The document provides an introduction to architectural design, emphasizing the art and science of creating buildings that serve various functions. It outlines three key principles: firmness, utility, and beauty, and discusses the design process at different scales, from objects to cities. Additionally, it covers building types, basic elements, and the significance of components like walls, windows, and doors in enhancing architectural function and aesthetics.

1. AR 112 DESIGN 1: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANNING AND DESIGN

2. ARCHITECTURE IS DEFINED AS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DESIGNING AND
CONSTRUCTING OF BUILDINGS. THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE HAS BEEN USED
TO EXPRESS CULTURE FOR ALL SEVEN CONTINENTS. THE EARLIEST SURVIVING
TEXTS ON ARCHITECTURE WERE WRITTEN AROUND THE 1ST CENTURY AD
ART : THE CONSCIENCE USE OF SKILL, CRAFT, AND CREATIVE IMAGINATION IN
THE PRODUCTION OF WHAT IS BEAUTIFUL, APPEALING, OR OF MORE THAN
ORDINARY SIGNIFICANCE.
SCIENCE: A BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE DEALING WITH A BODY OF FACTS OR TRUTHS
OBTAINED BY DIRECT OBSERVATION, EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION, AND METHODICAL
STUDY, SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED AND SHOWING THE OPERATION OF GENERAL LAWS.
INTRODUCTION

3. WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE?
ARCHITECTURE IS A HIGHLY ADVANCED FIELD OF STUDY. THE MAJORITY OF INDIVIDUALS SPEND
THEIR LIVES IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO ARCHITECTURE. IT PROVIDES A HOME, A PLACE TO WORK, AND A
PLACE TO PLAY. WITH SUCH A LARGE ROLE IN INFLUENCING OUR EXPERIENCES AND SUCH A DIVERSE
RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, ARCHITECTURE TAKES ON FAR TOO MANY FORMS TO BE EXACTLY.
CLASSIFIED. WHILE EACH HOUSE IS ESSENTIALLY IDENTICAL, HOW MANY DISTINCT SIZES, SHAPES,
AND CONFIGURATIONS ARE FEASIBLE FOR A HOUSE? THERE IS NO ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL FORMULA FOR
FINDING THE OPTIMAL LAYOUT OF A HOUSE OR OTHER TYPE OF STRUCTURE. WHILE ARCHITECTURE IS
LIMITLESS, IT ALSO BEARS THE BURDEN OF FACILITATING DEFINED FUNCTIONS.
- Francis D.K Ching – Introduction to Architecture -

4. THREE (3) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE
Firmitas (firmness/durability) refers to a building’s ability to stand
up to the stresses of time and the natural elements. Its longevity can be
calculated using various levels of exactitude. Certain materials are more
durable than others. This is because they have the illusion of
durabilities.
Utilitas (commodity/utility) are the building's ability to meet the
needs of its intended occupants. There are many types of buildings,
some of which require special attention to fit their intended
inhabitants. Architect Louis Sullivan defined the concept of
usefulness in 1896 with his famous dictum, “Form follows function”.
Venustas (delight/beauty) refers to a structure's aesthetic link to its surroundings. This feature can be
seen in the usage of appealing architectural or flooring materials. Venustas was a requirement for most
newly constructed buildings before the twentieth century.

5. THE SCALE OF DESIGN
ARCHITECTURE IS NOT JUST ABOUT BUILDINGS. THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
CAN BE APPLIED TO VARIOUS SCALES, SUCH AS DESIGNING OBJECTS, SPACES, AND CITIES. THE
ARCHITECT MUST DESIGN BUILDINGS OF ALL SIZES, BOTH LARGE AND SMALL. ARCHITECTURE IS
THE STUDY OF DESIGN, AND THESE ARE OTHER ASPECTS OF DESIGN.
DESIGNING OBJECTS
BESIDES LOCATION ISSUES, DESIGNS ALSO COVER ALL THE FINER ASPECTS. FEATURES ARE BUILT
FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. THE PRIMARY CRITERIA IS THAT THE APPLICANT BE CAPABLE OF
DESIGNING ON A MODEST SCALE. ADDITIONALLY, THE ARCHITECT CAN APPLY THESE ABILITIES TO
THE CREATION OF A VARIETY OF OBJECTS.THEY MIGHT BE ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS, SUCH AS A
SCULPTURE OR A DOOR HANDLE. THEY MIGHT ALSO BE ARCHITECT-SPECIFIC PROJECTS THAT
UTILIZE THEIR SKILL SETS.
▪ FURNITURE DESIGN NECESSITATES AN ARCHITECT'S AESTHETIC SENSE AND ERGONOMIC COMPETENCE.
▪ LIGHTING DESIGN NECESSITATES AN ARCHITECT'S KNOWLEDGE OF LIGHT BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS A
DESIRE TO CREATE A UNIQUE LIGHTING EXPERIENCE.
▪ ARCHITECTS FREQUENTLY PURSUE SCULPTURE AND PAINTING BECAUSE THE COMPOSITIONAL PRINCIPLES
AND CRAFTING PROCESS ARE SO SIMILAR.

6. DESIGNING SPACES
ONE OF THE MOST CRUCIAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE IS SPACE. THE ARCHITECT IS IN CHARGE
OF NOT ONLY CONSTRUCTING A STRUCTURE BUT ALSO ARRANGING THE SPACES WITHIN IT TO SUIT A
SPECIFIC PURPOSE. WHEN DESIGNING SPACES, AN ARCHITECT'S KNOWLEDGE OF PROPORTION,
ORGANIZATION, LIGHT, AND MATERIAL IS NECESSARY.
▪ TO BE CONFIGURED FOR A CERTAIN FUNCTION, A ROOM REQUIRES AN ARCHITECT'S GRASP OF
DESIGN.
▪ AN ARCHITECT'S EXPERTISE IN THE COMPOSITION IS REQUIRED TO DEFINE THE LIMITS OF OUTDOOR
SPACE WITHOUT COMPLETELY ENCLOSING IT.
▪ BUILDINGS ARE CONSTRUCTED THROUGH THE SENSES. THE WAY AN
EXPERIENCE IS PERCEIVED IS INFLUENCED BY THE CONFIGURATION OF SPACES. UNDERSTANDING
MATERIALS, PROPORTIONS, COLORS, TEXTURES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS ARE REQUIRED.
DESIGNING BUILDINGS
THE EARLIEST CONCEPT OF THE ARCHITECT'S ROLE IS THAT OF BUILDING. BUILDINGS MUST BE
ORGANIZED TO FULFILL THEIR PURPOSE. PLACING A BUILDING AND ADJUSTING IT TO ITS
SURROUNDINGS ARE ALSO OBLIGATIONS OF THE ARCHITECT. THE SUCCESS OF THE BUILDING IS
RELIANT ON BOTH OF THESE INFLUENCES.

7. ▪ THE ARCHITECT PLACES A BUILDING ON ITS SITE TO ESTABLISH LINKAGES WITH THE SURROUNDING
STRUCTURES.
▪ THE ARCHITECT DESIGNS A STRUCTURE TO SERVE A SPECIFIC PURPOSE.
▪ THE ARCHITECT ALLOCATES SPACES THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING TO ENSURE THAT ITS FUNCTION
IS SUITABLY SUPPORTED.
DESIGNING BUILDINGS
CITIES HAVE SIMILAR TRAITS OF BUILDINGS. THEY ARE SPACES, ENVIRONMENTS, AND THE
WORKS HAVE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IN MIND. THE ARCHITECT HAS IDEAL CONDITIONS TO AFFECT
THE DESIGN, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. BY DESIGNING
BUILDINGS, ARCHITECTS CAN INFLUENCE THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT BY DIRECTLY
INFLUENCING IT.
▪ CITIES UTILIZE THE DESIGN OF SPACE FOR PUBLIC SPACE AND STREETSCAPES.
▪ BUILDINGS ALLOW ARCHITECTS TO CONTROL THE GROWTH OF A CITY.
▪ ZONING INFLUENCES ALL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FUNCTIONS,
NECESSITATING AN ARCHITECT TOCOMPREHEND PROGRAMMATIC RELATIONSHIPS.

8. ALLIED DISCIPLINES
ARCHITECTURE IS A LONG-STANDING AND VARIED PROFESSION. IT COVERS A WIDE RANGE OF TOPICS
THAT HAVE AN IMPACT ON HOW WE LIVE. ARCHITECTURE IS A FORM OF ART IN AND OF ITSELF.
MANY OF THE SAME COMPOSITIONAL CONCEPTS THAT APPLY TO PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC, AND
LITERATURE APPLY TO IT AS WELL. IT IS LINKED TO OTHER ARTISTIC FIELDS BY THE CONCEPTS OF
DESIGN AND COMPOSITION.
IN ADDITION, IT HELPS TO MAKE PRODUCTS THAT MAKE OUR LIVES EASIER. ARCHITECTURE ALIGNS
WITH DESIGN DISCIPLINES SUCH AS INTERIOR DESIGN, URBAN DESIGN, AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN.
HISTORICALLY, URBAN DESIGN AND INTERIOR DESIGN HAVE BOTH BEEN INTERTWINED WITH
ARCHITECTURE.
BOTH ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION-BASED SCIENCES ARE FOCUSED ON FORM AND MATERIAL.
ALLIES THE VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE INDUSTRIES. LEARNING HOW PEOPLE
ACT, PERCEIVE, AND LEAD THEIR LIVES IS ESSENTIAL IN DESIGNING SPACES THAT SUPPORT THOSE
THINGS. THIS ALLIANCE INCORPORATES THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.

9. THE COMPONENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
THE BUILDING HAS TO BE A COMPOSITE OF FORM, SPACE, AND ORDER. COMPOSED RELATIONSHIPS
ARE REALIZED BY EMPLOYING A VARIETY OF ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS. THIS RANGE IN
SIZE, COMPLEXITY, AND FUNCTION. TO BE USABLE, ALL PHYSICAL OBJECTS HAVE A HANDLE ON
WHICH THEY CAN BE PLACED, AND ARE AT LEAST PERCEPTIBLE.
A COLUMN GRID GIVES STRUCTURE AND DIVIDES SPACE INTO BAYS, WHILE A ROOF STRUCTURE
PROTECTS FROM THE ELEMENTS AND DETERMINES THE VERTICAL LIMIT OF THE SPACE. THIS
CHAPTER REVEALS THE ANATOMY OF ARCHITECTURE. THE ELEMENTS OF BUILDINGS ARE AS
FOLLOWS: FOR EACH OF THOSE ELEMENTS, THE FOLLOWING ARE THEN DEFINED: THIS CHAPTER IS
INTENDED TO BE AN OVERVIEW OF ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS, BUT IT IS BY NO MEANS AN EXHAUSTIVE
LIST. THE NATURE OF ARCHITECTURE IS TO CONTINUE TO GROW THROUGH NEW INVENTIONS AND
INNOVATION. REMEMBER THAT THIS CHAPTER ONLY SERVES AS AN INTRODUCTION AND THE ARRAY OF
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IS VAST.

10. BUILDING TYPES
WHEN DESIGNING RESIDENTIAL HOMES, THERE ARE FOUR DESIGNS TO CHOOSE FROM: ONE-STOREY, ONE-
AND-ONE-HALF-STOREY, TWO-STOREY, AND SPLIT-LEVEL. THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT THE STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES OF EACH DESIGN APPROACH. SITE CONTOUR, CLIMATE, COST, AND CONVENIENCE ALL HAVE AN
IMPACT ON A PERSON'S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS.
LOW RISE: DESCRIBING A BUILDING HAVING ONE, TWO, OR THREE STORIES AND USUALLY NO
ELEVATOR
ONE-STOREY
ADVANTAGES
1. LENDS ITSELF BEAUTIFULLY TO INDOOR-OUTDOORBLIVING (PATIOS, PORCHES, ETC.)
2. ABSENCE OF STAIRS, UNLESS IT HAS A BASEMENT
3. LOW-PITCHED ROOF AND SHORT WALLS MAKE OUTSIDE MAINTENANCE EASY
DISADVANTAGES:
1. USUALLY COSTLY TO BUILD
2. REQUIRES A LARGER LOT THAN A TWO STOREY OF THE SAME SQUARE FOOTAGE
3. POSSIBLE HEATING PROBLEMS

11. ONE-AND-ONE-HALF-STOREY
ADVANTAGES
1. STEEPER ROOF, WHICH ALLOWS FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
2. TYPICALLY, DORMERS ARE CONSTRUCTED TO GIVE INCREASED LIGHT AND VENTILATION.
3. DUE TO THE LIMITED EXTERIOR WALL AREA, HEATING EXPENDITURES ARE REDUCED.
DISADVANTAGES
1. APPROPRIATE VENTILATION AND INSULATION ARE REQUIRED, AS ONE- THIRD OF THE CEILING AREA
IS BENEATH THE ROOF.
2. MUST BE METICULOUSLY ORGANIZED IN ORDER TO ACCOMMODATE EVERYONE
TWO-STOREY
ADVANTAGES
1. MOST ECONOMICAL TO BUILD
2. REQUIRES A SMALLER LOT THAN MOST OTHER DESIGNS
3. HEATING AND COOLING IS VERY ECONOMICAL

12. ONE-AND-ONE-HALF-STOREY
ADVANTAGES
1. STEEPER ROOF, WHICH ALLOWS FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
2. TYPICALLY, DORMERS ARE CONSTRUCTED TO GIVE INCREASED LIGHT AND VENTILATION.
3. DUE TO THE LIMITED EXTERIOR WALL AREA, HEATING EXPENDITURES ARE REDUCED.
DISADVANTAGES
1. APPROPRIATE VENTILATION AND INSULATION ARE REQUIRED, AS ONE- THIRD OF THE CEILING AREA
IS BENEATH THE ROOF.
2. MUST BE METICULOUSLY ORGANIZED IN ORDER TO ACCOMMODATE EVERYONE
TWO-STOREY
ADVANTAGES
1. MOST ECONOMICAL TO BUILD
2. REQUIRES A SMALLER LOT THAN MOST OTHER DESIGNS
3. HEATING AND COOLING IS VERY ECONOMICAL

13. TWO-STOREY
DISADVANTAGES
1. STANDS OUT AMONGST OTHER DESIGNS
2. EXTERIOR MAINTENANCE IS GENERALLY COSTLY AND DIFFICULT
3. CLIMBING STAIRS
4. DOES NOT LEND ITSELF AS EASILY TO DESIGN MODIFICATIONS AS OTHER HOUSE DESIGNS DO.
SPLIT-LEVEL
ADVANTAGES
1. CAN BE BUILT ON UNEVEN TERRAIN
2. LITTLE OR NO HALL SPACE IS REQUIRED
3. DIFFERENT LIVING SPACE IS SEPARATED BY LEVELS
DISADVANTAGES
1. CAN ONLY BE BUILT IN CERTAIN LOCATIONS
2. ABUNDANCE OF STAIRS
3. MORE EXPENSIVE TO BUILD COMPARED TO A TWO-STOREY

14. MID-RISE
DESCRIBING A BUILDING HAVING A MODERATELY
LARGE NUMBER OF STORIES,USUALLY 5 TO 10, AND
EQUIPPED WITH ELEVATORS.
HIGH-RISE
DESCRIBING A BUILDING HAVING A
COMPARATIVELY LARGE NUMBER OF STORIES
AND EQUIPPED WITH ELEVATORS.
SKYSCRAPER
A BUILDING OF EXCEPTIONAL HEIGHT AND
MANY STORIES, SUPPORTED BY A STEEL OR
CONCRETE FRAMEWORK FROM WHICH THE
WALLS ARE SUSPENDED.

15. BASIC ELEMENTS OF BUILDINGS
1. ROOF
2. CEILING
3. ROOM
4. WALL
5. WINDOW
6. DOOR
7. FLOOR
8. MECHANICAL SYSTEM
9. STRUCTURE
10.FOUNDATION

16. BUILDING ENVELOPE
THE ENVELOPE OF A BUILDING IS NOT JUST TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXTERIOR SURFACES; IT IS ALSO
A TRANSITION SPACE. SOME OF THESE INTERACTIONS INCLUDE THE METHODS USED TO
PROVIDE SUNLIGHT AND DAYLIGHT INTO THE INTERIOR, CHANNEL BREEZES AND SOUNDS, AND
DIVERT RAIN. THIS TRANSITION SPACE, WHICH FORMS THE ENVELOPE, IS A PLACE WHERE
INDIVIDUALS INSIDE GET A TASTE OF WHAT IT'S LIKE TO BE OUTSIDE RIGHT NOW, AND WHERE
THOSE OUTSIDE GET A GLIMPSE OF WHAT'S GOING ON WITHIN.
A PERSON WILL BE MOST AWARE OF THE CONTRAST BETWEEN OUTDOORS AND INTERIORS AT
ENTRY, WHERE SPACE IS CREATED IN THE TRANSITION FROM ONE ENVIRONMENT TO ANOTHER.
TWO DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF ENVELOPE DESIGN
1. THE CLOSED SHELL – THE DESIGNER SEES THE BUILDING ENVELOPE AS A CLOSED SHELL,
THEN DELIBERATELY PUNCHES HOLES IN IT TO MAKE RESTRICTED AND PARTICULAR CONTACTS
WITH THE OUTSIDE.
THE COMPACTED MUD BLOCK SHIELD MINIMIZES THE IMPACT ON THE INTERIOR. ADMITTING LIGHT
AND HEAT, THE DOOR AND WINDOW FACE SOUTH. BY EARLY MORNING, INTERIORS ARE DESERTED
FOR WARMER SOUTH TERRACES.

17. TWO DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF ENVELOPE DESIGN
2. THE OPEN FRAME – IN HEAT-MOIST REGIONS (OR WHERE EXTERNAL CONDITIONS ARE
VERY CLOSE TO THE DESIRED INTERNAL ONES). ONCE A FRAMEWORK IS ESTABLISHED, THE
BUILDING'S SKIN IS SELECTIVELY APPLIED TO ONLY CERTAIN OUTDOOR FORCES.
TO PREVENT RAIN AND SUNLIGHT FROM GETTING INTO THE ROOT ZONE. A RAISED FLOOR
AVOIDS DAMP EARTH AND ITS CREATURES AND PROVIDES BREEZES FOR ITS USERS.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
▪ WALLS
▪ FENESTRATION (DOORS AND WINDOWS)
▪ ROOFS

18. WALLS
THE WALL IS AN ARCHITECTURAL ASPECT THAT CREATES AN ENCLOSURE, MARKING THE
DEFINITION BETWEEN THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR BOUNDARIES.
FOR SMALL TO MEDIUM-SCALE RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES, WE
USE COMMON CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS (CHB), WHICH ARE SOMETIMES MANUFACTURED
LOCALLY. HOWEVER, NEW MATERIALS AND PROCESSES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED TO THE
MARKET THAT ENABLES ARCHITECTS TO BUILD MORE FLEXIBLY.
1. EXTERIOR WALL
EXTERIOR WALLS SERVE AS THE FACE OF A BUILDING. IT FORMS THE SPATIAL
ENCLOSURE. DIFFERENT MATERIALS ARE USED IN BUILDING A WALL, SUCH AS WOOD,
STONES, BRICKS, AND CONCRETE. NEW MATERIALS NOW ALLOW FOR THE USE OF GLASS,
AND OTHER MATERIALS TO BE USED TO ENCLOSE A BUILDING.
THIS ADVANCEMENT HAS MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR A MAN TO REDESIGN THE AESTHETIC
FEATURES AS WELL AS THE FUNCTION OF A WALL. NEW MATERIALS HAVE LIBERATED THE
CONTEXT OF AN EXTERIOR WALL FROM BEING BOUND BY AN OUTSIDE BOUNDARY. BELOW,
YOU WILL FIND SAMPLES OF VARIOUS STYLES OF WALL ARCHITECTURE.

19. IMPORTANCE OF FENESTRATION
INTERIOR WALL
ANY INTERIOR WALL THAT IS COMPLETELY ENCLOSED BY EXTERIOR WALLS.
BEARING WALL
A WALL THAT IS CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING AN IMPOSED LOAD, SUCH AS FROM A BUILDING'S
FLOOR OR ROOF. ADDITIONALLY REFERRED TO AS A LOAD- BEARING WALL.
PARTY WALL
A WALL SHARED BY ADJACENT STRUCTURES THAT IS CONSTRUCTED ALONG A LINE DIVIDING
TWO PARCELS OF LAND, EACH OF WHICH IS A DISTINCT REAL ESTATE ENTITY.
FENESTRATION (DOORS AND WINDOWS)
WALL OPENINGS LET LIGHT INTO INTERIOR SPACES, PROVIDE VENTILATION, AND, MOST
IMPORTANTLY, ALLOW ACCESS AND EXIT FROM A BUILDING OR SPACE.

20. IMPORTANCE OF FENESTRATION
BECAUSE FENESTRATION IS SUCH AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF BUILDING DESIGN, IT MUST
BE CREATED WITH CARE AND CONSIDERATION FOR ITS INTENDED USAGE AND BENEFITS. THE
SOCIAL CHARACTER OF PUBLIC AREAS IS INFLUENCED BY FENESTRATION. FENESTRATION
HAS AN IMPACT ON HOW FRIENDLY A BUILDING IS, AS WELL AS WHETHER IT WORKS WITH
ADJACENT STRUCTURES TO CREATE A VISUALLY COORDINATED AND IMMERSIVE SETTING.
1. IT CAN DEFINE THE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AND STYLE
WINDOWS HAVE AN AESTHETIC AND STRUCTURAL IMPACT ON BUILDINGS. WINDOW
KINDS HAVE BEEN USED TO CHARACTERIZE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES FOR MANY YEARS.
2. IT CAN IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF THE OCCUPANT, ESPECIALLY MENTAL HEALTH
DAY LIGHTING SUPPORTS SCHOOL SUSTAINABILITY AND PERFORMANCE, ACCORDING
TO CHPS BEST PRACTICES MANUAL 2002. IT PROVIDES BETTER LIGHTING FOR THE WORK
ENVIRONMENT AND OFFERS NATURAL VENTILATION.

21. WINDOW
AN OPENING IN A BUILDING'S WALL FOR ADMITTING LIGHT AND AIR, USUALLY WITH A
FRAME IN WHICH MOVEABLE SASHES CARRYING GLASS PANES ARE INSERTED.
IT'S CRUCIAL TO KEEP IN MIND THE FUNCTION OF WINDOWS WHEN CHOOSING THEM.
THEY LET IN LIGHT, FRESH AIR, AND VENTILATION, AS WELL AS ADDING DETAIL, BALANCE,
AND DESIGN.
A WINDOW SCHEDULE MUST BE ACCURATE AND CONTAIN ESSENTIAL INFORMATION ABOUT
THE WINDOWS. IT CAN BE COMBINED WITH THE FLOOR PLAN OR ELEVATION PLAN ON THE
SAME SHEET.
TYPES OF WINDOWS
SLIDING WINDOWS
A SINGLE WINDOW WITH SLIDING OPERABLE PANE, THE PANE CAN SLIDE OVER THE TOP OF
THE OTHER TO BE OPENED.
▪ THE MOST COMMON TYPES ARE DOUBLE-HUNG AND HORIZONTAL SLIDING
▪ HAVE TWO SASHES, WHICH SLIDE UP AND DOWN IN GROOVES

22. TYPES OF WINDOWS
SWINGING WINDOWS
A WINDOW THAT IS HINGED TO ITS FRAME. THEY ARE USED SINGLE OR IN PAIRS WITHIN A
SIMILAR FRAME, WHERE THEY ARE EXTERNALLY HINGED.THE MOST COMMON TYPES ARE
CASEMENT, AWNING, HOPPER, AND JALOUSIE WINDOWS.
▪ CASEMENT WINDOW– HINGED AT THE SIDE WHICH SWING OUTWARD
▪ AWNING WINDOW – HINGED AT THE TOP AND SWINGS OUT AT AN ANGLE LIKE AN AWNING
▪ HOPPER WINDOW – USUALLY AN IN-SWINGING WINDOW, HINGED AT THE BOTTOM, AND
POPULAR FOR BASEMENTS
▪ JALOUSIE – HAS A SERIES OF NARROW HORIZONTAL GLASS SLATS
FIXED WINDOWS
THE PURPOSE OF THE WINDOW IS TO PROVIDE A VIEW AND/OR ALLOW LIGHT, BUT NOT TO
PROVIDE VENTILATION. THE MOST COMMON TYPES ARE PICTURE WINDOWS, CIRCLE TOP
WINDOWS, GLASS BLOCK AND RANDOM SHAPED.

23. TYPES OF WINDOWS
▪ PICTURE WINDOW – A KIND OF FIXED WINDOW, IS A KIND OF LARGE WINDOW THAT IS
USED TO PROVIDE GOOD VIEW OF THE GARDEN OR GREENERIES OUTSIDE
▪ CIRCLE TOP – CAN BE INSTALLED BY THEMSELVES OR IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER
WINDOWS
SKYLIGHT AND CLERESTORY WINDOW
LIGHT AND VENTILATION ARE ADMITTED INTO PLACES THAT RECEIVE LITTLE OR NO NATURAL
LIGHT.
▪ SKYLIGHT – LOCATED ON THE ROOF, COME IN A VARIETY OF SHAPES, BUT THE MOST COMMON IS
RECTANGULAR
▪ CLERESTORY – IS A FIXED OR OPERABLE WINDOW PLACED IN THE UPPER PORTION OF A WALL
CALLED CLERESTORY
TRANSOM WINDOW
AN ANCIENT TYPE OF WINDOW, COMMONLY KNOWN AS A FAN SHAPED.
IT IS A DECORATIVE WINDOW THAT IS PLACED ABOVE A DOOR, OR WINDOW.

24. TYPES OF WINDOWS
ARCHED WINDOW WITH HALF RADIUS
COMMONLY FEATURES IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. ARCHED WINDOW CAN BE OPERABLE OR
FIXED, IT IS DISTINGUISHED IN ITS ARCHED UPPER PORTION.
BAY WINDOW
IT FEATURES AN OUTWARD FRAME THAT IS COMMONLY HEXAGONAL AND CAN PROVIDE
ADDITIONAL SPACE IN THE ROOM.

25. DOOR
FOR OPENING AND CLOSING AN ENTRANCE TO A BUILDING, ROOM, OR CABINET, A HINGED,
SLIDING, OR FOLDING BARRIER OF WOOD, METAL, OR GLASS IS USED. BECAUSE IT
REPRESENTS THE POINT OF ENTRANCE AND OFTEN DEFINES A BUILDING'S IDENTITY, THE
DOOR OPENING IS OFTEN THE MOST FAMOUS FEATURE OF ANY ELEVATION. THRESHOLDS,
WHICH ARE RAISED STEPS OR PLINTHS THAT SERVE TO BETTER DEFINE THE POINT OF
ENTRY, ARE FREQUENTLY USED TO IDENTIFY DOORWAYS. AT A DOORWAY, CANOPIES OR
COVERING STRUCTURES CAN ALSO CREATE A SENSE OF SHELTER.
A DOOR SCHEDULE SHOULD BE CREATED FOR EACH DOOR ON THE FLOOR LAYOUT.
BECAUSE SPECIFICATIONS DIFFER BY MANUFACTURER, IT'S CRITICAL TO HAVE PRECISE
INFORMATION FOR THE SCHEDULE.
THERE ARE SOME KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING OR DESIGNING THE RIGHT DOOR:
1. THE TYPE OF ACTIVITY THAT OCCURS WITHIN THE SPACE/ROOM
2. THE MATERIALS TO BE USED ACCORDING TO ITS PURPOSE
3. THE STANDARD WIDTH REQUIRED BY THE LAWS REGARDING OCCUPANT LOAD

26. TYPES OF DOORS
FLUSH DOORS
THEY ARE NORMALLY MADE OF WOOD, ARE SMOOTH ON BOTH SIDES, AND ARE HOLLOW ON THE INSIDE WITH A
WOOD FRAME AROUND THE OUTSIDE. STANDARD SIZES ARE 1-3/8" THICK, 6'8" HIGH, AND RANGE IN WIDTH
FROM 2' TO 3'.
PANEL DOORS
PANEL DOORS HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL OUTER FRAME AND TYPICALLY FEATURE CROSS ELEMENTS THAT
FORM SMALL PANELS. STILES REFER TO THE VERTICAL MEMBERS. THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS ARE
REFERRED TO AS RAILS.
SWINGING DOORS
A DOOR THAT TURNS ON HINGES OR PIVOT ABOUT A VERTICAL EDGE WHEN PUSHED OR PULLED.
▪ SINGLE-ACTING DOOR – A DOOR HUNG ON HINGES THAT PERMIT IT TO SWING IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY.
▪ DOUBLE-ACTING DOOR – A DOOR HUNG ON HINGES THAT PERMIT IT TO SWING IN EITHER DIRECTION FROM
A CLOSED POSITION.
▪ PIVOTED DOOR – A DOOR CARRIED ON AND SWINGING ABOUT ON A CENTER OR OFFSET PIVOT, AS
DISTINGUISHED FROM ONE HUNG ON HINGES.

27. TYPES OF DOORS
FOLDING DOOR: A DOOR WITH HINGED SECTIONS THAT CAN BE FOLDED FLAT AGAINST ONE
ANOTHER WHEN OPENED.
BI-FOLD DOOR : A FOLDING DOOR DIVIDED INTO TWO LEAVES, THE INNER EDGES OF WHICH
ARE SUSPENDED FROM AN OVERHEAD TRACK AND THE OUTSIDE EDGES OF WHICH PIVOT
AT THE JAMB.
SLIDING DOOR: A DOOR THAT OPERATES OR MOVES BY SLIDING ON A TRACK, USUALLY PARALLEL
TO A WALL. SLIDING OR BI-PASS DOORS ARE POPULAR WHERE THERE IS LARGE OPENING.
FREQUENTLY USED AS CLOSET DOORS. THE WIDTH OF THE DOOR IS IRRELEVANT BECAUSE IT IS
HUNG FROM A TRACK. TO AVOID SWINGING, GLIDES ARE FITTED ON THE FLOOR. MAY BE FLUSH
WITH THE WALL, PANELED, OR LOUVERED.
POCKET DOORS: A SLIDING DOOR THAT FITS INTO AND OUT OF A RECESS IN THE WALL OF A
DOORWAY. TYPICALLY A FLUSH DOOR, THIS TYPE OF DOOR IS A VARIANT ON THE SLIDING DOOR. IT
IS SUSPENDED FROM A TRACK MOUNT AND SITS IN A POCKET IN THE WALL. BETWEEN ROOMS
SUCH AS THE KITCHEN AND DINING ROOM, THIS TERM IS FREQUENTLY USED.
ACCORDION DOOR: A DOOR WITH MANY LEAVES THAT IS SUSPENDED FROM AN OVERHEAD TRACK
AND OPENS IN THE MANNER OF AN ACCORDION. FREQUENTLY USED TO CLOSE LARGE OPENINGS
WHERE BI-FOLD OR SLIDING DOORS WOULD NOT BE ACCEPTABLE. MADE OF A VARIETY OF
MATERIALS: WOOD, PLASTIC, FABRIC.

28. TYPES OF DOORS
DUTCH DOOR: A DOOR DIVIDED HORIZONTALLY SO THAT EACH SECTION CAN BE OPENED OR CLOSED INDEPENDENTLY.
CONSISTS OF TWO SECTIONS: AN UPPER AND ALOWER. THE ORIGINAL FUNCTION OF THIS DOOR DESIGN WAS TO
KEEP ANIMALS OUT OF FARMHOUSES OR CHILDREN IN WHILE ALLOWING LIGHT AND AIR TO FILTER THROUGH THE TOP;
IT WAS EFFECTIVELY A DOOR COMBINED WITH A PRETTY WIDE WINDOW.
REVOLVING DOOR: AN ENTRANCE DOOR FOR PREVENTING DRAFTS FROM THE INTERIOR OF ABUILDING, CONSISTING
OF FOUR LEAVES PLACED IN THE FORM OF A CROSS AND ROTATING ABOUT A CENTRAL, VERTICAL PIVOT WITHIN A
CYLINDRICALLY SHAPED VESTIBULE. SOME REVOLVING DOORS AUTOMATICALLY FOLD BACK IN THE DIRECTION
OF EGRESS WHEN PRESSURE IS APPLIED, GIVING A LEGAL PATH ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DOOR PIVOT.
FRENCH DOOR: A DOOR WITH RECTANGULAR GLASS PANES RUNNING THE LENGTH OF IT AND FREQUENTLY HUNG IN
PAIRS. ADDITIONALLY REFERRED TO AS A CASEMENT DOOR.
ROLLER DOOR: ROLLER SHUTTER DOOR OR ALSO KNOWN AS SECTIONAL OVERHEAD DOORS. A LARGE DOOR
CONSISTING OF HORIZONTAL, INTERLOCKING METAL SLATS GUIDED BY A TRACK ON EITHER SLIDE OPENING BY
ROLLING ABOUT AND OVERHEAD DRUM AT THE HEAD OF THE DOOR OPENING

29. ROOF
THE ROOF IS THE BUILDING'S TOP LAYER, PROVIDING PROTECTION AS WELL AS A SENSE OF SAFETY AND SECURITY. A
ROOF CAN BE LARGE, OPERATING AS ASTRUCTURE APART FROM THE BUILDING OR STRUCTURES IT COVERS, OR IT CAN
BE SMALL AND CLOSELY TIED TO THE OUTLINE OF THE BUILDING IT COVERS.
THE FUNCTION OF A BUILDING'S ROOF IS USUALLY GOVERNED BY THAT PURPOSE, BUT THE ROOF'S DESIGN WILL
ALSO BE INFLUENCED BY THE BUILDING'S IMMEDIATE SETTING. IF THERE ARE PITCHED ROOFS IN THE AREA, FOR
EXAMPLE, A PRECEDENT FOR A SPECIFIC OFFICIAL RESPONSE WILL VERY CERTAINLY BE ESTABLISHED.
THE WEATHER IS ALSO A DECIDING FACTOR. RAINFALL MUST BE DRAINED FAST AND EFFICIENTLY, NECESSITATING
THE USE OF A SLANTED ROOF. A ROOF PROTECTS FROM THE EXTREME HEAT IN VERY HOT CLIMES, WHILE
OVERHANGING ROOF STRUCTURES CAN PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SHELTER TO THE STREETS BELOW. THE ROOF PITCH IS
CRUCIAL IN AREAS WHERE SNOW IS A CONCERN, AS IT PREVENTS SNOW FROM SETTLING ON THE ROOF SURFACE.
TYPES OF ROOFS
PITCHED ROOF
A PITCHED ROOF SLOPES DOWN, USUALLY IN TWO PORTIONS AT AN ANGLE FROM A CENTRAL RIDGE, BUT OCCASIONALLY
IN ONE PART, FROM ONE EDGE TO THE NEXT. A ROOF'S "PITCH" IS CALCULATED BY DIVIDING ITS VERTICAL RISE BY ITS
HORIZONTAL SPAN AND IS A MEASURE OF ITS STEEPNESS.

30. TYPES OF ROOFS
PITCHED ROOF: A PITCHED ROOF SLOPES DOWN, USUALLY IN TWO PORTIONS AT AN ANGLE FROM A CENTRAL RIDGE, BUT
OCCASIONALLY IN ONE PART, FROM ONE EDGE TO THE NEXT. A ROOF'S "PITCH" IS CALCULATED BY DIVIDING ITS
VERTICAL RISE BY ITS HORIZONTAL SPAN AND IS A MEASURE OF ITS STEEPNESS.
GABLE ROOF: ON CAPE COD AND RANCH HOMES, GABLE ROOFS ARE COMMON. A GABLE ROOF'S PITCH (ANGLE) RANGES
FROM HIGH-PITCH ROOFS FOUND ON CHALET AND A-FRAME STYLE BUILDINGS TO LOW-PITCH ROOFS FOUND ON MOST
RANCH HOMES.
HIP ROOF: WHEN EAVE-LINE PROTECTION IS REQUIRED AROUND THE WHOLE PERIMETER OF THE BUILDING, THIS
FORM OF ROOF IS ADOPTED. HIP ROOFS ARE VERY POPULAR IN WARM CLIMATES BECAUSE OF THEIR LOW PROFILE.
FLAT ROOF: A ROOF THAT DOES NOT HAVE A SLOPE OR HAS ONLY A SMALL PITCH TO DRAIN RAINFALL. ON MANY
MODERN RESIDENCES, THESE ROOFS ARE ADDED TO OBTAIN A LOW SILHOUETTE. BECAUSE THE LEANING
TOGETHER OF RAFTERS REQUIRES NO SUPPORTS, FLAT ROOFS REQUIRE SIGNIFICANTLY HEAVIER RAFTERS.
SHED ROOF: SHED ROOFS ARE FLAT ROOFS WITH ONE END BEING TALLER THAN THE OTHER. THEY CAN BE
EMPLOYED WHEN THERE ARE TWO FLOORS AND MORE LIGHT IS REQUIRED. THE DOUBLE SHED ROOF IS A TYPE OF SHED
ROOF THAT IS BETTER FOR HILLSIDE SPLIT-LEVEL CONSTRUCTIONS.

31. ESQUISSE
NO. 1
• On an A3 size of
paper manually draft
the different types of
doors and windows,
showing their plan
and elevation
projection, and
perspective view.