The document discusses the structure and function of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. It states that the heart is a muscle that acts as a double pump, with the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumping it around the body. It also mentions key blood vessels associated with the heart. The lungs function to facilitate gas exchange, while the three types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries - have different structures suited to their roles in circulating blood and transporting gases and nutrients.

1. AQA ORGANISATION
4.2.2.2
The heart and blood vessels

2. 4.2.2.2 The heart
• Students should know the structure and functioning of the human heart and lungs,
including how lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange.
• The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left
ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
• Knowledge of the blood vessels associated with the heart is limited to the aorta, vena
cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and coronary arteries. Knowledge of the names
of the heart valves is not required.
• The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium
that act as a pacemaker. Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct
irregularities in the heart rate.
• Students should be able to use simple compound measures such as rate and carry out
rate calculations for blood flow.

4. 22/11/2016
The heart is made out of ____________
Muscle.
It is a double _________ that squeezes the
blood around the ________ and to the
________. The _________ side pumps blood
to the lungs to pick up ______________. The
_________ side pumps blood around the rest
of the body.
RIGHT, LEFT, CARDIAC, BODY,
PUMP, LUNGS, OXYGEN

5. Structures of the heart
Label the diagram of the heart you have been given
We are now going to complete a heart dissection
Follow your method sheet

6. The cardiac cycle

8. right
atrium
left
atrium
right
ventricle
left
ventricle
aortapulmonary
artery
pulmonary
vein
vena cava
muscle

9. from lungs
to head
and bodyto lungs
from head
and body

10. Which structure?

11. Multiple-choice quiz

12. 4.2.2.2 The heart LOs
• Know structure and function of the human heart
• Name and locate the blood vessels associated with
the heart
• Understand what resting heart rate is
• Explain what a pacemaker is a why we would need
one

13. 4.2.2.2 The lungs
• Students should know the structure and functioning
of the human heart and lungs, including how lungs
are adapted for gaseous exchange.
• Knowledge of the lungs is restricted to the trachea,
bronchi, alveoli and the capillary network
surrounding the alveoli.

14. The lungs LOs
• Describe the structure of the lungs
• Explain how the lungs are adapted for gas
exchange

15. 4.2.2.2 The blood vessels
• The body contains three different types of blood
vessel:
• • arteries
• • veins
• • capillaries.
• Students should be able to explain how the
structure of these vessels relates to their functions.

16. Blood vessels LOs
• Describe the structure of the three types of blood
vessels
• Link the structure of the blood vessels to their
function

17. Compare the different
types of blood vessels

18. Blood flow in veins – valves
Veins have valves to prevent backflow.
blood to
the
heart
backflow
preventedvein valve
open vein valve
closed
When blood flows along
veins it pushes past
the valves, which can
only open in one direction.
If blood in a vein does
flow backwards,
it is trapped by
closed valves.

19. Arteries and veins
• Arteries have thick muscle walls and blood is at a high
pressure.
• Veins have thinner muscle walls and valves to prevent the backflow
of blood. Blood is at a lower pressure.

20. Compare the cross-section of a
vein
Comparing cross-sections
Veins do not need to keep blood flowing quickly at high
pressure and so they have much thinner walls than
arteries.
and an artery.
Why are they different?

21. Capillaries
Capillary walls are one cell thick and allow
substances to diffuse in and out. These
include oxygen, glucose, salts and carbon
dioxide.

22. Capillaries

23. Blood flow in veins – preventing backflow
Blood travels back to the heart in veins at low
pressure.
If the blood pressure is too low, what, for example,
might happen to the blood in leg veins?
gravity
blood
to the
heart possible
backflow
of blood
If low-pressure blood has to move against gravity, it
mightslow down further and even flow in the wrong
direction!

24. Which type of blood
vessels?

25. • (a) Name the three types of blood vessel.
• A ..............................................................
• B ..............................................................
• C ..............................................................
• (b) Describe the job of blood vessel B.
• ..................................................................................................
...........................................................................................

26. The diagram shows the human
circulatory system
.
(a) Name the types of blood vessel
labelled A, B and C on the diagram.
A .................................................................
B .................................................................
C .................................................................
(b) What is the job of the circulatory
system?
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
c) Give two ways in which the make up of the blood changes as it flows
through the vessels labelled X on the diagram.
1
................................................................................................
.................................

27. Practice exam question

28. Answers – peer assess
green pen
A – arteries
B – capillaries
C – Veins
b. To pump blood around the body. Deliver nutrients to
the cells and remove waste
c. Blood carbon dioxide levels decrease & blood
oxygen levels increase (GAS EXCHANGE)

29. 4.4.4.2 BLOOD
• Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the
red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are
suspended.
• Students should know the functions of each of
these blood components.
• Students should be able to recognise different types
of blood cells in a photograph or diagram, and
explain how they are adapted to their functions.

30. Blood LOs
• Name the components of blood
• Describe the functions of the blood components
• Recognise the different blood cell types from
photographs and diagrams
• Explain and link the adaptations of blood cells to
their functions

31. Blood practical work
• AT 7
• Observing and drawing blood cells seen under a
microscope.
• WS 1.5
• Evaluate risks related to use of blood products.