In the document, the following points are made about the use of computers in astronomy:
1) Automated observatories like the Hubble Space Telescope use algorithms to select targets and schedule observations in order to efficiently observe many astronomical objects.
2) Citizen science projects like Zooniverse classify large amounts of astronomical data by crowdsourcing classifications to volunteers in order to help researchers study more data than possible otherwise.
3) Simulations of astronomical phenomena that are difficult to observe like stellar collisions are used to study and confirm hypotheses, with simulations becoming more accurate as computational capabilities increase.
Journey Into Space
Astronauts
It describe something about space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
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Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Astronauts
It describe something about space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
Journey Into Space
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Astronomy - State of the Art - GalaxiesChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the properties of galaxies are discussed, including supermassive black holes and dark matter.
Interpreting SDSS extragalactic data in the era of JWSTAlexander F. Mayer
A Paradigm Shift in Cosmology – We present empirical evidence from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), including statistically-significant, independent measurements of galaxy theta-z, redshift-magnitude, and redshift-population. These corroborating data sets are clearly inconsistent with the optimal ΛCDM standard model of Big Bang cosmology, exacerbating the Hubble constant tension; the σ8 (clustering parameter) discrepancy; the lensing anomaly; the large-angular-scale anomalies in CMB temperature and polarization; and other anomalies that now confront cosmologists. A set of predictive equations are put forward that are consistent with de Sitter's exact solution of the Einstein field equations; this new predictive "temporal geometry" model, which requires vetting by the mathematical physics and cosmology communities, is consistent with the SDSS data and relieves the unexpected new tensions in cosmology created by initial and ongoing JWST observations.
One of the challenging open questions of theoretical physics is how to unify general relativity and quantum theory to find a microscopic description of gravity. There are many approaches to find a solution to this fundamental question. It is however difficult to constrain all these possibilities because the relevant scales are far smaller than those accessible by current experiments. With the recent technological breakthroughs of the detection of gravitational waves and the direct imaging of a black hole, we are at the dawn of an era of strong gravity astronomy. It is therefore more important than ever to concentrate on finding observable features of quantum gravity that could in principle leave an imprint in future experiments. After a brief introduction of the fundamental aspects of quantum gravity, I will give an example of such a feature which seems to be a universal property of theories of quantum gravity. In many theories of quantum gravity, space-time has fractal properties near the Planck scale. A consequence which in principle could be observed, is that the effective dimension of space-time is a function of the scale that one is probing.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. Adaptive Optics
• We get twinkling or distorted images of celestial bodies
because of atmosphere turbulence
• Speckle imaging
• Take multiple very short exposure images
• (for optical light : 10 ms)then combine them.
Before After
Diff. in refractive index
4. Automated Ground Observatories
• Too many things to observe and they have different priority.
• E.g. Planets transits , eclipsing stars , Near Earth Objects , sun irregular activity ,
objects about to set ,..etc
• Sometimes we would like to observe one body simultaneously from
multiple observatories.
• Previously, astronomers would meet and decide what is worthy to observe
aided with a sky map
• Takes time
• Harder to synchronize and orchestrate with other observatories.
• They have to handle how the schedule is going to change if there was an emergency
(e.g. a bad weather or loss in communication.)
5. Cont. Automated Ground Observatories
• Solutions :
• Automate target selection
• give a value for each target based on some parameters then choose target with highest
value
• Parameters are like : time to set , height in sky, how rare is the event
proximity to the moon ,brightness ,…etc
• A central control that automates synchronization
• With experts intervention
6. Program Number Principal Investigator Program Title
13665 Bjoern Benneke, California Institute of Technology
Exploring the Diversity of Exoplanet Atmospheres in the
Super-Earth Regime
13715 Jennifer Sokoloski, Columbia University in the City of New York Imaging Spectroscopy of the Gamma-Ray Nova V959 Mon
13740 Daniel Stern, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN: Spectroscopy of Infrared-
Selected Galaxy Clusters at z>1.4
13769 Klaus Werner, Eberhard Karls Universitat, Tubingen Trans-iron group elements in hot helium-rich white dwarfs
13794 John T. Clarke, Boston University
Seasonal Dependence of the Escape of Water from the
Martian Atmosphere
13845 Adam Muzzin, University of Cambridge
Resolved H-alpha Maps of Star-forming Galaxies in Distant
Clusters: Towards a Physical Model of Satellite Galaxy
Quenching
13868 Dale D. Kocevski, Colby College
Are Compton-Thick AGN the Missing Link Between Mergers
and Black Hole Growth?
14057 Fabien Grise, Universite de Strasbourg I
Changes in the X-ray irradiation of an ultraluminous X-ray
source
14071 Sanchayeeta Borthakur, The Johns Hopkins University
How are HI Disks Fed? Probing Condensation at the Disk-
Halo Interface
14076 Boris T. Gaensicke, The University of Warwick
An HST legacy ultraviolet spectroscopic survey of the 13pc
white dwarf sample
14077 Boris T. Gaensicke, The University of Warwick
The frequency and chemical composition of rocky planetary
debris around young white dwarfs: Plugging the last gaps
14080 Anne Jaskot, Smith College
LyC, Ly-alpha, and Low Ions in Green Peas: Diagnostics of
Optical Depth, Geometry, and Outflows
14095 Gabriel Brammer, Space Telescope Science Institute - ESA
Calibrating the Dusty Cosmos: Extinction Maps of Nearby
Galaxies
HST Programs: November 30 - December 6, 2015
In Hubble Space Telescope ,people make proposals for possible targets and an algorithm choses in which order to
execute accepted proposals .
Automated Observatories-HST
7. Classification
• So we want to classify objects in our images
• What kind of galaxy is this ?
• Is this a globular or open star cluster ?
• …
• But The amount of data collected is huge
• Different wavelengths , new high resolution techs means more data .
• Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Planned to enter operation in 2022,is
aiming to gather 30TB a night.
• There is relatively a few number of astronomers (both professional and
amateurs)
8. Classification: Zooniverse
• “The Zooniverse is a collection of web-based Citizen Science projects that use the
efforts of volunteers to help researchers deal with the flood of data that confronts
them.”
• You are given a short tutorial on what is the benefit and how to help.
• Then you are given images and asked to do something or answer questions on them
• Examples:
• Disk Detective. (detect stars with hidden debris discs around them)
• Planet Four: Terrains (mapping the terrains of Mars)
• Asteroid Zoo
• Planet Hunters (exoplanets finding through transit method)
• Sunspotter.
• Spacewraps. (on gravitational lensing)
• …
• And others in both astronomy and other fields.
9. Classification : A.I. and Machine Learning
So we have images of
galaxies and from what
volunteers did in
Zooniverse We know
the galaxy type in each
image .
Volunteers are asked questions one
after the other starting from the
top . ------->
10. Classification : A.I. and Machine Learning
• So we train the program on this knowledge and it can then use this to
classify galaxies that it hadn’t seen before.
• Much like how you could teach child by letting him have many
experiences ,he then will use that if he faced a new situation.
The results were almost similar to the volunteers response !
11. Simulations
• Some phenomena's can only be studied through simulations
• e.g. stellar collisions ,galaxies interaction
• Also we can confirm our hypothesis using simulations
• So we observe , make hypothesis ,make predictions and prove them.
• What to simulate ?
• We want to capture all the laws that we think are necessary.
• So speaking of asteroids gravitational forces is enough , but when talking about
stellar evolution we need to add hydrodynamics too .
• We can use simplifying assumptions
• Treat bodies as points
• Assume bodies don’t collide
• Assume the sun is stationary and is not wobbling.
• If our simulation spans over a small scale we don’t usually need to account for what happens
at larger scales.(and vice versa) , unless there is a significant relation .
12. Example : N-Body Problem
• Problem description
• The n-body problem is the problem of predicting the individual motions of a
group of celestial objects interacting with each other gravitationally.
• 2–body and a restricted form of 3-body are the only ones solved
analytically (i.e. there is a closed form ,a formula)
2-Body 3-Body
13. • first thing we do is to set our initial conditions (position and velocity of each body).
• Then we compute the acceleration.
• Next step after finding the acceleration is to use it (the following is really a numerical intergration)
(dt is the time step)
• x += vx*dt (first we update position based on old velocity)
• y += vy*dt
• z += vz*dt
• vx += ax*dt (then we update the velocity based on new accelation)
• vy += ax*dt
• vz += az*dt
• What about when n > 3 :
• Numerical methods must be used.
Cont. N-Body Problem
14. Nbody Simulation at work
Initially Stationary - > clustering
Non-zero initial angular momentum -> satellites form
15. Application : Nice Model
• Nice Model : is a model of the early evolution of the Solar System.
• simulations of the first Nice Model and the modified one (which have
different assumptions ) can show us what are the consequences of this
change in assumptions.
Nice 1 at different times
(notice Uranus and Neptune orbits )
Difference between the two models
Is in how they interpret
this change of orbits
16. Final words
• The applications of computer science are everywhere .
• That’s because computer science deals with the algorithmic side of
mathematics .
• So when mathematics tells you what is a square root ,computer
science tells you how to compute it efficiently.
• So….Keep a keen eye for the problems you face that might be solved
by computers.
17. • “Computer Science is no more about computers than astronomy is
about telescopes”
Edgar Dijkstra
• It’s rather really about the way of thinking.
