This experiment tested whether adding pulverized shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase calcium levels and support survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The experiment had two trials with different initial calcium levels and treatments with 0, 10, or 50 mg of shell powder added daily over 21 days. The survival and number of offspring produced by Daphnia pulex in each treatment were recorded and analyzed to determine if shell addition could help restore populations affected by calcium decline in lakes.
Aquatic Osteoporosis: Remediating the emerging problem of lake calcium declineAngela Ceccato
The document discusses lake calcium decline due to acid rain and other stressors, and describes an experiment testing whether adding pulverized shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase calcium levels and the survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The experiment included two trials testing water with low and critical calcium levels, each with a control and two treatments of 10mg and 50mg of shell powder added. Results showed that shell powder significantly increased calcium levels in both trials but had varying effects on Daphnia pulex, increasing survival in the low calcium trial but decreasing survival and reproduction in the critical calcium trial, suggesting an optimal dosage range.
This document summarizes a student research project investigating the use of recycled shell waste to remediate declining calcium levels in lakes. The student hypothesized that adding calcium carbonate from pulverized shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase calcium concentrations and improve survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The experimental design involved two trials testing different calcium levels with controls and treatments of 0, 10 and 50 mg of added shell powder over 21 days. The results of this experiment could help develop processes to restore calcium levels in lakes and protect biodiversity.
This document discusses the potential advantages of underwater desalination compared to conventional desalination. Underwater desalination could reduce energy costs and environmental impacts by taking advantage of natural ocean pressures and currents. It proposes a system that uses hydrostatic pressure at depth to filter seawater through membranes, dispersing brine naturally and reducing impacts on marine life. While initial installation costs would be high, it argues the system could reduce recurring energy costs by up to 75% over conventional reverse osmosis by eliminating the need to pressurize intake water and producing fresh water at a lower rate. However, the claims about underwater desalination rely on a single potentially biased source, so further testing would still be needed to validate the approach
C5.01: Ocean acidification and seawater carbon chemistry of the Great Barrier...Blue Planet Symposium
This document summarizes research on ocean acidification and carbonate chemistry in the Great Barrier Reef. The research aims to determine how exposure to ocean acidification is changing on the reefs and identify drivers of variability. Observations from sites along the Great Barrier Reef and models show that seasonal changes in carbonate chemistry are linked to a winter source of CO2 on the Great Barrier Reef shelf. Coastal inputs also influence carbonate chemistry. The research uses data from ship surveys, moorings and sampling to improve biogeochemical models of the region from individual reef to whole Great Barrier Reef scales.
This document summarizes a study on using saturated riparian buffers to remove nitrate from subsurface agricultural drainage. Key findings include:
- Saturated buffers significantly reduced nitrate levels in tile drainage water compared to conventional buffers, removing on average 80% of nitrate.
- Nitrous oxide emissions, a greenhouse gas, were higher in saturated buffer soils than conventional buffer soils but remained low overall.
- Saturated buffers are a promising alternative to conventional buffers for removing nitrate from tile drainage in agricultural landscapes and improving water quality.
This article primarily deals with the efforts under progress for the restoration of Kundawada Lake. Over the course of this paper, after this introduction, I would discuss some snippets of environmental activism in India, how I got into it, lakes for society, the state of Kunawada Kere,
This document discusses the conservation, restoration, and management of lakes. It begins by outlining the objectives and importance of lakes for ecosystems and human habitats. Several causes of lake depletion are then described, including inadequate rainfall, industrial wastes, borewell digging, and unplanned urbanization. The document then examines case studies of specific lakes in India, including analyses of water quality, public surveys, and restoration strategies. It concludes by stressing the toll that urbanization and pollution have taken on lakes and the need for immediate action to restore them.
The document discusses closed loop urbanism and using oysters to preserve coastal areas. It outlines key principles of closed loop environments that recycle materials. It then discusses using oyster reefs to improve coastal water quality by filtering pollutants. The life cycle of oysters is described where they attach to form reefs that provide habitat and protect shorelines. Recycling oyster shells is important to provide substrate for new oysters to attach to and continue rebuilding reefs.
Aquatic Osteoporosis: Remediating the emerging problem of lake calcium declineAngela Ceccato
The document discusses lake calcium decline due to acid rain and other stressors, and describes an experiment testing whether adding pulverized shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase calcium levels and the survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The experiment included two trials testing water with low and critical calcium levels, each with a control and two treatments of 10mg and 50mg of shell powder added. Results showed that shell powder significantly increased calcium levels in both trials but had varying effects on Daphnia pulex, increasing survival in the low calcium trial but decreasing survival and reproduction in the critical calcium trial, suggesting an optimal dosage range.
This document summarizes a student research project investigating the use of recycled shell waste to remediate declining calcium levels in lakes. The student hypothesized that adding calcium carbonate from pulverized shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase calcium concentrations and improve survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The experimental design involved two trials testing different calcium levels with controls and treatments of 0, 10 and 50 mg of added shell powder over 21 days. The results of this experiment could help develop processes to restore calcium levels in lakes and protect biodiversity.
This document discusses the potential advantages of underwater desalination compared to conventional desalination. Underwater desalination could reduce energy costs and environmental impacts by taking advantage of natural ocean pressures and currents. It proposes a system that uses hydrostatic pressure at depth to filter seawater through membranes, dispersing brine naturally and reducing impacts on marine life. While initial installation costs would be high, it argues the system could reduce recurring energy costs by up to 75% over conventional reverse osmosis by eliminating the need to pressurize intake water and producing fresh water at a lower rate. However, the claims about underwater desalination rely on a single potentially biased source, so further testing would still be needed to validate the approach
C5.01: Ocean acidification and seawater carbon chemistry of the Great Barrier...Blue Planet Symposium
This document summarizes research on ocean acidification and carbonate chemistry in the Great Barrier Reef. The research aims to determine how exposure to ocean acidification is changing on the reefs and identify drivers of variability. Observations from sites along the Great Barrier Reef and models show that seasonal changes in carbonate chemistry are linked to a winter source of CO2 on the Great Barrier Reef shelf. Coastal inputs also influence carbonate chemistry. The research uses data from ship surveys, moorings and sampling to improve biogeochemical models of the region from individual reef to whole Great Barrier Reef scales.
This document summarizes a study on using saturated riparian buffers to remove nitrate from subsurface agricultural drainage. Key findings include:
- Saturated buffers significantly reduced nitrate levels in tile drainage water compared to conventional buffers, removing on average 80% of nitrate.
- Nitrous oxide emissions, a greenhouse gas, were higher in saturated buffer soils than conventional buffer soils but remained low overall.
- Saturated buffers are a promising alternative to conventional buffers for removing nitrate from tile drainage in agricultural landscapes and improving water quality.
This article primarily deals with the efforts under progress for the restoration of Kundawada Lake. Over the course of this paper, after this introduction, I would discuss some snippets of environmental activism in India, how I got into it, lakes for society, the state of Kunawada Kere,
This document discusses the conservation, restoration, and management of lakes. It begins by outlining the objectives and importance of lakes for ecosystems and human habitats. Several causes of lake depletion are then described, including inadequate rainfall, industrial wastes, borewell digging, and unplanned urbanization. The document then examines case studies of specific lakes in India, including analyses of water quality, public surveys, and restoration strategies. It concludes by stressing the toll that urbanization and pollution have taken on lakes and the need for immediate action to restore them.
The document discusses closed loop urbanism and using oysters to preserve coastal areas. It outlines key principles of closed loop environments that recycle materials. It then discusses using oyster reefs to improve coastal water quality by filtering pollutants. The life cycle of oysters is described where they attach to form reefs that provide habitat and protect shorelines. Recycling oyster shells is important to provide substrate for new oysters to attach to and continue rebuilding reefs.
The document summarizes the state of natural resources in the City of Naples. It discusses the Naples Bay watershed size and stormwater runoff as the number one pollutant. It also mentions efforts to improve water quality such as the Golden Gate Canal Diversions, ASR wells, a new landscape/fertilizer ordinance, habitat restoration projects, and educational outreach including rain gardens. The goal is to better manage stormwater and restore seagrass beds and oyster reefs that have declined significantly since the 1950s.
C5.07: Blue Carbon: Current status of Australian estimates and future model p...Blue Planet Symposium
Blue carbon is becoming widely recognised as a critical component of all national carbon accounting schemes. Australia has invested heavily in collating existing estimates of blue carbon stocks and is currently targeting important yet poorly represented habitats around its extensive coastline. Much of this effort is linked with the CSIRO-funded Coastal Carbon Cluster. This 3-year program has developed and validated many approaches to blue carbon estimation and is now able to showcase best-practice methods. The activities of the Cluster have been used as a model for international efforts to develop global estimates, as well as national blue carbon inventories via the International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Finally, static estimates of carbon can only describe the current carbon stock at a specific location; models can extrapolate these relationships into unsampled regions, as well as estimate carbon stock into the future given changes to climate as well as alterations to the geochemistry/hydrodynamics of a specific habitat.
Located in Northwest Indiana, the Deep River-Portage Burns Waterway watershed drains nearly 180 square miles of primarily urban and agricultural land to Lake Michigan through the Portage Burns Waterway. In 2014, the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) completed a yearlong baseline water quality study of 35 stream sites in the watershed. Based on the information they collected, nearly 233 miles of stream (80%) in the watershed will likely be included on the draft 2016 303d List of Impaired Waterbodies.
The Deep River-Portage Burns Waterway Initiative brings together local communities and organizations to begin restoring and protecting these waterways for current and future generations to enjoy. This webinar highlights some of the concerns raised by the public and the threats streams in the watershed face affecting recreational use and aquatic life.
Ocean Acidification atau Pengasaman samudra adalah salah satu dampak peningkatan gas rumah kaca yang berupa CO2 dimana terjadi penurunan pH perairan akibat semakin banyaknya gas CO2 yang diserap laut/perairan
This document summarizes research on using oysters as a best management practice (BMP) to improve water quality in Chesapeake Bay. It discusses how modeling and sampling of oyster aquaculture sites have helped develop nutrient removal estimates for oysters. The Chesapeake Bay Partnership's Oyster BMP Expert Panel now recommends nutrient removal credits for harvested oyster tissue from private aquaculture. This allows aquaculture harvest to be counted as a BMP in water quality plans. Models can also estimate ecosystem services from expanded aquaculture or restored oyster reefs to help set restoration goals.
This document summarizes the different layers of a lake - the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion. It then discusses issues like eutrophication and lake pollution. Specific solutions proposed for Hussain Sagar lake in Hyderabad include quick shock treatments using chemicals like triozon F and CLO2, bottom aeration to oxygenate the water, and use of bio-enzymes and bacteria to naturally treat the lake. A step-by-step treatment process is outlined showing improvements within hours of application. The overall goal is to oxygenate, clarify and restore the lake water through eco-friendly methods.
Lake Superior is the largest and cleanest of the Great Lakes, home to diverse plant and animal species. While its ecosystem remains in good condition, threats such as invasive species, land use change, contaminants, and climate change require continued protection efforts. The Lakewide Action and Management Plan (LAMP) is the mechanism for the US and Canada to cooperate on monitoring the lake and taking actions to address these threats, with a focus on habitat restoration, reducing chemical pollutants, and adapting to climate change. Ongoing challenges include legacy contaminants in fish, emerging chemicals of concern, and stresses from climate change such as warming waters impacting cold-water fish species.
The document discusses shallow lake ecology, focusing on Crooked Lake in Anoka County, Minnesota. It provides an overview of physical properties, biological characteristics, water quality drivers, and diagnostic tools for shallow lakes. Key points include:
1) Shallow lakes are defined as having a maximum depth of 15 feet or less, or with 80% of the area shallow enough to support aquatic plants.
2) Water quality in shallow lakes is driven by nutrients like phosphorus, with high phosphorus leading to turbid conditions and low phosphorus resulting in clear water.
3) Management strategies aim to switch shallow lakes from a turbid state to a clear water state and include external nutrient control, biomanipulation of
This document discusses a project by The Nature Conservancy to study the ecosystem services provided by oyster aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay. The goals are to scientifically measure the water quality benefits of oyster aquaculture through partnerships with research institutions and aquaculture operations. Methods include using sensors and sediment cores to analyze changes in water quality parameters, biodiversity, and habitat around aquaculture sites. Results will be shared through reports, videos, and outreach to support further expansion of the oyster aquaculture industry as a large-scale restoration strategy.
Jackson 2008 Ecological extinction and evolution discussionLoretta Roberson
This document summarizes a college course paper on ecological extinction in marine ecosystems. It examines factors like overexploitation, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change across different marine systems including estuaries, coastal seas, continental shelves, the open ocean, and coral reefs. Through data review and case studies, it finds evidence that overfishing and human pollution have degraded these ecosystems, causing population declines and extinctions. The document concludes by recommending more sustainable fisheries, improved coastal pollution controls, and actions to mitigate climate change in order to reduce threats of ecological extinction in oceans.
Introduction
1.1 Prerequisite
1.2 Objectives
LITIRATURE REVIEW
1.2 Functions of lakes
1.3 Present scenario of lakes in Bangalore
1.4 The report argues that the main reasons for this state of the wetlands are a lack of.
1.5 Issues of lake restoration works
Lake restoration methods
3.1 Preventive or Indirect methods,
&
3.2 Ameliorative or Direct methods.
Preventive Or Direct Methods
4.1 Drainage basin alterations
4.2 Diversion of wastes
4.3 Legal control measures
Ameliorative Or Direct Methods
5.1 In-lake physical methods.
5.2 In-lake chemical methods.
Case study
6.1 About the lake
6.2 Methods
6.3 Lake rejuvenation
6.4 After rejuvenation challenges and opportunities
Challenges and opportunities for collective action in an urban context
CONCLUSION
Ocean Acidification Expert Forum ProgramAmber Rethman
This document provides information about an Ocean Acidification Expert Forum held in February 2015 at the Victoria Conference Centre. It includes the agenda, speaker biographies, and context about ocean acidification. The two-day forum brought together international experts to review research on ocean acidification, identify key research needs for Canada, and establish a way forward for a coordinated Canadian research effort. The goal was to produce a white paper to guide research across sectors within Canada and internationally.
The document discusses the Million Ponds Project, which aims to create new clean water ponds to help freshwater wildlife by providing habitats. It explains that new pond creation has advantages over pond management, as new ponds allow a clean slate and avoiding existing pollution issues. It provides guidelines for creating clean water ponds, including choosing unpolluted water sources, avoiding adding plants or animals, and preventing long-term disturbances from people and pets. The overall goal is to establish a network of wildlife-friendly ponds across the country through new pond creation.
Coral reefs are important ecosystems that support a high level of biodiversity and provide economic and ecological benefits. They are formed through the relationship between tiny polyp animals and algae, but are threatened by coastal development, pollution, overfishing, warmer oceans, and increasing acidity. While healthy coral reefs are colorful and diverse ecosystems, bleached reefs have lost their algae and appear white and empty.
The document summarizes a research project measuring nitrate levels at a wetland restoration site in Washington called Qwuloolt. A levee was breached to allow tidal flow from Ebey Slough. Samples were taken weekly from 6 locations and a slight upward trend in nitrate levels was observed, possibly due to nutrients from former farmland soil being transported into the slough. Nitrate levels remained below levels harmful to fish but will need ongoing monitoring to ensure the wetland does not become polluted. The results provide baseline data to track changes from the restoration project and determine if it successfully creates suitable salmon habitat.
The document discusses the costs and benefits of removing dams. It notes that while dam removal can help restore river ecology by allowing fish passage and sediment movement, it may also negatively impact reservoir habitats and release toxins from sediments. Case studies show dam removal improved fish diversity but also initially increased turbidity. An analysis should weigh ecological and economic factors to determine if removal criteria are met for a particular dam.
The document discusses key topics about stewardship, watersheds, and food webs as they relate to the Great Lakes. It provides background on issues like water diversion, water quality, invasive species, and water levels. Students will learn about defining stewardship and becoming stewards of the Great Lakes, the impacts of land use on watershed water quality, and the aquatic food web including producers, consumers, and decomposers. The document also discusses policies and efforts to manage these important Great Lakes issues and ecosystems.
Informed or Influenced? Effects of Misconceptions in Media on American Percep...Kayla Boling
This slideshare presentation describes the results of an experiment that uses an online survey to find the association between agreeing with certain misconceptions about capital punishment and support for its use in the US today. Respondents were asked to report how much they opposed or supported the death penalty and how much they agreed or disagreed with certain misconceptions which were presented as facts. Results show that every stated misconception predicts support for capital punishment, with the statements “The death penalty serves as an effective deterrent to potential violent criminals” and “The death penalty is more cost efficient than a life sentence” predicting the greatest support. As both these statements are false, this study concludes that many who support the death penalty are influenced by false information.
The survey also asks participants to view a passage that claims to be from the New York Times and opposes their expressed attitude towards capital punishment; respondents were then asked how the passage changed their opinion. Over one third of respondents changed their stance on a misconception after reading the passage. This change indicates that there is a strong media influence on participants and that participants are willing to change their minds when reading information they believe is credible.
This document provides 7 steps for posting presentation files to a Ning site:
1. Create the presentation using software like PowerPoint or Google Docs.
2. Create a free SlideShare account and upload the presentation file.
3. Access the uploaded file and select the correct embed code, making sure to copy the "old" embed code and set sharing to public.
4. Post the embed code to the Ning blog by pasting it into the HTML editor and publishing the post.
This experiment tested whether adding pulverized shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase calcium levels and support survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The experiment had two trials with different initial calcium levels and treatments with 0, 10, or 50 mg of shell powder added daily over 21 days. The survival and number of offspring produced by Daphnia pulex in each treatment were recorded and analyzed to determine if shell addition could help restore populations affected by calcium decline in lakes.
This document discusses a student experiment investigating the use of recycled shell waste to remediate declining calcium levels in lakes. The student conducted two trials using lake water with low and critical calcium levels, with treatments of 0, 10, and 50 mg of pulverized shell powder added. The experiment found that adding shell powder significantly increased calcium concentrations and improved survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The results suggest that recycling shell waste has potential for restoring calcium levels in lakes and protecting biodiversity.
The document summarizes the state of natural resources in the City of Naples. It discusses the Naples Bay watershed size and stormwater runoff as the number one pollutant. It also mentions efforts to improve water quality such as the Golden Gate Canal Diversions, ASR wells, a new landscape/fertilizer ordinance, habitat restoration projects, and educational outreach including rain gardens. The goal is to better manage stormwater and restore seagrass beds and oyster reefs that have declined significantly since the 1950s.
C5.07: Blue Carbon: Current status of Australian estimates and future model p...Blue Planet Symposium
Blue carbon is becoming widely recognised as a critical component of all national carbon accounting schemes. Australia has invested heavily in collating existing estimates of blue carbon stocks and is currently targeting important yet poorly represented habitats around its extensive coastline. Much of this effort is linked with the CSIRO-funded Coastal Carbon Cluster. This 3-year program has developed and validated many approaches to blue carbon estimation and is now able to showcase best-practice methods. The activities of the Cluster have been used as a model for international efforts to develop global estimates, as well as national blue carbon inventories via the International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Finally, static estimates of carbon can only describe the current carbon stock at a specific location; models can extrapolate these relationships into unsampled regions, as well as estimate carbon stock into the future given changes to climate as well as alterations to the geochemistry/hydrodynamics of a specific habitat.
Located in Northwest Indiana, the Deep River-Portage Burns Waterway watershed drains nearly 180 square miles of primarily urban and agricultural land to Lake Michigan through the Portage Burns Waterway. In 2014, the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) completed a yearlong baseline water quality study of 35 stream sites in the watershed. Based on the information they collected, nearly 233 miles of stream (80%) in the watershed will likely be included on the draft 2016 303d List of Impaired Waterbodies.
The Deep River-Portage Burns Waterway Initiative brings together local communities and organizations to begin restoring and protecting these waterways for current and future generations to enjoy. This webinar highlights some of the concerns raised by the public and the threats streams in the watershed face affecting recreational use and aquatic life.
Ocean Acidification atau Pengasaman samudra adalah salah satu dampak peningkatan gas rumah kaca yang berupa CO2 dimana terjadi penurunan pH perairan akibat semakin banyaknya gas CO2 yang diserap laut/perairan
This document summarizes research on using oysters as a best management practice (BMP) to improve water quality in Chesapeake Bay. It discusses how modeling and sampling of oyster aquaculture sites have helped develop nutrient removal estimates for oysters. The Chesapeake Bay Partnership's Oyster BMP Expert Panel now recommends nutrient removal credits for harvested oyster tissue from private aquaculture. This allows aquaculture harvest to be counted as a BMP in water quality plans. Models can also estimate ecosystem services from expanded aquaculture or restored oyster reefs to help set restoration goals.
This document summarizes the different layers of a lake - the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion. It then discusses issues like eutrophication and lake pollution. Specific solutions proposed for Hussain Sagar lake in Hyderabad include quick shock treatments using chemicals like triozon F and CLO2, bottom aeration to oxygenate the water, and use of bio-enzymes and bacteria to naturally treat the lake. A step-by-step treatment process is outlined showing improvements within hours of application. The overall goal is to oxygenate, clarify and restore the lake water through eco-friendly methods.
Lake Superior is the largest and cleanest of the Great Lakes, home to diverse plant and animal species. While its ecosystem remains in good condition, threats such as invasive species, land use change, contaminants, and climate change require continued protection efforts. The Lakewide Action and Management Plan (LAMP) is the mechanism for the US and Canada to cooperate on monitoring the lake and taking actions to address these threats, with a focus on habitat restoration, reducing chemical pollutants, and adapting to climate change. Ongoing challenges include legacy contaminants in fish, emerging chemicals of concern, and stresses from climate change such as warming waters impacting cold-water fish species.
The document discusses shallow lake ecology, focusing on Crooked Lake in Anoka County, Minnesota. It provides an overview of physical properties, biological characteristics, water quality drivers, and diagnostic tools for shallow lakes. Key points include:
1) Shallow lakes are defined as having a maximum depth of 15 feet or less, or with 80% of the area shallow enough to support aquatic plants.
2) Water quality in shallow lakes is driven by nutrients like phosphorus, with high phosphorus leading to turbid conditions and low phosphorus resulting in clear water.
3) Management strategies aim to switch shallow lakes from a turbid state to a clear water state and include external nutrient control, biomanipulation of
This document discusses a project by The Nature Conservancy to study the ecosystem services provided by oyster aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay. The goals are to scientifically measure the water quality benefits of oyster aquaculture through partnerships with research institutions and aquaculture operations. Methods include using sensors and sediment cores to analyze changes in water quality parameters, biodiversity, and habitat around aquaculture sites. Results will be shared through reports, videos, and outreach to support further expansion of the oyster aquaculture industry as a large-scale restoration strategy.
Jackson 2008 Ecological extinction and evolution discussionLoretta Roberson
This document summarizes a college course paper on ecological extinction in marine ecosystems. It examines factors like overexploitation, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change across different marine systems including estuaries, coastal seas, continental shelves, the open ocean, and coral reefs. Through data review and case studies, it finds evidence that overfishing and human pollution have degraded these ecosystems, causing population declines and extinctions. The document concludes by recommending more sustainable fisheries, improved coastal pollution controls, and actions to mitigate climate change in order to reduce threats of ecological extinction in oceans.
Introduction
1.1 Prerequisite
1.2 Objectives
LITIRATURE REVIEW
1.2 Functions of lakes
1.3 Present scenario of lakes in Bangalore
1.4 The report argues that the main reasons for this state of the wetlands are a lack of.
1.5 Issues of lake restoration works
Lake restoration methods
3.1 Preventive or Indirect methods,
&
3.2 Ameliorative or Direct methods.
Preventive Or Direct Methods
4.1 Drainage basin alterations
4.2 Diversion of wastes
4.3 Legal control measures
Ameliorative Or Direct Methods
5.1 In-lake physical methods.
5.2 In-lake chemical methods.
Case study
6.1 About the lake
6.2 Methods
6.3 Lake rejuvenation
6.4 After rejuvenation challenges and opportunities
Challenges and opportunities for collective action in an urban context
CONCLUSION
Ocean Acidification Expert Forum ProgramAmber Rethman
This document provides information about an Ocean Acidification Expert Forum held in February 2015 at the Victoria Conference Centre. It includes the agenda, speaker biographies, and context about ocean acidification. The two-day forum brought together international experts to review research on ocean acidification, identify key research needs for Canada, and establish a way forward for a coordinated Canadian research effort. The goal was to produce a white paper to guide research across sectors within Canada and internationally.
The document discusses the Million Ponds Project, which aims to create new clean water ponds to help freshwater wildlife by providing habitats. It explains that new pond creation has advantages over pond management, as new ponds allow a clean slate and avoiding existing pollution issues. It provides guidelines for creating clean water ponds, including choosing unpolluted water sources, avoiding adding plants or animals, and preventing long-term disturbances from people and pets. The overall goal is to establish a network of wildlife-friendly ponds across the country through new pond creation.
Coral reefs are important ecosystems that support a high level of biodiversity and provide economic and ecological benefits. They are formed through the relationship between tiny polyp animals and algae, but are threatened by coastal development, pollution, overfishing, warmer oceans, and increasing acidity. While healthy coral reefs are colorful and diverse ecosystems, bleached reefs have lost their algae and appear white and empty.
The document summarizes a research project measuring nitrate levels at a wetland restoration site in Washington called Qwuloolt. A levee was breached to allow tidal flow from Ebey Slough. Samples were taken weekly from 6 locations and a slight upward trend in nitrate levels was observed, possibly due to nutrients from former farmland soil being transported into the slough. Nitrate levels remained below levels harmful to fish but will need ongoing monitoring to ensure the wetland does not become polluted. The results provide baseline data to track changes from the restoration project and determine if it successfully creates suitable salmon habitat.
The document discusses the costs and benefits of removing dams. It notes that while dam removal can help restore river ecology by allowing fish passage and sediment movement, it may also negatively impact reservoir habitats and release toxins from sediments. Case studies show dam removal improved fish diversity but also initially increased turbidity. An analysis should weigh ecological and economic factors to determine if removal criteria are met for a particular dam.
The document discusses key topics about stewardship, watersheds, and food webs as they relate to the Great Lakes. It provides background on issues like water diversion, water quality, invasive species, and water levels. Students will learn about defining stewardship and becoming stewards of the Great Lakes, the impacts of land use on watershed water quality, and the aquatic food web including producers, consumers, and decomposers. The document also discusses policies and efforts to manage these important Great Lakes issues and ecosystems.
Informed or Influenced? Effects of Misconceptions in Media on American Percep...Kayla Boling
This slideshare presentation describes the results of an experiment that uses an online survey to find the association between agreeing with certain misconceptions about capital punishment and support for its use in the US today. Respondents were asked to report how much they opposed or supported the death penalty and how much they agreed or disagreed with certain misconceptions which were presented as facts. Results show that every stated misconception predicts support for capital punishment, with the statements “The death penalty serves as an effective deterrent to potential violent criminals” and “The death penalty is more cost efficient than a life sentence” predicting the greatest support. As both these statements are false, this study concludes that many who support the death penalty are influenced by false information.
The survey also asks participants to view a passage that claims to be from the New York Times and opposes their expressed attitude towards capital punishment; respondents were then asked how the passage changed their opinion. Over one third of respondents changed their stance on a misconception after reading the passage. This change indicates that there is a strong media influence on participants and that participants are willing to change their minds when reading information they believe is credible.
This document provides 7 steps for posting presentation files to a Ning site:
1. Create the presentation using software like PowerPoint or Google Docs.
2. Create a free SlideShare account and upload the presentation file.
3. Access the uploaded file and select the correct embed code, making sure to copy the "old" embed code and set sharing to public.
4. Post the embed code to the Ning blog by pasting it into the HTML editor and publishing the post.
This experiment tested whether adding pulverized shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase calcium levels and support survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The experiment had two trials with different initial calcium levels and treatments with 0, 10, or 50 mg of shell powder added daily over 21 days. The survival and number of offspring produced by Daphnia pulex in each treatment were recorded and analyzed to determine if shell addition could help restore populations affected by calcium decline in lakes.
This document discusses a student experiment investigating the use of recycled shell waste to remediate declining calcium levels in lakes. The student conducted two trials using lake water with low and critical calcium levels, with treatments of 0, 10, and 50 mg of pulverized shell powder added. The experiment found that adding shell powder significantly increased calcium concentrations and improved survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. The results suggest that recycling shell waste has potential for restoring calcium levels in lakes and protecting biodiversity.
New Research on News Release Best PracticesHubSpot
Does the social media news release really work? When you spend hundreds, sometimes thousands of dollars on PR agency services and news releases, do you know if you're receiving the value you're paying for?
HubSpot recently conducted a study comparing social media news releases to traditional releases across different newswire services. This webinar will discuss the findings and show how to be smart with PR and understand news releases better than your agency.
This presentation covers:
* Why social media releases may not be as effective as traditional releases
* How to format a press release to get more links to your site
* What features to look for when picking a press release service
* What happens behind-the-scenes after you submit a release to your newswire
* Marketing & PR techniques that are more useful--and cheaper--than many typical PR methods
The Role of Plant Dispersal on Ecosystem Functionlnegoita
This document summarizes a PhD candidate's proposed research study on the role of plant dispersal on ecosystem function. The study will test the hypothesis that dispersal limitation drives the composition of functional traits in plant communities and has ecosystem-level effects.
The study will establish experimental plots within old field plant communities to quantify dispersal limitation and the composition of functional traits. Soil and plant samples will then be analyzed to assess ecosystem processes like nutrient cycling and productivity. Statistical analysis will determine the relationships between dispersal, functional traits, and ecosystem function.
Results could provide insight into competition-colonization tradeoffs, the influence of historical contingency on community succession, and the ecosystem consequences of habitat fragmentation
This document investigates the potential use of spent coffee grounds as a biosorbent for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It first outlines the problem of heavy metal pollution and the need for a low-cost removal method. The objective is to determine if spent coffee grounds can effectively remove heavy metals like lead, copper, and chromium. Experiments test the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial metal concentration on removal efficiency. Results show that spent coffee grounds can remove over 97% of lead, 94% of copper, and 84% of chromium from solutions. This demonstrates that spent coffee grounds are a promising biosorbent that could provide an inexpensive way to treat wastewater while reusing coffee waste
Development of a Novel Antiseptic to Target MRSA and PseudomonasJanie Kim
This student developed a novel antiseptic combination called C30/P5/E5000 that is more effective at killing multidrug-resistant bacteria like MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than current solutions. Through a series of tests, the student found that chlorhexidine gluconate, polyaminopropyl biguanide, and EDTA work synergistically against these pathogens at low concentrations. Additionally, C30/P5/E5000 was shown to reduce bacterial levels much faster than existing solutions. This novel combination has potential for use in contact lens solutions and other disinfecting products due to its effectiveness, low cost, and ability to limit bacterial resistance.
This document provides an introduction to desalination. It discusses water scarcity issues driven by growing freshwater use and depletion of resources. It explains that seawater is saline due to minerals dissolved from soil and rocks being deposited in oceans over millions of years. The document then describes different desalination technologies including membrane processes like reverse osmosis and thermal processes like multi-stage flash. It also discusses future options for desalination technology that could improve efficiency and reduce costs.
This presentation is on ocean acidification, it covers
(1) a background on ocean acidification,
(2) the chemistry between carbon dioxide & the ocean
(3) Impact of Ocean acidification on biological processes and the ecosystems.
(4) and finally some mitigation measures
I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
Enjoy
This document discusses the importance of freshwater ecosystems, concerns about impacts of climate change, and ways climate change may affect freshwater species and ecosystems. It notes that freshwater species are more vulnerable to changes from invasive species and land use than direct climate impacts. Key concerns include increased water temperatures, reduced ice cover and snowpack, altered stream flows, and increased water storage and transportation. These changes could facilitate invasions and displace native cold-water species. The document also reviews models used to study current and projected future river discharge and impacts on global fish species richness.
The document discusses ocean acidification, which is the ongoing decrease in ocean pH caused by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. This absorption has lowered ocean pH by 0.1 units since the pre-industrial period. Ocean acidification affects organisms that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons, as acidity decreases availability of carbonate ions. It also impacts metabolism, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption and more. Effects vary by ecosystem but tropical coral reefs, polar regions, and deep sea corals are threatened by slowed growth and structural damage if acidification continues unchecked. Mitigation requires reducing CO2 emissions and improving ocean health.
A Lake Erie Twofer: Tiny Plastic Particles and Toxic Algae Threaten Lake WatersOhio Environmental Council
A panel of experts discuss the impact of toxic algae and microbeads on the health and well-being of Lake Erie.
Presenters:
- Dr. Jeffery Reutter, Director Ohio Sea Grant College Program
- Dr. Sue Watson, Research Scientist, WHERD, Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada
- Andy McClure, Administrator, Collins Park Water Treatment, Toledo, OH
- Dr. Sheri Mason, Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at SUNY Fredonia
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
The document discusses various methods for controlling the rising salinity levels in the Salton Sea, including reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash desalination, and solar thermal desalination. It analyzes these three desalination techniques, explaining how each works and comparing their effectiveness, efficiency, and costs. The rising salinity is problematic because it has caused the Salton Sea to no longer support aquatic life, though it was once home to many birds and species.
This document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical parameters and diatom populations in two freshwater ponds in Tamil Nadu, India. Water quality parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salinity were measured monthly at both a natural pond and a culture pond to understand how these factors influence diatom communities. Diatom samples were collected and processed using hydrogen peroxide to isolate the silica frustules for identification. The study aims to provide baseline data on the aquatic ecosystem balance in these ponds and support future research.
Ocean acidification is caused by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the oceans due to human emissions since the Industrial Revolution. As CO2 is absorbed by seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce seawater pH and the concentration of carbonate ions. This process is known as ocean acidification and impacts marine life by making it difficult for calcifying organisms like oysters, corals, and plankton to form their shells and skeletons. While some algae may benefit from higher CO2 levels, most marine species face threats of thinner shells, lower survival rates, and lower population growth under increasingly acidic conditions. Options to mitigate ocean acidification include reducing CO2 emissions, allowing species to adapt or relocate, or developing carbon capture
Ocean acidification is caused by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the oceans due to human emissions since the Industrial Revolution. As CO2 is absorbed by seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce seawater pH and the concentration of carbonate ions. This process is known as ocean acidification and impacts marine life by making it difficult for calcifying organisms like oysters and corals to form their shells and skeletons as the pH becomes less suitable for calcification. While some algae may benefit from higher CO2 levels, most marine species, food webs, and coastal economies that rely on fisheries are threatened by ocean acidification if emissions are not reduced.
1. Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates, which promotes excessive growth of algae.
2. When algae dies and decomposes, high levels of organic matter are released and decomposing organisms deplete oxygen levels, causing death of other organisms like fish.
3. Sources of eutrophication include fertilizer runoff, sewage, and industrial waste, which are difficult to regulate. Eutrophication can damage ecosystems, harm human and environmental health, and negatively impact recreation and tourism.
The document discusses desalination as a solution to fresh water scarcity. It explains that most of Earth's water is undrinkable saltwater in oceans, and desalination uses technologies like thermal evaporation or reverse osmosis to remove salt from seawater, producing fresh water. Common desalination methods heat saltwater to evaporation or force it through membrane filters at high pressure. While desalination addresses the growing problem of water scarcity, the processes require a lot of energy and infrastructure, making desalination an expensive solution.
The document discusses promoting natural food organisms in fish ponds through fertilization and water quality management. It covers the role of natural food in providing nutrition for fish and maintaining water quality. Methods to promote natural food include fertilization with organic and inorganic fertilizers, feeding, and aeration. Water quality management involves monitoring parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, and controlling algal blooms and waste.
Water Quality and Contamina on 22 Usable wate.docxcelenarouzie
Water Quality and Contamina on
22
Usable water
Ground water
Surface water
Ground water contaminates
Water treatment
Drinking water quality
Figure 1: At any given moment, 97% of the planet’s water is in oceans. Only a small fraction of
the remaining freshwater is usable by humans, underscoring the importance of treating our wa-
ter supply with care.
It is no secret that water is one of the most valuable resources on Earth. Every plant and animal requires wa-
ter to survive, not only for drinking, but also for food production, shelter creation, and many other necessities.
Water has also played a major role in transforming the earth’s surface into the varied topography we see to-
day.
While more than 70% of our planet is covered in water, only a small percentage of this water is usable fresh-
water. The other 99% of water is composed primarily of salt water, with a small percentage being composed
23
of glaciers. Due to the high costs involved in transforming salt water into freshwater, the earth’s population
survives off the less than 1% of freshwater available. Humans obtain freshwater from either surface water or
groundwater.
Surface water is the water that collects on the ground as a result of precipitation. The water that does not
evaporate back into the atmosphere or infiltrate into the ground is typically collected in rivers, lakes, reser-
voirs, and other bodies of water, making it easily accessible.
Groundwater, on the other hand, is located underneath the ground. This water is stored in pores, fractures,
and other spaces within the soil and rock underneath the surface. Precipitation, along with snowmelt, infil-
trates through the ground and accumulates in available underground spaces.
Aquifers are areas in which water collects in sand, gravel, or permeable rock from which it can be extracted
for usable freshwater. The depth of aquifers varies from less than 50 feet to over 1,500 feet below the sur-
face. The water within an aquifer typically does not flow through, as it would through a river or stream, but in-
stead soaks into the underground material, similar to a sponge. As aquifers are depleted by human use, they
are also recharged from precipitation seeping into the ground and restoring the water level. However, many
times the recharge of the aquifers does not equal the amount of water that has been extracted. If that cycle
continues, the aquifer will eventually dry up and will no longer be a viable source of groundwater.
Evapora on
Cloud forma on
Precipita on
Groundwater
Evapora on
Transpira on
Precipita on
Precipita on
Figure 2: Water is a renewable source, purified and
delivered across the planet by the hydrological cycle.
24
While the water that precipitates in the form of rain is relatively pure, it does not take long for it to pick up con-
taminants. There are natural, animal, and human-made sources of water pollutants. They c.
1. Seawater contains many valuable minerals at low concentrations that are currently not economically extracted due to high costs. However, increased desalination is producing brine with higher mineral concentrations that could potentially be mined profitably.
2. Recovering minerals from desalination brine could help offset desalination costs while also addressing the problem of brine disposal. It may become economically viable to mine some minerals that previously had extraction costs that were too high.
3. New technologies like membrane distillation coupled with crystallization are showing promise for extracting minerals beyond just sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which are the only ones currently commercially extracted from seawater.
Soil and water quality mangement for sustainable aquaculture.pptxSukalpaMandal1
This document provides information on a seminar about soil and water quality management for sustainable aquaculture. It discusses topics like aquaculture vs sustainable aquaculture, selection of water sources, and important water quality parameters including temperature, turbidity, salinity, alkalinity, pH, hardness, dissolved oxygen, and their optimal levels and management for aquaculture. It also discusses soil quality management practices and parameters important for sustainable pond productivity.
This is a small presentation on ocean acidification.It is a compilation of all materials(including present information) I collected related to it, any new information beside this or concerning it please comment.
Coral bleaching occurs when coral loses the algae living in its tissue, causing it to turn white. This algae, called zooxanthellae, provides food to the coral and contributes to its color. Increased water temperatures, changes in water chemistry such as acidification, bacteria, sea level rise, herbicides, cyanide fishing, low tides, and shipping accidents can all cause the zooxanthellae to be expelled from the coral, resulting in bleaching. Even small increases in water temperature of 1.5-2°C that last several weeks can trigger bleaching. Bleaching stressed the coral and makes them more vulnerable to disease.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
This document contains information about Shuvo Brahma, a lecturer at BUTEX. It includes his contact details, education background of BSc and ongoing MSc from BUTEX, and previous job experience at Epyllion Knitex Ltd and as a lecturer at NITER.
It also includes the syllabus for the course WPE 243 Wet Processing-1 which covers topics like water and its importance in textile processing, detergents and auxiliaries, and pretreatment.
Finally, it discusses water treatment processes in the textile industry, including different water sources, hardness types, units of hardness measurement, effects of hardness on textile processing, and problems associated with hard water like scale formation in
A monthly water analysis on major rivers and creeks in Legazpi City, Daraga and Manito, Albay. Investigations on pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Conductivity, Total Hardness and presence of Chlorides, Carbonates and Bicarbonates are used in the analysis.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Aquatic Osteoporosis
1. AQUATIC OSTEOPOROSIS:
Remediating the emerging problem of lake calcium decline
Isabella O’Brien
Grade 10
Westmount Secondary School
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
3. LAKE CALCIUM DECLINE - A LEGACY OF ACID RAIN
• Lake calcium decline is an emerging environmental issue currently impacting softwater
shield lakes in Canada, North-Eastern United States and in Scandinavia.
• The harmful effects of acid rain were recognized in the 1980s as acid rain lowered lake pH,
upsetting the ecological balance and killing aquatic life.
• These acids, however, also caused the calcium in soil to leach at a rapid pace and it occurred
at a faster rate than it could be replaced by mineral weathering or atmospheric deposits.
• In the late 1980s, aggressive environmental policies were put in place to reduce the harmful
carbon dioxide emissions and these measures succeeded in reducing acid rain.
• Since then, lake pH levels have mostly recovered, however, it has recently been discovered
that lake calcium levels have not been restored and are continuing to decrease, with a steep
decline occurring after 1991 (Jeziorski et al., 2012).
• Other environmental stressors that have contributed to this decline include: [1] increase of
shoreline residential development; [2] forest clearing and regrowth, and [3] climate change
(Hadley, 2012).
4. (a) Before acid rain the weathering of
minerals and atmospheric deposits of
calcium-rich dust (from ocean spray, forest
fires, wind erosion of soils, agriculture,
unpaved roads, etc.) all added to the
available pool of calcium nutrients for both
soil and aquatic requirements.
(b) During the early stages of acid rain, the
acids caused the calcium in soil to leach at
a rapid pace into the surrounding lakes.
The calcium levels in these lakes rose very
quickly, especially in softwater lakes in
shield regions which have thin layers of
soil laying on top of weathering resistant
bedrock.
(c) Eventually, with continued acidic rain, the
available calcium pool in the shield regions
diminished to the point that calcium
leaching is greatly reduced and occurred at
a faster rate than it could be replaced. In
addition, the effects of multiple stressors
have further diminished the calcium
supply. (Smol, 2010)
NATURAL CONDITIONS EARLY STAGES OF ACID DEPOSITION
MULTIPLE STRESSORS LEADING TO
AQUEOUS CALCIUM DECLINE
Figure 1: Calcium Cycle in Forest Ecosystems [Source: USGS,
1999]
Root Uptake
Forest
Floor
Adsorption to Surfaces
Desorption
from Surfaces
Calcium in Rocks
Weathering
Mineral
Soil
Calcium
in
Soil Water
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Exchangeable
Calcium
Ca
CaCa
Ca
CaCa
Ca
Ca
Ca
Rain and Dust
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Wet Deposition (rain, snow, sleet)
Sulphuric Acid [H2SO4]
Nitric Acid [HNO3]
SO2
NOx
Dry Deposition
(particulates and gases)
Sulphur
Dioxide
[SO2]
NOx
Nitrogen
Oxide
[NOx]
Figure 2: Acid Rain Cycle [Source: Dowdey, 2007]
5. SERIOUS THREAT TO VITAL ZOOPLANKTON & LAKE BIODIVERSITY
• Lake calcium decline is a serious issue for Daphnia pulex which are an important component
of freshwater lakes and very sensitive to declining calcium levels. For Daphnia pulex, lake
calcium decline has meant that their calcium rich exoskeletons are smaller and softer
making them more vulnerable to prey (Riessen et al., 2012).
• Invasive species such as the spiny water flea are hunting the daphnia, allowing population
explosions of Holopedium, plankton competitors of Daphnia pulex (Jeziorski et al., 2015).
• This increased jellification of lakes prevents vital nutrients from being passed up the food
chain to fish stocks and also clogs filtration systems that help the lakes provide drinking
water to residents in the area (Ibid., 2015).
• In laboratory studies, it has been determined that Daphnia pulex are unable to reproduce at
calcium levels below 1.5 mg/L and currently ⅓ of Canadian Shield lakes are below this level
(Ashforth & Yan, 2008).
6. • “Calcium-rich daphniids are some of the
most abundant zooplankton in many lake
systems, and their loss will substantially
affect food webs” (Jeziorski & Yan, 2008: 1377).
• Due to their larger body size, Daphnia pulex
are important herbivores in freshwater
systems as they are able to filter food
particles at a much faster rate and they
graze a wider size and range of algae
compared to other species (Korosi et al., 2012).
• As Daphnia pulex numbers decline, the rate
of softwater lake algae blooms are
increasing and the entire biodiversity of
lakes is changing (Ibid., 2012).
ECOSYSTEM IMPLICATIONS
Photo credits:
1. Reuters/Stringer
2. Paul Herbert
3. Michael Lencioni
4. Isabella O’Brien
5. ontariofishspecies.com
Algae
Daphnia Pulex
Waterfowl
Invertebrate Predators
Fish
Figure 3: Ecosystem Implications [Source: Smol, 2014]
7. REMEDIATION BY RECYCLING
• Current research on lake calcium decline is focused on the extent of the problem and its
implications, rather than on remediation. However, existing research on remediating acidity
(low pH) in lakes and oceans may suggest a way forward.
• Lime treatment of inland waters in Sweden to neutralize acidity (Olem, 1991) and small-scale
oyster shell recycling programs in various U.S. coastal areas to restore oyster beds damaged
by ocean acidification (NOAA MPA Centre, 2015), are suggestive of a possible method for
remediating lake calcium decline.
• Both lime and waste shells are a rich source of calcium carbonate, with waste shells
composed of 95 to 98% calcium carbonate (Hamester, 2012).
• With an estimated six million metric tons of shell waste produced globally each year based
on worldwide statistics of aquaculture and commercial catches of mussels, clams and
oysters and about ½ a million metric tons just in the U.S. and Canada (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN, 2013), the potential exists to have this shell waste recycled instead of
being sent to landfill, the disposal of which has become a worldwide issue (Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, 2011; Yan & Chen, 2015).
9. PURPOSE:
• The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the addition of pulverized
recycled shell waste to calcium-deficient lake water would increase the calcium
concentration and to examine what effect it would have on the survival and reproductive
output of Daphnia pulex exposed to the calcium-augmented waters.
• The information gained from this experiment will hopefully aid in developing a process to
help restore calcium-deficient lakes, which will be beneficial in maintaining Daphnia pulex
populations as well as help protect lake biodiversity, minimize lake algae blooms and divert
shell waste from landfill.
HYPOTHESIS:
It is hypothesized that if calcium carbonate waste shells are introduced to calcium-deficient
lake water, then the absorption of the calcium carbonate will increase lake calcium levels as
well as the survivorship and reproductive capabilities of Daphnia pulex.
11. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
• The two trials (3.4 mgCa/L and 1.89 mgCa/L, representing low and critical levels of lake water
calcium, respectively) with differing treatments (0 mg, 10 mg, and 50 mg shell powder
added) were run for 21 days with ten replicates each.
• Each test vessel (250 ml polyethylene terephthalate cups) contained 200 ml of the
appropriate treatment plus .03 ml of algae food source (Nannochloropsis) and was
populated with one juvenile (less than 1 day old) daphnia, as follows:
TRIAL 1
Control = 200 ml lake water @ Ca 3.4 mg/L + 0 mg shell powder + one <1-day old daphnia x 10 replicates
Treatment 1 = 200 ml lake water @ Ca 3.4 mg/L + 10 mg shell powder + one <1-day old daphnia x 10 replicates
Treatment 2 = 200 ml lake water @ Ca 3.4 mg/L + 50 mg shell powder + one <1-day old daphnia x 10 replicates
TRIAL 2
Control = 200 ml diluted lake water @ Ca 1.89 mg/L + 0 mg shell powder + one <1-day old daphnia x 10 replicates
Treatment 1 = 200 ml diluted lake water @ Ca 1.89 mg/L + 10 mg shell powder + one <1-day old daphnia x 10 replicates
Treatment 2 = 200 ml diluted lake water @ Ca 1.89 mg/L + 50 mg shell powder + one <1-day old daphnia x 10 replicates
12. 12
2 Trials of
1 Control and
2 Treatments
TRIAL 1
(Low Calcium Level @ Ca 3.4 mg/L )
TRIAL 2
(Critical Calcium Level @ Ca 1.89 mg/L)
10 Replicates
per Control &
Treatment
per Trial
1 juvenile
Daphnia pulex
< 1-day old
per vessel
Control
+ 0 mg
shell powder
Treatment 1
+ 10 mg
shell powder
Treatment 2
+ 50 mg
shell powder
12 12 12 12 12
Sampling Rate: daily for 21 days – treatments were refreshed every third day
Controls: Light/Dark ratio (18/6 hr), temperature (20 – 22oC), feed (.03 ml algae per day)
Control
+ 0 mg
shell powder
Treatment 1
+ 10 mg
shell powder
Treatment 2
+ 50 mg
shell powder
13. MATERIALS:
QUANTITY MATERIALS USED
1 Coffee grinder
1 Box of wax paper
1 Box of scientific wipes
1 Box of nitrile-free disposable gloves
1 Plastic bucket for collecting lake water
1 Fine mesh water filter (200-micron)
1 Calibration fluids (pH 4.7, 7.0 and 10.0)
1 Digital pH Meter – Accuracy +/- .01
1 Digital scale
1 Wash bottle
1 Metal spoon
1 1 L bottle algae food source (Nannochloropsis)
2 1 cup measuring cups
2 1 large and 1 medium funnel
2 Cool fluorescent lamps
2 Light timers
3 Living Daphnia pulex cultures
3 20 L water storage jugs
4 50 mL beakers
4 1.5 L plastic holding tubs for Daphnia pulex cultures
6 10 L jug containers
9 Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis – from P.E.I.)
9 Littleneck Clams (Venerupis philippinarum – from B.C.)
9 Malpeque Oysters (Carassostrea Virginia – from B.C.)
9 1 L bottles of spring water
10 1 mg and 10 mg pipettes
20 10 mL vials with lids
50 Litres of deionized water
500 200 mL plastic cups
INDEPENDENT, DEPENDENT & CONTROLLED VARIABLES:
Question
Can using
pulverized calcium
carbonate shells in
calcium –deficient
lake water increase
the calcium
concentration
without being
detrimental to
Daphnia pulex?
Independent Variable
The independent
variable was the test
solutions [Trial 1 and
Trial 2] and the amount
of shell powder added
[the treatments: +0 mg,
+10 mg and +50 mg]
Trial 1- Low calcium
level lake water
@ 3.4 mg/L
Trial 2 - Critical calcium
level lake water
@ 1.89 mg/L
Dependent Variables
• The percentage
increase of calcium
concentration.
• The survivability of
the Daphnia pulex.
• The reproduction
rate of the Daphnia
pulex.
• The number of
broods over a 21
day period.
Controlled Variables
• The amount of
each treatment
(200 ml).
• The amount of
time each baby
daphnia remained
in the solution
(21 days).
• The exposure to
light / dark during
the testing period
(16/8 hours).
• The temperature of
the room where
the solutions were
stored (kept at 20-
22oC).
• The amount of
daphnia algae feed
per day (.03 ml).
14. SET-UP and PROCEDURE:
WATER SAMPLE:
• Water used in this experiment was collected from a long-term monitoring site (Plastic Lake,
Dorset region, Ontario, Canada; 5 10'47" North and 78 49'16" West).
• The site is near the southern edge of the Precambrian Shield and the boundary of the Boreal
eco-zone and was chosen based on its last reported critical calcium level of 1.2 mg/L.
• Test results using a university lab Dionex Ion Chromatography system revealed the actual
calcium level of the sample was 3.4 mg/L (probably due to several factors: rain earlier in the
week, only being able to obtain the water sample near the shore, and time of year).
• The water samples were filtered into clean containers using a 200-micron water filter and
stored in the dark at 5 C until required for preparing the test treatments at which time they
were brought to the test room temperature (20 – 22 C).
° °
°
°
15. DAPHNIA CULTURE:
• Three separate cultures of Daphnia pulex were obtained and reared in spring water. The
daphnia cultures were maintained for 60 days prior to use in the experimental trials.
MEDIA PREPARATION:
• Two trials were run for this experiment: [1] low calcium level lake water at 3.4 mg/L and
[2] critical calcium level lake water (lake water diluted with deionized water) to bring the
calcium level closer to the Daphnia pulex calcium threshold of 1.5 mg/L. The Ion
Chromatography test result for the prepared diluted batch returned a calcium reading of
1.89 mg/L.
SHELL POWDER PREPARATION:
• The shells of mussels, clams, and oysters were used to prepare the shell powder. The
mollusks were shucked, cleaned of all organic material and heat treated to remove any
bacteria. Each shell type was ground separately to a fine powder, sifted using a fine mesh
sieve and stored separately. For the purposes of testing, 38 grams of each shell powder
type was measured and combined in a single container for testing use.
16. TESTING:
• During the 21 day testing period, each test cup was examined daily for daphnia
survivorship and reproduction.
• Typical observations included daphnia viability, the number of broods produced, and how
many offspring per brood were present.
• All offspring were counted and removed each day.
• The temperature (20 – 22 C), light exposure (16 hours light / 8 hours dark), and length of
time in solution (21 days) were held constant throughout the experiment.
• Additionally, the pH level was measured each day for every treatment, using a calibrated
pH meter.
• To prevent stagnation and bacteria buildup in the test cups, daphnia were transferred via
pipette to a new unused cup containing a fresh treatment solution every three days.
°
17. Image 1: Plastic Lake, Dorset, Ontario
Images 2 & 3: Collecting & filtering lake water Image 4: Preparing samples for calcium testing Images 5 & 6: Shell grinding & measuring shell powder treatments
Images 7, 8 & 9: Daphnia culture tanks; harvesting adult daphnia with eggs; adult daphnia with eggs Image 10: Basement testing lab set-up
Photos: I. O’Brien / A. Ceccato
1
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
19. CALCIUM LEVEL
Trial 1 – Low calcium level @ 3.4 mg/L
The calcium level results for Treatment 1 and Treatment 2
significantly differed from the control (p=0.043 and p=0.01
respectively) but the two treatments did not differ significantly from
each other. This result indicates that the shell powder had a direct
effect on increasing calcium levels in the water, but this effect was
not dose dependent.
In Treatment 1, the calcium level increased from 3.4 mg/L to 13.2
mg/L, an increase of 288% and in Treatment 2 the calcium level
increased from 1.89 to 12.92 mg/L, an increase of 280%.
Trial 2 - Critical calcium level @ 1.89 mg/L
Treatment 2 significantly differed from the control (p=0.01), but not
from Treatment 1 (p=0.54) and Treatment 1 and 2 did not differ
significantly from each other. This result indicates that the shell
powder had an effect on increasing calcium levels in the lake water,
but this effect was more significant when the higher level of shell
powder was added.
In Treatment 1, the calcium level increased from 1.89 mg/L to 14.18
mg/L, an increase of 650% and in Treatment 2 the calcium level
increased from 1.89 mg/L to 13.33 mg/L, an increase of 605%.
3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40
4.31
8.88
11.33
13.20
8.83
12.83
11.51
12.92
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
CALCIUMLEVEL(mg/L)
DAY OF TRIAL
Calcium Level Trend Over Renewal Period
[Trial 1- Low Calcium Level @ 3.4 mg/L]
Control
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
3.57
7.21
9.43
14.18
1.89
7.48
11.90
13.03 13.33
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
CALCIUMLEVEL(mg/L)
DAY OF TRIAL
Calcium Level Trend Over Renewal Period
[Trial 2 - Critical Level Calcium @ 1.89 mg/L]
Control
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
20. SURVIVORSHIP
For both trials, Treatment 1 and Treatment 2
significantly differed from the control treatment
with (p<0.001), however, Treatment 1 and
Treatment 2 did not differ significantly from each
other (p=1.0). This result indicates that the shell
powder had a direct effect on increasing the
survivorship of the daphnia, but this effect was
not dose dependent.
For both trials, the treatments that had shell
powder added resulted in 100% survivorship. For
the low calcium level control, 80% of the daphnia
survived over a 21 day period and for the critical
calcium level control, only 40% survived.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
NUMBEROFLIVINGDAPHNIAREPLICATES
DAY OF TRIAL
Survivorship Over 21 Day Trial Period
[Trial 2 - Critical Calcium Level @ 1.89 mg/L]
Control
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
NUMBEROFLIVINGDAPHNIAREPLICATES
DAY OF TRIAL
Survivorship Over 21 Day Trial Period
[Trial 1 - Low Calcium Level @ 3.4 mg/L]
Control
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
21. REPRODUCTION
Time to First Brood:
For both Treatment 1 and 2 in Trial 1, there was no
significant difference in the number of days before
the first broods were produced and the control
(p>0.05). Therefore the addition of shell powder,
regardless of the dosage, had no effect on the number
of days to first brood in the low level calcium trial.
For both treatments in Trial 2, the average number of
days before the first brood appears was significantly
different from the control (p=0.020 and p=0.011
respectively) but the two treatments did not differ
significantly from each other. This indicates that the
added shell powder had a direct effect on decreasing
the number of days to first brood in critical calcium
level water, but was not dose dependent.
12.6
15.2
11.8
12.2
11.4
11.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Trial 1 Trial 2
AVERAGENUMBEROFDAYS
TRIALS
Average Number of Days Before First Brood
Control
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
22. REPRODUCTION (continued)
Mean Number of Broods Produced & Offspring Born:
In Trial 1, the mean for both the number of broods
produced and the number of offspring (p=0.193 and
p=0.060 respectively) was not significantly different
between groups. However, in Trial 2 the mean for both the
number of broods and the number offspring in both
Treatments 1 and 2, was significantly different from the
control (p=0.21, p=0.004, and p=0.036, p=0.005
respectively). These results indicate that the added shell
powder had a significant effect on increasing the
reproductive output, but only in Trial 2 and this effect was
not dose dependent.
In Trial 2, the mean number of broods for Treatment 1 was
125% greater than the control and 158% greater in
Treatment 2. Also in Trial 2, the mean number of offspring
for Treatment 1 was 143% greater than the control and
195% greater in Treatment 2.
2.3
1.2
3.5
2.7
3.2 3.1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Trial 1 Trial 2
MEANNUMBEROFBROODS
TRIALS
Mean Number of Broods Produced
Over 21 Day Trial Period
Control
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
7.9
4.0
15.3
9.710.0
11.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Trial 1 Trial 2
MEANNUMBEROFOFFSPRING
TRIALS
Mean Number of Offspring Born
Over 21 Day Trial Period
Control
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
23. OBSERVATIONS:
• The juvenile daphnia in the treatments with shell powder added, visually grew larger than the daphnia in
treatments with no shell powder added.
• During the testing period, the pH of the treatments was measured. The pH levels increased significantly in
all test cups after the shell powder was added to the lake water. In both treatments, the pH level
significantly differed from the controls. However, the pH level in Treatment 1 (10 mg) and Treatment 2
(50 mg) did not differ significantly from each other.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
• The pH meter used had an accuracy of +/- 0.1 which may have affected the readings.
• With regard to the reproduction and viability of the daphnia, it should be noted that these results only
reflect controlled lab conditions and in a real world scenario, the daphnia would have been subjected to
other stressors which would have altered the results in terms of viability, reproduction, brood size, etc.
• The process of transferring the daphnia, either at the less than one-day old stage or during each
treatment solution refresh period is also another possible source of error, as the transferring process may
have caused a level of stress in the Daphnia leading to either death or impacting the number of broods
and offspring.
25. CONCLUSION
• The experiment’s hypothesis was supported when the addition of the shell powder to calcium-deficient
lake water increased the calcium levels as well as increased daphnia survivorship and the number of
broods and offspring. The results were most significant in the critical calcium level lake water.
• As a result, the addition of pulverized recycled shell waste to the independent variable [the treatments]
has a direct and significant effect on the dependent variables [the calcium concentration and daphnia
survival and reproduction].
• The results clearly show that the addition of shell powder to increase calcium levels can be effective both
for remediation of critical lake calcium levels, which proved to be very beneficial for daphnia survivorship
and reproduction and it can also be used as a preventative measure in low calcium level lakes to prevent
lake calcium levels from decreasing any further and to maintain existing daphnia populations.
• The decline of Daphnia pulex populations, the increase of lake algae blooms and the appearance of
invasive species are all consequences of this emerging environmental problem which is causing
widespread transformations of aquatic food webs in softwater shield lakes in North America and in other
acid-sensitive regions of the globe.
• This experiment identifies a method to remediate lake calcium decline and has the potential to be
beneficial in maintaining Daphnia pulex populations, which will protect lake biodiversity and help mitigate
algae blooms while at the same time contribute toward addressing the global issue of shell waste disposal.
26. DISCUSSION
• The inspiration for this project came from my previous work on ocean acidification where waste shells in pulverized form were used to
buffer ocean acidity. The positive results of my previous project inspired me to find additional ways in which waste shells could be used
given that waste shells are a readily available and abundant reusable resource.
• Globally, the disposal of the millions of metric tons of waste shells has become an increasing problem just due to the sheer volume and
weight of waste. Recycling of these shells from large volume producers such as canneries, processors, and even seafood restaurants is
a potentially highly cost-effective solution.
• The disposal costs of the waste shells are high because it is done by the ton. If a recycling program is put in place for large volume
producers, the cost of recycling and processing the waste shells could be recovered by selling the pulverized shells for other uses as
well such as construction, soil treatment, pharmaceuticals, etc. Processing costs could be reduced by allowing the shells to age in the
sun for about a year in order to dry and sanitize them and also by using renewable energy for the shell grinding process.
• Furthermore, based on my previous research into ocean acidification, the shell powder could also be used in marine protected areas
to increase pH levels and mitigate the effects of ocean acidification.
• In terms of the application of the shell powder to the lakes, the costs would be dependent on the method of application. For accessible
lakes, the shell powder could be applied by boat or on the watershed and in winter, it could be applied on the ice. Where there is
limited access to a lake, aerial methods would have to be used to apply the shell powder in the same manner as limestone was applied
to lakes in Sweden to combat lake acidity.
• The dosage of shell powder would need to be stoichiometrically calculated taking into consideration the volume of the lake, the
current pH, and calcium level, the desired calcium level, the flow through rate, etc. Also, constant monitoring of the lake calcium level
would be required to determine if and when additional applications of shell powder would be required.
• Further investigation could be conducted in using this method as a watershed soil treatment to see if leaching from the soil to the lake,
instead of direct application to the lake, would be another approach to not only increase lake calcium levels but also restore soil
calcium levels which have been having a damaging effect on tree growth.
27. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to the following for their assistance with this project:
Rice Engineering for donating test supplies (laboratory gloves, wash bottle, precision tissue wipes).
Dr. Patty Gillis from the Canada Centre for Inland Waters for providing me with a digital scale, calibration fluid, water jugs and filters and deionized water.
Prof. Merrin Macrae and Mr. Vito Lam at the University of Waterloo for providing access to the Dionex Ion Chromatography system for calcium testing of the water samples.
Prof. Norman Yan (York University) Mr. Andrew Jeziorski (Queen’s University) and Mr. Dennis Poirier (Ministry of the Environment) for answering questions and providing access to their research papers.
Ms. Susan Samuel-Herter for help with the statistical analysis.
Mr. Dan Bowman, and his son Mr. Jordan Bowman, for reviewing the project and providing helpful comments and advice for improvement.
Ms. Angela Ceccato and Mr. Robert O’Brien, my parents, for their support and encouragement.
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