Aquatic Landscapes-The Hydrosphere
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The document discusses key concepts in hydrology and the rock cycle. It covers external rock cycle processes like weathering, mass wasting and erosion. It also explains the water cycle through processes like evaporation, evapotranspiration, precipitation, infiltration and sublimation. Stream concepts are covered such as velocity, gradient, discharge, profile, transportation methods of dissolved, suspended and bed loads, and the relationship between capacity and competence.
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Exogenic process and its geological processes
Exogenic processes are geological processes that take place at or near the Earth's surface and cause weathering and erosion. There are four main types of exogenic processes: weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rock into smaller pieces through physical, chemical, and biological means. Erosion then transports these weathered rocks by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. Sedimentation involves these eroded materials settling at the bottom of bodies of water. Mass wasting describes the downward movement of materials due to gravity through rapid or slow movements.
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Exogenic process and its geological processes
This document discusses four main types of exogenic geologic processes: weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rock into smaller pieces through physical, chemical, and biological means. Erosion is the transport of weathered rock by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. Sedimentation is the deposition of eroded materials at the bottom of bodies of water. Mass wasting involves the downward movement of materials under the force of gravity, including both rapid movements like landslides and slower creeping movements.
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Exogenic process and its geological processes
Exogenic processes are geological processes that take place at or near the Earth's surface and cause weathering and erosion. There are four main types of exogenic processes: weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rock into smaller pieces through physical, chemical, and biological means. Erosion then transports these weathered rocks by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. Sedimentation involves these eroded materials settling at the bottom of bodies of water. Mass wasting describes the downward movement of materials due to gravity through rapid or slow movements.
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The document describes the water cycle. The water cycle involves water evaporating from seas and forming clouds as it rises into the air. As the air cools, the water condenses and falls back to earth as rain, snow, sleet or hail. The water then flows across land in rivers back to seas, completing the cycle.
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The rates of movement of water and the quantities involved the cyclic processes are the major aspects involved in the hydrological sciences. There is an endless circulation of water among all the spheres of the earth. It is popularly known as the hydrologic cycle. It is necessary to learn about the hydrologic cycle, when we intend analyse the water resources of the region and the world.
Exogenic process and its geological processes
This document discusses four main types of exogenic geologic processes: weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rock into smaller pieces through physical, chemical, and biological means. Erosion is the transport of weathered rock by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. Sedimentation is the deposition of eroded materials at the bottom of bodies of water. Mass wasting involves the downward movement of materials under the force of gravity, including both rapid movements like landslides and slower creeping movements.
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This chapter discusses two exogenic processes - weathering and mass wasting - that break down and transport rock materials at the Earth's surface. Weathering includes physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks. Mass wasting describes the downslope movement of rock and soil under the force of gravity, ranging from slow processes like creep to rapid movements like landslides. The effectiveness of these processes varies based on climate, rock type, topography, and other environmental factors. Various examples are provided to illustrate different types of weathering and mass wasting.
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Mass Wasting
Cliffs are susceptible to both slow and sudden mass movements. Waves undercut cliffs made of soft rock at the base, saturating the top of the cliff and causing rock slabs to slump into the sea. Harder rock cliffs form layers, and the top saturated layer can slide rapidly downhill over the lower layer. Very fine, saturated loose material on slopes can also flow quickly downhill. Freeze-thaw weathering causes shattered cliff material to accumulate in talus or scree slopes at the base. Moisture expansion and shrinkage of soil particles on slopes results in their slow, vertical downward movement over time due to gravity.
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2. Question 2 asks about evaporation, which is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas in the atmosphere.
3. Question 3 asks about infiltration, which is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
4. The quiz contains 7 questions total about the major processes in the water cycle like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, transpiration, groundwater
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The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Water evaporates from bodies of water and transpires from plants into the atmosphere. It condenses to form clouds and precipitates as rain or snow. Precipitation that does not evaporate or transpire runs off into rivers and lakes and eventually flows back into the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is essential for life and influences many geological and biological processes.
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Water is essential for life and the hydrologic cycle distributes it around the planet. The cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection as runoff or infiltration into groundwater, and storage in oceans, glaciers, and ice caps. Climate is influenced by the hydrologic cycle as warm air holds more water vapor and rising air cools, causing precipitation. Changes to the cycle, such as intensification due to climate change, can produce more extreme flooding and drought.
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Groundwater provides drinking water for 50% of people in the US. Lakes and ponds are bodies of still surface water, with ponds generally being smaller than lakes. Rivers and streams flow with water from runoff and precipitation. Wells collect groundwater from underground, while springs release groundwater and geysers release hot water. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water above and below the Earth's surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun distorting ocean waters. Humans can impact water through displacing it when entering, unintentionally removing water droplets, and pollution from littering and oil spills.
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1) Surface water runoff from rainfall can erode soil particles and transport sediment, forming streams that can merge into rivers.
2) As rivers flow, they erode soft rock layers like sandstone and may change course, eroding harder rocks like granite over long periods.
3) Sediment is deposited when water slows, such as when flowing into basins or encountering obstacles, gradually accumulating to form sedimentary rock.
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The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from bodies of water and transpiration from plants, rises into the atmosphere as water vapor, cools and condenses to form clouds, and falls back to Earth as precipitation such as rain or snow. The precipitation replenishes bodies of water, soil moisture, and groundwater stores, completing the cycle.
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This chapter discusses two exogenic processes - weathering and mass wasting - that break down and transport rock materials at the Earth's surface. Weathering includes physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks. Mass wasting describes the downslope movement of rock and soil under the force of gravity, ranging from slow processes like creep to rapid movements like landslides. The effectiveness of these processes varies based on climate, rock type, topography, and other environmental factors. Various examples are provided to illustrate different types of weathering and mass wasting.
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The document provides information about the water cycle and groundwater. It explains that water is constantly moving through different stages of the water cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Some key points made are that water can exist in liquid, solid and gas forms; the water cycle involves water evaporating from oceans and transpiring from plants, condensing to form clouds, and precipitating as rain or snow; and runoff can infiltrate underground and become groundwater stored in aquifers. The document also gives a detailed explanation of the Clear Creek watershed near Houston, describing the environment, flooding risks, and tributaries that drain into the creek.
Mass Wasting
Cliffs are susceptible to both slow and sudden mass movements. Waves undercut cliffs made of soft rock at the base, saturating the top of the cliff and causing rock slabs to slump into the sea. Harder rock cliffs form layers, and the top saturated layer can slide rapidly downhill over the lower layer. Very fine, saturated loose material on slopes can also flow quickly downhill. Freeze-thaw weathering causes shattered cliff material to accumulate in talus or scree slopes at the base. Moisture expansion and shrinkage of soil particles on slopes results in their slow, vertical downward movement over time due to gravity.
Water cycle
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The document is a quiz about the water cycle. It contains 7 multiple choice questions about the different processes involved in the water cycle:
1. Question 1 asks about precipitation, which is any product of atmospheric water vapor that falls to the ground, including rain, snow, sleet and hail.
2. Question 2 asks about evaporation, which is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas in the atmosphere.
3. Question 3 asks about infiltration, which is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
4. The quiz contains 7 questions total about the major processes in the water cycle like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, transpiration, groundwater
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This document discusses different types of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet and drizzle. It explains that precipitation forms through the process of evaporation, cooling, condensation and growth of water droplets. There are three main types of precipitation: convective caused by warm air rising, orographic caused when air is forced up over mountains, and cyclonic caused by interactions of warm and cold air masses. The document provides details on the formation mechanisms and characteristics of various precipitation types.
The hydrological-cycle
The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water is evaporated from bodies of water by solar energy, transpired from plants, and condensed into clouds. Clouds are moved by wind and precipitation falls as rain or snow and returns to bodies of water, either above or below ground. This cycle maintains a balance, but human activities like deforestation, agriculture, and industry can disrupt it and cause impacts like increased flooding and soil erosion.
Hydorologic cycle
The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Water evaporates from bodies of water and transpires from plants into the atmosphere. It condenses to form clouds and precipitates as rain or snow. Precipitation that does not evaporate or transpire runs off into rivers and lakes and eventually flows back into the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is essential for life and influences many geological and biological processes.
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Water is essential for life and the hydrologic cycle distributes it around the planet. The cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection as runoff or infiltration into groundwater, and storage in oceans, glaciers, and ice caps. Climate is influenced by the hydrologic cycle as warm air holds more water vapor and rising air cools, causing precipitation. Changes to the cycle, such as intensification due to climate change, can produce more extreme flooding and drought.
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Groundwater provides drinking water for 50% of people in the US. Lakes and ponds are bodies of still surface water, with ponds generally being smaller than lakes. Rivers and streams flow with water from runoff and precipitation. Wells collect groundwater from underground, while springs release groundwater and geysers release hot water. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water above and below the Earth's surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun distorting ocean waters. Humans can impact water through displacing it when entering, unintentionally removing water droplets, and pollution from littering and oil spills.
Surface Water Runoff and River Systems
1) Surface water runoff from rainfall can erode soil particles and transport sediment, forming streams that can merge into rivers.
2) As rivers flow, they erode soft rock layers like sandstone and may change course, eroding harder rocks like granite over long periods.
3) Sediment is deposited when water slows, such as when flowing into basins or encountering obstacles, gradually accumulating to form sedimentary rock.
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A flood is a natural disaster where an area of dry land is suddenly submerged under water. It can be caused by heavy rain, dam breaking, overflowing rivers, or melting ice or snow. Prevention methods include retaining walls, town planning, vegetation, and education. An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth's crust due to the release of stress along geological faults or volcanic activity. A cyclone is an area of circular wind with low pressure at the center called the eye. Volcanoes form when hot magma escapes from below a planet's surface. Volcanic eruptions are studied in volcanology and measured using the volcanic explosivity index.
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This document provides a gap analysis of existing flood policies in Pakistan. It discusses the causes of floods in Pakistan such as heavy rainfall, dam breakage, and poor infrastructure. It outlines the types of floods, including coastal, river, and flash floods. The document then reviews the history of major floods in Pakistan since 1955, which have caused widespread damage. It assesses gaps in policies from 2000-2010 and provides the government's vision for reducing flood impacts over the next 10 years through improved prevention, preparedness, and response.
Exogenic Processes
This document discusses various exogenous (external) geological processes that shape the Earth's surface features. It describes weathering as the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks, including frost wedging, salt crystal growth, and hydrolysis. Erosion is defined as the removal and transport of weathered materials by agents like water, wind, and ice. Mass movement involves the downslope transport of soil and rock due to gravity, including processes like creep, landslides, and rockfalls.
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The document discusses the hydrosphere and the hydrologic cycle. It can be summarized as:
The hydrosphere refers to all water on Earth, including oceans, freshwater, ice, and water vapor in the atmosphere. Water is essential for life and exists in liquid form between 0-100 degrees Celsius. The hydrologic cycle is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including evaporation, transpiration by plants, condensation into clouds, precipitation, and runoff into lakes, rivers, and groundwater. This cycle is driven by energy from the sun and Earth's gravity.
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This document summarizes different geological processes including rock formation, weathering, material movement, erosion, and the impact of past glaciations. It describes three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the processes of mechanical and chemical weathering that break rocks into smaller pieces. Material is moved via mass movement, glaciers, rivers, and other processes. Coastal, water, ice, and wind erosion shape the landscape over time. Past glaciations left behind features like moraines and U-shaped valleys while influencing water supply and transportation routes.
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The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from bodies of water and transpiration from plants, rises into the atmosphere as water vapor, cools and condenses to form clouds, and falls back to Earth as precipitation such as rain or snow. The precipitation replenishes bodies of water, soil moisture, and groundwater stores, completing the cycle.
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The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. Most precipitation falls as rain and runs across land as surface runoff, with some entering rivers that flow toward oceans. Water moves between reservoirs such as from river to ocean or ocean to atmosphere through physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. This cycle involves energy exchanges that influence climate by warming or cooling the environment during changes between liquid, solid, and vapor phases of water. The water cycle is essential for maintaining life and ecosystems on Earth.
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Hydrologic Cycle is also called as Water Cycle. It basically deals with transformation of water in different forms starting from gaseous stage (water vapor) to liquid state (water on earth's surface), and water inside soil as underground water.and again back to gaseous stage. The cycle has no starting or end.
Weathering and erossion
Weathering and erosion shape Earth's surface through physical and chemical processes. Weathering breaks down rocks and minerals through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition, while chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks and minerals. Erosion transports weathered materials from their source, most commonly by water, wind, ice or gravity. Mass wasting specifically refers to the downslope movement of earth materials under the force of gravity by various processes such as rock falls, debris flows, slides and slumps. Factors like steep slopes, water saturation, earthquakes and removal of vegetation can make areas more prone to mass wasting.
Geomorphic processes
This document summarizes geomorphic processes including exogenic processes like weathering, mass wasting, erosion and aggradation that modify the Earth's surface through physical and chemical means. Endogenic processes like volcanism and diastrophism involve subsurface movement of magma or rock. Extra-terrestrial processes include meteorite impacts that also shape landforms. The document discusses various agents and mechanisms of weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of earth materials.
Erosion and deposition
This document provides an overview of erosion, deposition, and the agents that cause them. It discusses:
- The three main processes of erosion: detachment of particles, lifting them, and transporting them to a new location. The main agents of erosion are water, wind, waves, ice, and gravity.
- How each agent causes erosion. Water is the most influential due to its ability to move large objects and wear away rock over time. Wind erodes in dry areas without vegetation. Waves relentlessly pound coastal areas. Ice plucks and abrades rock beneath glaciers.
- Deposition occurs when the transporting medium loses speed or particles increase in resistance, causing them to settle in a
Weather and Mass Wasting
This document discusses various types of weathering and mass wasting processes that shape the Earth's surface. It defines weathering as the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mass wasting involves the downslope movement of earth materials such as rock and soil due to gravity. The classification of mass wasting includes falls, slides, flows, and spreads. Mass wasting and weathering both influence landform development and sediment production.
A typicla hydrological report for engineering projects
This document provides an overview of hydrology and the hydrological cycle. It discusses key concepts in hydrology including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, interception, infiltration, and runoff. It also provides details on the percentage of the world's water resources that are fresh water versus salt water. The document is a student report submitted to their professor that covers fundamentals of hydrology, examples of hydrological reports, and data analysis.
Hydrological cycle
This presentation is describing about the water cycle. It explain about how water transfer in atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
earth and life 5.pptx
This document discusses exogenic processes, which are external processes that occur near Earth's surface and are part of the rock cycle. It describes various types of weathering including mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their mineral composition through processes like frost wedging, insolation, and unloading. Chemical weathering decomposes rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, and biological processes. The document also discusses mass wasting, which transports weathered materials down slopes through various types of movements like rock falls, landslides, and flows that are influenced by gravity, water, and earthquakes. Erosion by agents like water, glaciers, and wind further transports materials by processes like solution
Geography - Landforms, water, Glacier, Wind - Pragnya IAS Academy - Civil Ser...
The document discusses various landforms created by exogenic or external geological processes. It describes erosional landforms such as valleys and gullies formed by fluvial erosion and depositional landforms like floodplains created by water deposition. Glacial landforms include U-shaped valleys and moraines. Arid regions form landforms from wind and water erosion like sand dunes and rills/gullies. Karst topography is characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems formed by limestone dissolution.
Water cycle - class 8. Pptx ( Monalisa )
The document discusses the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves processes like evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and surface runoff that circulate water between the oceans, atmosphere, and land. Evaporation transfers water from surfaces to the atmosphere, transpiration releases water vapor from plant leaves, condensation changes water vapor to liquid water in clouds, and precipitation deposits water in the form of rain, snow, or hail. Infiltration moves water underground and surface runoff carries water over land surfaces. The water cycle is essential for sustaining all life by recycling fresh water supplies.
Q1_M2d_Weathering Erosion.pptx
The document discusses the geological processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition that shape the Earth's surface over long periods of time. Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical, chemical, and biological means. Erosion then transports these sediments to different locations via agents such as water, wind, ice, and gravity. Finally, deposition occurs as these sediments are deposited in continental, coastal, or marine environments, forming new layers of the Earth's crust.
12 s070502 e_erosion and deposition ppt
Erosion is the process by which rock material is detached and transported from one location to another by forces like wind, water, ice or gravity. There are several types of erosion including wind erosion, water erosion, wave erosion, gravitational erosion and glacial erosion. Deposition occurs when the transported material can no longer be carried by the force and settles in a new location. Deposition happens through processes like decreasing wind speed, slowing water flow or melting ice. Erosion and deposition work together to continuously change the landscape over time as material is worn down and rebuilt in other areas.
The water cycle
The document discusses key components of the water cycle and climate systems on Earth. It describes how water circulates between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through processes like precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and runoff. It also explains how climate is influenced by factors like latitude, elevation, proximity to large bodies of water, orographic effects of mountains, and ocean currents. The water and energy cycles driven by these hydrologic and atmospheric processes are essential to maintaining Earth's habitability.
Similar to Aquatic Landscapes-The Hydrosphere (20)
A typicla hydrological report for engineering projects
A typicla hydrological report for engineering projects
Geography - Landforms, water, Glacier, Wind - Pragnya IAS Academy - Civil Ser...
Geography - Landforms, water, Glacier, Wind - Pragnya IAS Academy - Civil Ser...
Aquatic Landscapes-The Hydrosphere
- 1. Aquatic Landscapes/The Hydrosphere -External processes in rock cycle -Mass wasting vs Erosion -Water cycle -Stream velocity -Stream base level and erosion
- 2. External processes Weathering Mass Wasting Solar Powered Erosion
- 5. Weathering Disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the Earth’s surface
- 12. Mass Wasting Transfer of rock material down-slope under the influence of gravity
- 13. Creep
- 16. Rockslide
- 18. Slump
- 20. Erosion Incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind or ice
- 27. Transfer Mechanisms Evaporation: -liquid substance becomes a gas. -When water is heated, it evaporates. -The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor.
- 28. Evapotranspiration: the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere
- 29. Precipitation Precipitation is water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBnKgwnn7i4
- 31. Infiltration
- 33. STRREEEAAMAMMASSS Streamflow: velocity; usually greatest in the middle -least friction Changes in a bend
- 34. Gradient
- 35. Discharge Volume of water moving down a stream per unit of time
- 37. Stream Profile
- 41. Stream Transportation Dissolved Load: in solution >Contribution by groundwater >Chemicals, minerals, nutrients Suspended Load: Floating, >sediment, particles, silt, sand, clay... Bed Load: >rolling and scooting along the bottom
- 42. Capacity Vs Competence Capacity: the amount of stuff the stream can carry/move (>discarge = >capacity) Competence: biggest stuff the stream can move (>streamflow = >competence)
- 43. Delta