Ngoc Quy Tran - Art Lover's Delight for HIST 214

1. THE WAR OF 1812
BY.
NGOC QUY TRAN

2. 
 The War of 1812 was a conflict fought
between the United States, the United
Kingdom, and their respective allies.
 Lasted from June 18th, 1812- February
18th, 1815.
 Ranged throughout the American
Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast,
into Canada, and onto the high seas
and Great Lakes.
THE WAR OF 1812?

3. 
 The United States went to war against Great Britain. The British were already waging
a global war against France, one which had been raging since 1793.
 Canada, then under British rule, became the primary battleground between the
young republic and the old empire.
THE WAR OF 1812?

4. 
At the outset of the 19th century, Great Britain was locked in a long and bitter
conflict with Napoleon Bonaparte’s France. In an attempt to cut off supplies from
reaching the enemy, both sides attempted to block the United States from trading
with the other.
In 1807, Britain passed the Orders in Council, which required neutral countries to
obtain a license from its authorities before trading with France or French colonies.
The Royal Navy also outraged Americans by its practice of impressment or removing
seamen from U.S. merchant vessels and forcing them to serve on behalf of the
British.
THE SEEDS OF WAR

5. 
 In 1809, the U.S. Congress repealed Thomas Jefferson’s
unpopular Embargo Act, which by restricting trade had
hurt Americans more than either Britain or France. Its
replacement, the Non-Intercourse Act, specifically
prohibited trade with Britain and France. It also proved
ineffective, and in turn was replaced with a May 1810 bill
stating that if either power dropped trade restrictions
against the United States, Congress would in turn
resume non-intercourse with the opposing power.
 After Napoleon hinted, he would stop restrictions,
President James Madison blocked all trade with Britain
that November. Meanwhile, new members of Congress
elected that year–led by Henry Clay and John C.
Calhoun–had begun to agitate for war, based on their
indignation over British violations of maritime rights as
well as Britain’s encouragement of Native American
hostility against American westward expansion.
THE SEEDS OF WAR

6. 
 Following the message sent by President Madison, the United States Senate and the House of
Representatives held votes on whether to go to war. The vote in the House of Representatives
was held on June 4, 1812, and members voted 79 to 49 to go to war.
 In the House vote, the members of Congress supporting the war tended to be from the South
and West, and those opposed from the Northeast.
 The U.S. Senate, on June 17, 1812, voted 19 to 13 to go to war. In the Senate the vote also
tended to be along regional lines, with most of the votes against the war coming from the
Northeast.
 The vote was also along party lines: 81% of the Republicans supported the war, while not a
single Federalist did. With so many members of Congress voting against going to war, the War
of 1812 was always controversial.
 The official Declaration of War was signed by President James Madison on June 18, 1812.
THE UNITED STATES DECLARED WAR

7. 
 Though the War of 1812 is remembered as a relatively minor conflict in the United States and
Britain, it looms large for Canadians and for Native Americans, who see it as a decisive turning point
in their losing struggle to govern themselves.
 In fact, the war had a far-reaching impact in the United States, as the Treaty of Ghent ended decades
of bitter partisan infighting in government and ushered in the so-called “Era of Good Feelings.”
 The war also marked the demise of the Federalist Party, which had been accused of being
unpatriotic for its antiwar stance and reinforced a tradition of Anglophobia that had begun during
the Revolutionary War.
 Perhaps most importantly, the war’s outcome boosted national self-confidence and encouraged the
growing spirit of American expansionism that would shape the better part of the 19th century.
IMPACT OF THE WAR OF 1812

8. 
 After Britain refused to meet the terms of President James Madison, the ultimatum of November 1810,
Parliament passed a resolution issuing the President's embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.
This law is extremely popular among U.S. merchants and traders, causing serious economic damage to the
United States and is often regarded as evidence of rampant smuggling; especially between New England and
North America.
1812 EVENTS
MARCH 2ND, 1811
BRITISH TRADE EMBARGO.

9. 
 General William Henry Harrison led a force of 1,000 against an Indian land on the
Tippecanoe River in Indiana Territory. In the battle, the Harrison men, defeated an alliance
of northwestern tribes created by Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, in an attempt
to fight the expansion of white Americans into the land. India.
 Tenskwatawa convinced the indigenous tribes that they would be protected by the Great
Spirit and that no harm would be done to them if they rebelled against white settlers.
1812 EVENTS
NOV. 8TH, 1811
HARRISON DEFEATS TECUMSEH.

10. 
 The Senate, with votes 19-13, passed a declaration of war against the United Kingdom at the request of
President James Madison. Two weeks ago, the House adopted a similar war measure with 79-49 votes.
1812 EVENTS
JUNE 18TH, 1812
DECLARATION OF WAR

11. 
 The first major battle of the 1812 war ended in a disaster for the United States when General William Hull, who
led an American army of 2,200 men, surrendered to British forces in Detroit without firing a single shot. Hull
will be fought by the court for cowardice and sentenced to death, but 61-year-old Revolutionary veteran will
be pardoned by James Madison.
1812 EVENTS
AUGUST 16TH, 1812
SURRENDER OF DETROIT.

12. 
 General Stephen Van Rensselaer led an American army near Queenston, today Ontario, to fight a British /
Canadian army led by Major General Isaac Brock.
British militia won. The battle came as a result of an American effort to establish a foothold on the banks of
Canada's Niagara River before the campaign ended with the onset of winter. The decisive battle was the
culmination of a poorly managed American attack.
1812 EVENTS
OCTOBER 13TH, 1812
BATTLE OF QUEENSTON HEIGHTS

13. 
 An American delegation, including Albert Gallatin, James Bayard and John Quincy Adams, came to St. Louis.
Petersburg, Russia at the invitation of Tsar Alexander. Alexander, anxious to increase his influence in European
affairs, offered to mediate the Anglo-American war, however, by the time the American delegation arrived; The
British decided not to participate.
1812 EVENTS
JULY 21ST, 1813
ST. PETERSBURG DELEGATION

14. 
 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry led a squadron of ten ships against a fleet of six
British ships on Lake Erie. The naval battle ended with an American defeat to
the British, giving the United States control of Erie Lake for the duration of
the war. This in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and break the
Indian alliance of Tecumseh later. Perry declares the American victory in a
memorable letter to the headquarters: Zhao We met the enemy and they
were ours.
1812 EVENTS
SEPTEMBER 10TH, 1813.
BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE.

15. 
 General William Henry Harrison led a mighty 4500 American militia throughout Lake Erie
recently captured to pursue the British army forced to abandon Detroit. On October 5,
Harrison will defeat his enemies in Moravian Town to defeat the British and their Indian
allies in the Battle of the River Thames. Tecumseh will be killed in battle, causing many
British Indian allies to give up the alliance.
1812 EVENTS
SEPTEMBER 20TH, 1813
TECUMSEH KILLED.

16. 
 In Europe, Napoleon's French army was crushed during the battle at Leipzig. Napoleon, forced to withdraw
from Russia in 1812 after witnessing his 400,000 people killed and 100,000 captured in an ill-fated invasion,
sent a new but untrained army into battle against an alliance of European nations in Leipzig. Forcing his army
to retreat to France.
 On May 30, 1814, a peace treaty between France and the European Union of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria
ended the Napoleonic Wars.
1812 EVENTS
OCTOBER 16TH, 1813.
NAPOLEON CRUSHED.

17. 
 British forces captured Washington, D.C. The forces set fire to the White House, the capital and the executive
offices. War Secretary John Armstrong blamed poor planning and intelligence for the poorly protected
American capital, forcing to resign.
1812 EVENTS
AUGUST 24TH, 1814
WHITE HOUSE BURNED.

18. 
 American forces returned to an army of 11,000 men under Sir George Prevost at Lake Champlain, New York.
Americans, more than three to one, set up superior positions on the lake and the coast, forcing Prevost to
withdraw from the field. Before its defeat, Prevost will abandon the invasion and retreat to Canada.
1812 EVENTS
SEPTEMBER 11TH, 1814
AMERICAN VICTORY AT LAKE CHAMPLAIN

19. 
 The British attack on Baltimore, which began on 14
September, was repulsed after three days of fighting
and the British began a permanent retreat for their ship
at Chesapeake. The battle relied heavily on the accuracy
of American artillery at Fort McHenry, which prevented
the British fleet from entering the Port. Francis Scott
Key witnessed the battle, inspiring him to write The Star
Spangled Banner.
1812 EVENTS
SEPTEMBER 16TH, 1814
STAR SPANGLED BANNER

20. 
 The Hartford Convention brings together Federal delegates from Massachusetts,
Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire and Rhode Island to meet to discuss their
disagreements with the war. There was speculation that the convention would suggest that
New England leave the United States and negotiate a private peace with Britain, instead,
the delegates proposed amendments to the constitution requiring that two-thirds vote to
declare war and law. restricting trade, banning successive presidents from the same state,
eliminating the three-fifths provision and restricting future presidents to a term of office.
The Federal Convention and disagreement over the war will create allegations of wartime
disloyalty, leading to the rapid decline of the Union people as a national party.
1812 EVENTS
DECEMBER 15TH, 1814
HARTFORD CONVENTION

21. 
 Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812. The
treaty called for the return of all prisoners of war and the capture of territory, forgiving all
Indian members of the conflict, returning slaves. They were captured in the war by the
British, and a pledge from both nations to end the international slave trade.
 The real issues that fueled the war - British maritime policy, neutrality and impression -
were ignored, but it was agreed that trade issues would be solved at a future conference.
hybrid. The treaty will be ratified by the US Senate on February 17, 1815
1812 EVENTS
DECEMBER 24TH, 1814
TREATY OF GHENT

22. 
 Two weeks after European negotiators reached an agreement on a peace treaty
to end the War of 1812, but a month before news of the treaty arrived in North
America, the United States won a major military victory. most in the fight. During
the battle in New Orleans, General Andrew Jackson and a force of 5000
Americans returned to an army of 7500 British soldiers to invade in an encounter,
resulting in 2036 British casualties for Americans 21. Andrew Jackson will become
a national hero, eventually leading to the presidential election in 1828.
1812 EVENTS
JANUARY 8TH, 1815
BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

23.  Expose American weaknesses
 Briefly, the war exposed American weaknesses. The embargo British ships placed on
shipping forced America to become less dependent on foreign goods and
manufacturing and gave rise to a tremendous increase in manufacturing here in
America.
 The war exposed the need for better roads and canals to move people and goods
across the country. Great investments were made to build the needed infrastructure.
 Change Foreign Policy
 The war changed American foreign policy by leaps and bounds. Jefferson was largely
non-interventionist, as were Washington and Adams before him. Jefferson's lone
foreign foray was in Tripoli to protect American shipping interests from pirates. Despite
his success, piracy continued to flourish along many busy shipping routes from North
America to the Mediterranean.
1812 WAR AND CHANGES TO AMERICA

24. 
 The Monroe Doctrine
 After the War of 1812, president Monroe launched the Monroe Doctrine, aimed at recognizing
the recently independent Latin countries who broke away from Spain. The Doctrine called for
Europe-free Western Hemisphere at the risk of American retaliation. Europe barely obeyed
Doctrine only due to the continued power of British naval power which was a greater threat
anything America was likely to muster. Monroe's dictum was also aimed at Russia, who
feared might move down from the Alaskan peninsula to the American west coast.
 Positive things
 The war made the United States more independent and launched the Industrial Revolution.
 The war brought American a symbol of solidarity and patriotism, leading to an era of good
affection.
1812 WAR AND CHANGES TO AMERICA

25. 
 The War of 1812 was not worth the lost in money, resources, and lives.
 Some of the major effects of the war of 1812 were increased patriotism in the United States
and increased respect for the US from other countries. The US military and manufacturing
were also strengthened.
 Prior to this project, I never learned anything about the War of 1812. This project has taught
me new things about the US history, and how this war has changed today's society. It is
incredible how things happened within a short period of previous time.
WHAT I LEARNED

26. 
 Howes, Kelly King, and Julie Carnagie. War of 1812. UXL, 2002. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04103a&AN=stl.b1347844&site eds-live.
 Marquette, Scott. War of 1812. Rourke Publishing, 2002. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=392254&site=eds-live.
 Heidler, David Stephen, and Jeanne T. Heidler. The War of 1812. Greenwood Press, 2002. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04103a&AN=stl.b1503353&site =eds-live.
 Flatt, Lizann. The Legacy of the War of 1812. Crabtree Publishing, 2011. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=419693&site=eds-live.
 "War Of 1812”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812
 "War of 1812 Timelines”, http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/timeline/
 "The War of 1812”, https://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/war-of-1812
WORKS CITED