]. Therefore these parts are evaluated for
safety.
Any physical system can vibrate. The
frequencies at which vibration naturally occurs, and
the modal shapes which the vibrating system
assumes are properties of the system, and can be
determined analytically using Modal Analysis.
Analysis of vibration modes is a critical component
of a design, but is often overlooked. Inherent
vibration modes in structural components or
mechanical support systems can shorten equipment
life, and cause premature or completely
unanticipated failure, often resulting in hazardous
situations. Detailed modal analysis determines the
fundamental vibration mode shapes and
corresponding frequencies. This can be relatively
simple for basic components of a simple system, and
extremely complicated when qualifying a complex
mechanical device or a complicated structure
exposed to periodic wind loading. These systems
require accurate determination of natural
frequencies and mode shapes using techniques such
as Finite Element Analysis [7].
II. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
Fig.1 shows the 3-Dimensional model in
PRO/E environment. As the crankshaft is of a single
cylinder two stroke petrol engines used for two
wheelers, it doesn’t have a flywheel attached to it, a
vibration damper and oil holes, making the
modeling even simpler. The dimensions of
crankshaft are listed in Table 1.
Fig.1 The 3-Dimensional model in PRO/E
Table1. DIMENSIONS OF CRANKSHAFT
Parameter Value (mm)
Crankpin Outer Diameter 18
Crankpin Inner Diameter 10
Journal Diameter 25
Crankpin Length 50
Journal Length 10
Web Thickness 13
III. STRESS CALCULATION USING
FEM
The procedure of using FEM usually
consists of following steps. (a) modeling; (b)
meshing; (c) determining and imposing loads and
boundary conditions; (d) result analysis
A. Meshing
Greater the fineness of the mesh better the accuracy
of the results [5]. The Fig. 2 shows the meshed
model in ANSYS consisting of 242846 nodes and
67723 elements.
2. Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris, Prof. Vinayak H. Khatawate / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.252-258
253 | P a g e
Fig.2 Meshing the model in ASYS
B. Defining Material Properties
The ANSYS demands for material properties which
are defined using module ENGINERING DATA.
The material used for crankshaft is 40Cr4Mo2.The
material properties are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 . THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Density 7800 kg m^-3
Young’s Modulus 2.05e+011Pa
Poisson’s Ratio 0.3
Tensile Strength 7.7e+008 Pa
C. Loads and Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions play an important role in FEM.
Therefore they must be carefully defined to
resemble actual working condition of the component
being analyzed. The crankshaft is subjected to three
loads namely Gas Force F, Bending Moment M and
Torque T. The boundary conditions for these loads
are as follows [3].
1. Gas Force F
Gas Force F is calculated using maximum cylinder
pressure, 50 bar for petrol engines [4], and bore
diameter of engine cylinder. This load is assumed to
be acting at the centre of crankpin. Displacements in
all three directions (x, y and z) are fully restrained at
side face of both journals as shown in Fig.3. From
this loading case, maximum compressive stress in
the journal fillet is obtained.
Fig.3 Gas Force applied at the centre of crankpin
2. Bending Moment M
For strength analysis crankshaft is assumed
to be a simply supported beam with a point load
acting at the centre of crankpin. The maximum
Bending Moment M is calculated accordingly. One
journal of the crankshaft is kept free (six degree of
freedom) and Bending Moment M is applied to this
journal as shown in Fig.4. The degrees of freedom at
the other journal are fully restrained. From this
loading case maximum bending stresses in the
crankpin fillet and journal fillet are obtained.
Fig.4 Bending Moment applied at one of the
journals
3. Torque T
Maximum Torque T is obtained from
manufacturer’s engine specifications. One journal of
the crankshaft is kept free (six degree of freedom)
and Torque T is applied to this journal. The degrees
of freedom at the other journal are fully restrained as
shown in Fig.5. From this loading case maximum
torsion stress in crankpin fillet and journal fillet are
obtained.
3. Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris, Prof. Vinayak H. Khatawate / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.252-258
254 | P a g e
Fig.5 Torque applied at one of the journals
D. Calculation of Equivalent Stress
As the boundary condition in each load
case is different, it is impossible to combine them in
ANSYS to find equivalent stress. Therefore, stress
values obtained from various load cases are used in
formulae given in [3] to obtain equivalent stress in
crankpin fillet and journal fillet. As the load on the
crankshaft is fluctuating, the equivalent stress is to
be compared with fatigue strength of crankshaft
material. This is done by calculating fatigue strength
𝜎𝐷𝑊 and acceptability factor Q as given in [3].
Fatigue Strength:
𝜎𝐷𝑊 = ±𝐾. (0.42. 𝜎𝐵 + 39.3)[0.264
+ 1.073. 𝐷−0.2
+
785 − 𝜎𝐵
4900
+
196
𝜎𝐵
1
𝑅𝐻
]
Where
𝜎𝐵[𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
] minimum tensile strength of
crankshaft material
K [-] factor for different types of crankshafts
without surface treatment. Values greater than 1 are
only applicable to fatigue strength in fillet area.
= 1.05 for continuous grain flow forged or drop-
forged crankshafts
= 1.0 for free form forged crankshafts (without
continuous grain flow)
RH [mm] fillet radius of crankpin or journal
𝜎𝐷𝑊 = ±468.24 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
related to crankpin
fillet
𝜎𝐷𝑊 = ±413.3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
related to journal fillet
Acceptability Factor:
𝑄 =
𝜎𝐷𝑊
𝜎𝑣
(1)
Adequate dimensioning of the crankshaft is ensured
if the smallest of all acceptability factors satisfies
the criteria [3]:
Q ≥ 1.15
1. Equivalent Stress 𝝈𝒗 and Acceptability Factor
Q in Crankpin Fillet
The maximum bending stress and torsion stress in
crankpin fillet were obtained from equivalent stress
diagrams for the load cases Bending Moment and
Torque respectively. (Fig.6 and Fig.7)
Fig.6 Maximum bending stress in crankpin fillet
Fig.7 Maximum torsion stress in crankpin fillet
The Equivalent Stress in crankpin fillet is calculated
as:
𝜎𝑣 = ± 𝜎𝐵𝐻2 + 3 × 𝜏𝐻2 (2)
= ± 287. 52 + 3 × 20.342
𝜎𝑣 = ±289.65 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
The Acceptability Factor is calculated using (1)
𝑄 =1.616
2. Equivalent Stress 𝝈𝒗 and Acceptability Factor
Q in Journal Fillet
The maximum bending stress, torsion stress and
maximum compressive stress in journal fillet were
obtained from equivalent stress diagrams for the
load case Bending Moment, Torque and Gas Force
respectively. (Fig.8, Fig.9 and Fig.10)
4. Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris, Prof. Vinayak H. Khatawate / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.252-258
255 | P a g e
Fig.9 Maximum bending stress in journal fillet
The Equivalent Stress in journal fillet is calculated
as:
𝜎𝑣 = ± 𝜎𝐵𝐺2 + 3 × 𝜏𝐺2 (3)
= ± 266.462 + 3 × 9.0422
𝜎𝑣 = ±267.01 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
The Acceptability Factor is calculated using (1)
𝑄 =1.547
Fig.9 Maximum torsion stress in journal fillet
Fig.10 Maximum compressive stress in journal fillet
IV. MODEL VALIDATION
Alternatively, a classical calculation
method given in [3] was used to validate the model.
The equivalent stress and acceptability factor were
calculated and compared with values obtained from
Finite Element Method described earlier.
1. Equivalent Stress 𝜎𝑣 and Acceptability Factor Q
in Crankpin Fillet
The Equivalent Stress in crankpin fillet is calculated
as:
𝜎𝑣 = ± 𝜎𝐵𝐻2 + 3 × 𝜏𝐻2 (4)
= ± 3012 + 3 × 14.832
𝜎𝑣 = ±468.24 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
The Acceptability Factor is calculated using (1)
𝑄 =1.55
2. Equivalent Stress 𝜎𝑣 and Acceptability Factor Q
in Journal Fillet
The Equivalent Stress in journal fillet is calculated
as:
𝜎𝑣 = ± 𝜎𝐵𝐺2 + 3 × 𝜏𝐺2 (5)
= ± 270.742 + 3 × 5.0182
𝜎𝑣 = ±270.88 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
The Acceptability Factor is calculated using (1)
𝑄 =1.525
V. RESULT ANALYSIS
The stress concentration is high in crankpin
fillet and journal fillet. The values of equivalent
stress and acceptability factor obtained from FEM
and classical calculation method were almost equal
for both crankpin fillet as well as journal fillet.
Therefore it is concluded that it is safe to consider
stress values obtained from FEM for strength
analysis. The results obtained from both the
methods are listed in Table 3.
Table3. RESULT ANALYSIS
Area Parameter
By
FEM
By Calculation
Crankpin
Fillet
Equivalent
Stress 𝜎𝑣
289.65
N/mm2
302.09
N/mm2
Acceptability
Factor Q
1.616 1.55
Journal
Fillet
Equivalent
Stress 𝜎𝑣
267.01
N/mm2
270.88
N/mm2
Acceptability
Factor Q
1.547 1.525
The large difference between the specified
value of Acceptability Factor, Q ≥ 1.15, and its
calculated value proved that crankshaft is over
dimensioned. Therefore a scope for the
improvement in the design was investigated. The
original thickness of the web is 13 mm which is
5. Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris, Prof. Vinayak H. Khatawate / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.252-258
256 | P a g e
reduced in step of 1 mm and acceptability factor was
calculated for each thickness value using Finite
Element Method.
Table 4 lists the summary of these iterations which
were done to arrive at final acceptable value of web
thickness. It is clear from Table4 that web thickness
can be reduced to 10 mm still keeping the
acceptability factor above the specified limit
(iteration No. 4). Although there is still a little
margin between calculated value and specified value
of acceptability factor, it is better not to reduce web
thickness further to be on the safer side. Further
reduction in web thickness results in acceptability
factor values which are less than specified value
(iteration No.5 and 6) indicating that web thickness
can’t be reduced below 10 mm.
Table4: DESIGN MODIFICATION STEPS
VI. MODAL ANALYSIS
In order to determine fundamental mode
shapes and corresponding natural frequencies,
Modal Analysis of the modified design of crankshaft
was done. All six modes of vibration and
corresponding natural frequencies were determined.
Table 5 lists all six natural frequencies of vibration.
Table5. NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF
VIBRATION
MODE
FREQUENCY
[HZ]
1 1432.7
2 2332.
3 3215.
4 3598.9
5 3918.9
6 4218.4
First Mode of Vibration
The first mode of vibration is bending
vibration in X-direction at natural frequency of
1432.7 Hz. The maximum deformation appears at
the bottom of crank WEB, as shown in Figure11.
Second Mode of Vibration
The second mode of vibration is torsional
vibration of right web about Y-direction at natural
frequency of 2332 Hz. The maximum deformation
appears at the sides of crank WEB as shown in
Figure12.
Figure 11 First mode of vibration
Figure 12 Second mode of vibration
Sr.
N
O
Web
Thickne
ss
mm
Area
Equivale
nt Stress
σV
(N/mm2)
Acceptabili
ty Factor
(Q ≥ 1.15)
1 13
Crankpi
n Fillet
289.65 1.616
Journal
Fillet
267.01 1.547
2 12
Crankpi
n Fillet
352.08 1.329
Journal
Fillet
322.1 1.283
3 11
Crankpi
n Fillet
366.45 1.277
Journal
Fillet
333.84 1.238
4 10
Crankpi
n Fillet
400.76 1.168
Journal
Fillet
355.056 1.164
5 9
Crankpi
n Fillet
434.53 1.077
Journal
Fillet
361.98 1.141
6 8
Crankpi
n Fillet
481.7 0.972
Journal
Fillet
363 1.138
6. Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris, Prof. Vinayak H. Khatawate / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.252-258
257 | P a g e
Third Mode of Vibration
The third mode of vibration is torsional
vibration about Y-direction at natural frequency of
3215 Hz. The maximum deformation appears at the
sides of left crank WEB as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13 Third mode of vibration
Fourth Mode of Vibration
The fourth mode of vibration is torsion
vibration about Z-direction at natural frequency of
3598.9 Hz. The maximum deformation appears at
the edges of crank WEB as shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14 Fourth mode of vibration
Fifth Mode of Vibration
The fifth mode of vibration is torsion
vibration about X-direction at natural frequency of
3918.9 Hz. The maximum deformation appears at
the edges of crank WEB as shown in Figure 15.
Figure 15 Fifth mode of vibration
Sixth Mode of Vibration
The sixth mode of vibration is bending
vibration in Z-direction at natural frequency of
3598.9 Hz. The maximum deformation appears at
the edges of crank WEB as shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16 Sixth mode of vibration
VII. CONCLUSION
1. Strength Analysis is a powerful tool to check
adequacy of crankshaft dimensions and find scope
for design modification.
2. It is found that weakest areas in crankshaft are
crankpin fillet and journal fillet. Hence these areas
7. Momin Muhammad Zia Muhammad Idris, Prof. Vinayak H. Khatawate / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.252-258
258 | P a g e
must be evaluated for safety.
3. This project includes torsion stresses in analysis.
But it is found that the torsion stresses are negligible
as compared to bending stresses. Hence they can be
ignored while doing strength analysis of crankshaft.
4. The crankshaft was found to be over
dimensioned. Therefore web thickness was reduced
from 13 mm to 10 mm. The reduction in mass
obtained by this design modification is:
Mass Reduction = 1.9725 kg - 1.6375 kg = 0.335 kg
Percentage Mass Reduction = 16.98 %
5. The lowest value of natural frequency is 1432.7
Hz while the highest value is 4218.4 Hz (Table 5).
When the engine is running at its maximum speed of
6000 rpm, the driving frequency is merely 100 Hz.
As the lowest natural frequency is far higher than
driving frequency, possibility of resonance is rare.
REFERENCES
[1] Gu Yingkui, Zhou Zhibo, Strength
Analysis of Diesel Engine Crankshaft
Based on PRO/E and ANSYS, 2011 Third
International Conference on Measuring
Technology and Mechatronics Automation.
[2] Yu Ding, Xiaobo Li, Crankshaft Strength
Analysis of a Diesel Engine Using
Finite Element Method, Power and Energy
Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2011
Asia-Pacific, 978-1-4244-6255-1,2011.
[3] IACS Publication, UR M53, Calculation of
Crankshafts for I.C Engines, Rev.1 2004,
Rev. II 2011.
[4] Ahmed Al-Durra, Lisa Fiorentini, Marcello
Canova and Stephen Yurkovich, A Model-
Based Estimator of Engine Cylinder
Pressure Imbalance for Combustion
Feedback Control Applications, 2011
American Control Conference on O'Farrell
Street, San Francisco, CA, USA June 29 -
July 01, 2011
[5] MENG Jian, LIU Yong-qi, LIU Rui-xiang
and ZHENG Bin, 3-D Finite Element
Analysis on 480 Diesel Crankshaft,
Information Engineering and Computer
Science (ICIECS), 2010 2nd International
Conference.
[6]. Meshing User's Guide – ANSYS
(www1.ansys.com/customer/content/docum
entation/130/wb_msh.pdf)
[7] HGC Engineering, Acoustical, Noise
Control and Vibration Isolation Services,
(http://www.acoustical-
consultants.com/noise-control-vibration-
isolation-acoustical-engineering-services/)