Applied Geology Introductory class
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This document outlines an introductory geology course for civil engineering students. It introduces geology and explains why it is important for students to learn. The document then outlines the course syllabus which covers 5 units on topics like mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and geological investigations for civil engineering projects. It also provides the lesson plan, names course captains, and describes the evaluation scheme which includes internal and external assessments.
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Shear zones.
Shear zones are zones of highly strained rock that form under brittle, ductile, or intermediate conditions. They record a history of deformation and can indicate the sense and amount of displacement. There are several types of shear zones defined by the dominant deformation mechanism (brittle, ductile, semibrittle, brittle-ductile). Determining the sense of shear is important and can be achieved through studying offset markers, foliation patterns, shear bands, inclusion shapes, and other indicators exposed in the shear zone.
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1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
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A shear zone is a zone of strong deformation (with a high strain rate) surrounded by rocks with a lower state of finite strain.
It is characterized by a length to width ratio of more than 5:1.
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1) Shear zones are tabular zones of higher strain than the surrounding rock, where ductile deformation occurs. Shear zones are thicker than fault zones.
2) Shear sense indicators in shear zones include asymmetric structures like S-C fabrics and mica fish, which indicate the direction of shear. Porphyroclast geometries also indicate shear sense.
3) Tension gashes and fractures that open parallel to the minimum stress axis can be used to determine the sense of shear in the zone. Their orientation and folding indicates whether shear was dextral or sinistral.
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The features themselves are called fabric elements. Examples of fabric elements include mineral grains, clasts, compositional layers, fold hinges, and planes of parting.
Fabrics that form as a consequence of tectonic deformation of rock are called tectonic fabrics, and fabrics that form during the formation of the rock are called primary fabrics.
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This lecture discusses the physical properties of minerals, which are important for identifying minerals macroscopically. Isotropic minerals have physical properties that are the same in all directions, while anisotropic minerals have properties that vary by crystallographic direction. Cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and refractive index are described as physical properties related to a mineral's atomic structure, bonding forces, and chemical composition. Cleavage planes form along directions of lowest bond energy. Hardness is measured using the Mohs scale. Specific gravity expresses the ratio of a substance's weight to an equal volume of water. Refractive index is the ratio of light's velocity in a mineral to its velocity in air or a vacuum.
ore of metamorphic affiliation economif geology
Metamorphic ore deposits form as a result of metamorphic processes within metamorphic rocks. They can form under various metamorphic conditions from low to high temperatures and pressures. Examples include the transformation of claystones to kyanite/sillimanite deposits or the formation of graphite flakes between magmatic bodies. There are three main types - copper-rich deposits associated with mafic rocks and organic sediments, archean iron formation-related gold deposits in quartz veins hosted in iron formations, and lead-zinc-silver rich deposits containing galena, sphalerite, and other minerals in quartz-carbonate veins.
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The document provides guidance on starting a rock collection for microfossil study. It recommends properly labeling collected samples with location data and replacing poor samples. Basic collecting equipment includes a geologist's hammer and hand lens. Surface samples can be collected from natural exposures while subsurface samples come from wells and boreholes, with cores providing the most accurate records. The best collecting sites are quarries, road cuts, and outcrops displaying unweathered rock. Careful permanent labeling and record keeping is important for housing and maintaining the collection.
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The analysis of all of the significant processes that formed a basin and deformed its sedimentary fill from basin-scale processes (e.g., plate tectonics)
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The Stratigraphic Code establishes rules for naming and defining stratigraphic units. There are two versions of the code from the North American and International commissions. Stratigraphic units are categorized based on physical characteristics and time, and include lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, and others. Proper naming of a new unit requires publication and establishing type sections and boundaries.
265468739 shear-zones
1) Shear zones are tabular zones of higher strain than the surrounding rock, where ductile deformation occurs. Shear zones are thicker than fault zones.
2) Shear sense indicators in shear zones include asymmetric structures like S-C fabrics and mica fish, which indicate the direction of shear. Porphyroclast geometries also indicate shear sense.
3) Tension gashes and fractures that open parallel to the minimum stress axis can be used to determine the sense of shear in the zone. Their orientation and folding indicates whether shear was dextral or sinistral.
Gravity, Expl.ravity
The document discusses various techniques related to gravity surveying and data processing. It covers 1) Newton's law of gravity and calculations, 2) corrections to gravity data including latitude, elevation and terrain corrections, 3) determining densities of rocks, 4) calculating the mass and density of Earth, and 5) separating regional and residual gravity anomalies through various filtering methods.
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Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
Gravity method
The gravity method involves measuring variations in the Earth's gravitational field to determine subsurface density variations. Gravity surveys measure differences in gravitational attraction at surface locations. After collecting data at regular intervals, corrections are applied for drift, elevation, tides and topography. The corrected anomalies are analyzed to infer subsurface geology, locating structures like faults, voids or buried valleys. Common applications include engineering, environmental and geothermal studies.
Fabric elements
Fabric of a rock is the geometric arrangement of component features in the rock, seen on a scale large enough to include many samples of each feature.
The features themselves are called fabric elements. Examples of fabric elements include mineral grains, clasts, compositional layers, fold hinges, and planes of parting.
Fabrics that form as a consequence of tectonic deformation of rock are called tectonic fabrics, and fabrics that form during the formation of the rock are called primary fabrics.
Reflecting method of seismic prospecting
This document provides an overview of seismic prospecting methods. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, including P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The seismic reflecting method is described as using controlled seismic sources to generate waves that reflect off underground formations and are detected by sensors at the surface. Reflection seismology can be used to map subsurface geology at various depths for applications like hydrocarbon exploration, engineering surveys, and studying crustal structures. In summary, the document outlines seismic prospecting techniques, focusing on the seismic reflecting method of using controlled sources and detecting reflected waves.
Ore deposits (contact metamorphism)
Contact metasomatism forms new minerals through reactions between intrusive rocks and escaping gases from magma chambers. Important requirements include a magma source of ore ingredients and intrusion into reactive host rocks. Metals like Fe, Cu, Zn, and W can be deposited through this process. Hydrothermal deposits are formed when hot, mineral-laden waters circulate through fractures, leaching and redepositing metals. Sedimentary deposits can form through evaporation, biochemical processes, or mechanical concentration of minerals in placer deposits.
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This document summarizes Sara Huckabey's geology project examining three rock types: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. For each rock type, Sara describes examples she found in different locations, provides pictures and her analysis of each rock, and identifies the type of rock based on its characteristics. She believes one igneous rock is feldspar found in a creek bed near Bakersfield. Her metamorphic rocks include possible slate found at Morro Bay beach and quartzite from a creek in Coalinga. The sedimentary rocks are likely sandstone from Pyramid Lake and limestone from caves at Pismo Beach.
Geology
Geology is the study of the physical structure and substance of the Earth. It provides knowledge about construction materials like stones and clay. It also helps understand natural geological processes like erosion that impact civil engineering projects. Geology is important for determining suitable foundations, exploring ground conditions via drilling, and planning major projects like dams, roads and tunnels. The study of geology includes physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and the weathering of rocks. Physical geology examines how the Earth's surface and interior change over time. Petrology studies the origin, composition and structure of different rock types. Structural geology analyzes the three-dimensional distribution of rocks and their deformation history. Weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes.
Geology
A geologist studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth, as well as the processes that have shaped it. They approach geology using various sciences. A physical geologist specifically focuses on the materials the Earth is made of and the processes that form them. To become a geologist requires at minimum a bachelor's degree in geology or a related field, with many positions requiring a graduate degree. Geologists work in government agencies, engineering firms, museums, and oil/gas/mining companies. Their typical uniform and tools include hammers, safety goggles, backpacks, and notebooks.
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This document provides information about Kosygin Leishangthem, an assistant professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Manipur Technical University. It lists his educational qualifications which include an M.Tech in Earthquake Engineering, BE in Civil Engineering, and diplomas in computer applications and multimedia/web technology. The document then outlines the various subject areas taught in the Civil Engineering department, such as structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, water resources, and earthquake engineering.
Faults and Folds Geology Visual Quiz, Earth Science PowerPoint with Answers
Faults and Folds Geology Visual Quiz, Earth Science PowerPoint with Answerswww.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Module 1 introduction to geology
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its origin, structure, composition and processes that have shaped it over time. It involves studying the Earth through observation, analysis and synthesis at locations like libraries, laboratories, museums and field sites. Geology is related to other sciences and has many branches of study. It is important to study geology because geological processes and resources influence human civilization, environments and hazards, and geology underpins engineering and understanding of landforms and Earth's history.
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The document provides details from a physical geology field assignment collecting rock samples from various locations in California. It describes 15 rock samples collected from creek beds and mines in Coalinga and surrounding areas. The samples include igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Pictures are also included showing features related to faults, weathering, erosion and the historical Coalinga coal mine.
Reservoir Geology Assessed Practical
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The environment of deposition was a barrier island lagoon or bar-built estuaries based on evidence of burrows, shells, and plant roots indicating alternating marine and terrestrial conditions.
The rock types change from east to west, with the westernmost borehole containing structureless sandstone and mudstone deposited by a river, becoming more marine and structured to the east where shells and burrows indicate a lagoon/estuary environment, and the easternmost boreholes containing coastal beach deposits.
Potential reservoir sandstones exist but are not sufficiently thick, with the thickest being only 7m
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This document discusses hydrothermal fluids and hydrothermal ore deposits. It begins by describing the different types of fluids found in the Earth's crust, including sea water, meteoric water, connate water, metamorphic water, and mixtures. For hydrothermal deposits to form, these fluids need to circulate through the crust to dissolve and transport metals. Common hydrothermal deposit types include veins and cavity fillings. Veins can be fissure, ladder, or gash veins and cavity fillings include saddle reefs. Metal solubility in hydrothermal fluids is controlled by factors like temperature, pH, and ligand complexes. Precipitation occurs when solubility decreases, such as due to changes in fluid composition or physical properties like
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Faults and Folds Geology Visual Quiz, Earth Science PowerPoint with Answers
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- 1. INTRODUCTORY CLASS 080100009 APPLIED GEOLOGY PON.RATHNAVEL KVCT CIVIL ENGG. STUDENTS
- 3. KNOWING GEOLOGY GEO + LOGY GEO + GRAPHY (Vs) GEO + LOGY BIO + GRAPHY (Vs) BIO + LOGY
- 5. WHY GEOLOGY
- 6. WHAT STUDENTS SAY? DRY BORING DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND NEED GOOD ENGLISH VAST
- 7. SYLLABUS 3 CREDIT SUBJECT THEORITICAL 5 UNITS – MIXTURE 45 PERIODS
- 8. SYLLABUS UNIT 1 – GENERAL GEOLOGY Basic Geology Earth Structure Plate Tectonics Earthquake Belts in India Ground Water Geological Work of Wind & Water
- 9. SYLLABUS UNIT 2 – MINERALOGY Minerals – Ores & Types Symmetry & Crystallography Physical Properties Study of Rock forming Minerals Study of Clay Minerals Study of Coal Study of Petroleum
- 10. SYLLABUS UNIT 3 – PETROLOGY Classification of Rocks Properties of I,S,M Rocks Detailed Study of 7 Igneous Rocks Detailed Study of 6 Sedimentary Rocks Detailed Study of 6 Metamorphic Rocks
- 11. SYLLABUS UNIT 4 – STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICAL METHODS 5 Terms in Structural Geology Study of Structures with ref. to Geology Geological Maps Conventional Methods of Investigation Seismic Methods of Investigation Electrical Methods of Investigation
- 12. SYLLABUS UNIT 5 – GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN CIVL ENGG. Remote Sensing Techniques Study of Imagery Geological Conditions - Civil Engg. Projects Landslides Erosion Coastal Protection
- 13. LESSON PLAN 50 PERIODS 40 LECTURE HOURS 10 TEST HOURS
- 14. COURSE CAPTAINS 66 @ 11 PER TEAM = 6 GROUPS SELECTION OF LEADER
- 15. COURSE CAPTAINS CONGRATS CAPTAINS
- 16. EVALUATION EXTERNAL - 100 20 x 2 MARKS + (5/8) x 12 MARKS INTERNAL - 50 MARKS Tests (3 x 10) + MS (2 x 5) + ASS Avg.(3x10)
- 17. INTERNAL EVALUATION DESCRIPTION DATES I MOTIVATED STUDY (UNIT 1) 02 AUGUST 2010 II MOTIVATED STUDY (UNIT 2) 09 AUGUST 2010 I INTERNAL TEST ( UNIT 1 & UNIT 2) 16 AUGUST 2010 I ASSIGNMENT (UNIT 3) 30 AUGUST 2010 II INTERNAL TEST (UNIT 3) 13 SEPTEMBER 2010 II ASSIGNMENT (UNIT 4) 20 SEPTEMBER 2010 III ASSIGNMENT (UNIT 5) 11 OCTOBER 2010 III INTERNAL TEST (UNIT 5) 18 OCTOBER 2010
- 18. FOR FURTHER REFERENCE BOOK ENGINEERING AND GENERAL GEOLOGY – PARBIN SINGH WEBSITE http://geology.wiki-site.com
- 19. FOR FURTHER REFERENCE e-mail Check your KVCT e-mail regularly for updates and information SMS Expect Daily SMS on subject updates