This pilot study examines the application of the Fascial Manipulation technique in 28 patients with chronic shoulder pain. The technique involves deep kneading of fascial points along myofascial sequences to reduce pain. Patients underwent 3 treatment sessions and reported pain levels before, after, and 3 months post-treatment using a visual analogue scale. Results suggest the technique may effectively reduce pain in chronic shoulder dysfunctions. The study also discusses the anatomical basis of fascial continuity and the biomechanical model of the Fascial Manipulation technique.
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by actual or potential tissue damage. It is subjective and based on past experiences. Pain is transmitted through nociceptors and nerve fibers to the spinal cord and brain. It can be acute or chronic. Various factors like emotions, beliefs, and expectations can influence one's pain experience. The brain modulates pain transmission through descending pain pathways that release neurotransmitters like endorphins and serotonin.
This document summarizes a presentation given by David López Sánchez on spinal osteopathic manipulative therapy. It provides an overview of osteopathic philosophy which views the body as a single unified system. It describes assessment techniques for somatic dysfunction including asymmetry and tissue changes. Mechanisms of spinal manipulation are discussed such as restoring range of motion and reducing nociception. The document concludes that osteopathy aims to optimize health and stimulate self-regulation rather than simply treat diseases.
This document provides information about myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and myofascial trigger points. It discusses the characteristics of trigger points, including focal tenderness, reproduction of pain on palpation, muscle hardening, referred pain, and limited range of motion. The document also outlines various activating mechanisms for trigger points, characteristics of myofascial release therapy, conditions it can help treat, its proposed mechanisms of action including phase transition and resonance, and two anecdotal examples of its effectiveness in reducing pain and facilitating healing.
This document discusses fascia and the Fascial Manipulation method. It defines fascia as a continuous connective tissue that surrounds and connects all organs, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Fascia contains hyaluronic acid, which increases viscosity and is innervated by mechanoreceptors. The Fascial Manipulation method treats myofascial units which include motor units, joints, nerves, blood vessels and connecting fascia. Treatment involves manipulating fascia at centers of coordination to improve tissue sliding and mobility, reducing pain perceptions. Research shows Fascial Manipulation improves elasticity and is effective for chronic pain when performed by highly trained professionals.
The document summarizes the physiology of pain. It discusses how pain is a complex experience involving nociception and pain behaviors. It defines acute and chronic pain and describes the different pain fiber types and receptors. The gate control theory of pain is also summarized, which proposes that large diameter fibers can inhibit pain transmission while small fibers facilitate it through a "gate" in the spinal cord.
Tool to understand Myofascial Trigger Points - how they work, pain patterns, and where they are found.
Contains trigger point diagrams, maps and images.
Neuro-technology aims to restore or improve human nervous system function through electronics. Neuromotor prostheses (NMPs) extract signals from the nervous system to control devices. The goal of NMPs is to convey motor control intent from the central nervous system to drive multi-degree of freedom prosthetic devices for amputees or paralyzed patients. Key challenges are developing neural interfaces that last a lifetime and providing dexterous, natural control of prosthetics. NMP systems involve neural implants to record brain signals, decoding software to translate signals into motor commands, and output devices like prosthetics. Technological advances now allow basic NMP control but further progress is still needed.
What is ESWT:
Shockwave Therapy is a noninvasive method that uses acoustive waves to treat varies musculoskeletal conditions.
Extracorporeal = outside body.
Shockwave = intense, short energy wave travelling faster than speed of sound.
Well-controlled mechanical insult to tissue.
Fast pain reliever and restore mobility.
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by actual or potential tissue damage. It is subjective and based on past experiences. Pain is transmitted through nociceptors and nerve fibers to the spinal cord and brain. It can be acute or chronic. Various factors like emotions, beliefs, and expectations can influence one's pain experience. The brain modulates pain transmission through descending pain pathways that release neurotransmitters like endorphins and serotonin.
This document summarizes a presentation given by David López Sánchez on spinal osteopathic manipulative therapy. It provides an overview of osteopathic philosophy which views the body as a single unified system. It describes assessment techniques for somatic dysfunction including asymmetry and tissue changes. Mechanisms of spinal manipulation are discussed such as restoring range of motion and reducing nociception. The document concludes that osteopathy aims to optimize health and stimulate self-regulation rather than simply treat diseases.
This document provides information about myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and myofascial trigger points. It discusses the characteristics of trigger points, including focal tenderness, reproduction of pain on palpation, muscle hardening, referred pain, and limited range of motion. The document also outlines various activating mechanisms for trigger points, characteristics of myofascial release therapy, conditions it can help treat, its proposed mechanisms of action including phase transition and resonance, and two anecdotal examples of its effectiveness in reducing pain and facilitating healing.
This document discusses fascia and the Fascial Manipulation method. It defines fascia as a continuous connective tissue that surrounds and connects all organs, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Fascia contains hyaluronic acid, which increases viscosity and is innervated by mechanoreceptors. The Fascial Manipulation method treats myofascial units which include motor units, joints, nerves, blood vessels and connecting fascia. Treatment involves manipulating fascia at centers of coordination to improve tissue sliding and mobility, reducing pain perceptions. Research shows Fascial Manipulation improves elasticity and is effective for chronic pain when performed by highly trained professionals.
The document summarizes the physiology of pain. It discusses how pain is a complex experience involving nociception and pain behaviors. It defines acute and chronic pain and describes the different pain fiber types and receptors. The gate control theory of pain is also summarized, which proposes that large diameter fibers can inhibit pain transmission while small fibers facilitate it through a "gate" in the spinal cord.
Tool to understand Myofascial Trigger Points - how they work, pain patterns, and where they are found.
Contains trigger point diagrams, maps and images.
Neuro-technology aims to restore or improve human nervous system function through electronics. Neuromotor prostheses (NMPs) extract signals from the nervous system to control devices. The goal of NMPs is to convey motor control intent from the central nervous system to drive multi-degree of freedom prosthetic devices for amputees or paralyzed patients. Key challenges are developing neural interfaces that last a lifetime and providing dexterous, natural control of prosthetics. NMP systems involve neural implants to record brain signals, decoding software to translate signals into motor commands, and output devices like prosthetics. Technological advances now allow basic NMP control but further progress is still needed.
What is ESWT:
Shockwave Therapy is a noninvasive method that uses acoustive waves to treat varies musculoskeletal conditions.
Extracorporeal = outside body.
Shockwave = intense, short energy wave travelling faster than speed of sound.
Well-controlled mechanical insult to tissue.
Fast pain reliever and restore mobility.
Shockwave therapy has emerged as a leading treatment for various orthopedic disorders by using electrohydraulic, electromagnetic, or piezoelectric principles to generate shockwaves. Recent research has shown it can effectively treat conditions like plantar fasciitis, lateral elbow epicondylitis, shoulder tendinitis, jumper's knee, and Achilles tendinopathy. Studies report success rates from 68-91% for these applications by reducing pain and promoting tissue regeneration without surgery or side effects. Shockwave therapy may also help treat non-union fractures, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and other bone and joint conditions.
Dry needling is a skilled intervention used by physical therapists to treat pain and movement impairments by inserting thin, solid needles into trigger points in muscles and connective tissue. Research shows it is effective for pain control, reducing muscle tension, and facilitating rehabilitation. Two case studies found dry needling effective - one for reducing post-surgery knee pain, and the other for relieving shoulder pain and improving range of motion in elite athletes. While supported by physical therapy organizations, regulations of dry needling by physical therapists vary by state.
This document summarizes the history and principles of peripheral nerve repair. It discusses how surgical repair of peripheral nerves has evolved since the early 19th century through advances spurred by World Wars. Key developments included standardized surgical techniques proposed by Babcock and Bunnell, as well as the exploration of nerve grafting to repair nerve gaps. Continuous research has since refined understanding of nerve biology and improved reconstruction techniques and management of injuries.
The McKenzie Method is a system of diagnosing and treating spinal pain developed in the 1960s. It focuses on classifying pain based on responses to specific movements and positions. The goal is to centralize pain away from extremities and abolish it completely through repeated end-range movements informed by the assessment. Studies show centralization occurs in 70% of subacute and 52% of chronic back pain patients. The McKenzie Method emphasizes patient education and active involvement to restore function and minimize visits through self-treatment guided by therapists.
Recent advances in Manipulative MedicineSoniya Lohana
What new techniques are been used in manipulative medicine and physical therapy that help the patients to recover better and address their condition by various approaches where surgery is not required.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه تخصصی رویکرد جدید بوبات در توانبخشی کودکان مبتلا به فلج مغزی ارائه شده است.
برای مشاهده مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
A presentation created for Pulmonary Rehab about energy conservation. Teaches ways for COPD patients to conserve their energy both in the home and away from home. Tips to rearrange their home to better suit their needs.
The document discusses fascial manipulation, a soft tissue technique that addresses myofascial restrictions. It provides background on the evolution of concepts leading to fascial manipulation, including influences from trigger point therapy and acupuncture. The document also discusses the anatomical basis of myofascial sequences and chains, which involve fascial planes connecting muscles. Restrictions in these fascial planes can alter proprioception and motor coordination, potentially causing pain. Fascial manipulation aims to restore the natural sliding of fascia and normalize motor unit recruitment.
This document discusses neurodynamic testing and neural mobilization. It begins by outlining the objectives of determining neurodynamic restrictions, evaluating neurodynamics through testing, and selecting neural mobilizations based on test findings. It then reviews neural anatomy, neurodynamics, types of neural injury, and examples of common neurodynamic tests. The document concludes by summarizing evidence that neural mobilization can reduce pain, improve flexibility and range of motion, and enhance performance.
The role of constraint induced movement therapy (cimt)aditya romadhon
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a rehabilitation technique used to treat learned non-use after stroke. CIMT involves repetitive task practice with the affected limb while constraining the unaffected limb. Various protocols have been developed involving different levels of task practice intensity and constraint duration. Recent research shows CIMT improves neurophysiological and kinematic measures correlated with motor function recovery, such as increased brain gray matter and cortical activation, more efficient movements, and improved real-world arm use. CIMT aims to counteract learned non-use and promote increased movement of the affected limb through intensive task practice and constraint of the unaffected limb.
This document provides information about dry needling including its definition, history, differences from acupuncture, applications, scope of practice considerations, billing, and common questions. It discusses how dry needling is performed by physical therapists to treat myofascial trigger points and musculoskeletal pain. The mechanisms of how dry needling works are explored including eliciting a local twitch response and reducing acetylcholine stores in the muscle. Evidence for dry needling's efficacy in reducing pain and improving function is summarized based on several clinical trials.
This document discusses fibromyalgia, including its characteristics, prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, and specific studies on treatments. It defines fibromyalgia as a syndrome characterized by widespread pain and tender points, stiffness, and other systemic symptoms. It notes the prevalence is highest in women ages 40-60 and discusses potential contributing factors and mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria including the 2010 ACR criteria are outlined. A variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches are recommended, including exercise, CBT, manual therapy, and aquatic therapy. Specific studies demonstrating the effectiveness of treatments like tai chi, muscle energy technique, and perceptual rehabilitation are summarized.
PPT that made a short and crisp description on physiotherapy role in women's health at a glimpse.
Physical therapist plays a over all role in all stages of a women.Physiotherapist or a pelvicfloor physicall therapist plays a all arounder in childbirth educator, as a labour doula, as lactation expert , as a postpartum doula, as a pelvicrehab practitioner etc.. So all you need to understand is a WOMEN'S HEALTH/ PELVICFLOOR PT is a person who benifits women at all the stages.
This document provides an overview of assessment methods for peripheral nerve surgery. It discusses qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing nerve function, including electrodiagnosis, and factors that influence outcomes like age and type of nerve injury. Sensory and motor function tests are outlined, like two-point discrimination and Sollerman hand function tests. The roles of nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and sensory re-education are also summarized.
The document summarizes the Mulligan technique, an evidence-based manual therapy developed by Brian Mulligan. It was founded on the concept of mobilizing joints with movement to reduce pain and improve range of motion. The technique uses sustained natural glides applied by a therapist concurrently with an active movement by the patient. It aims to correct minor positional faults in joints that cause pain and stiffness. The document outlines the technique's mechanisms of action, principles, indications, contraindications and specific mobilization techniques such as SNAGs, MWMs, and SMWLMs.
The professor David Lopez, PT and DC expose about the theorical basis of manual therapy in Osteopathy for extremities. In a short approach inted demonstrate the differences and similarities with other manual therapy concepts
This document provides guidance on performing an objective assessment of the lumbar spine. It outlines steps to plan the examination including identifying relevant anatomical structures and considering the patient's pain. The purpose is to interpret the patient's disability, test hypotheses, and clarify treatment options. Assessment involves observing posture, performing active physiological movements to assess pain and range of motion, and applying techniques like overpressure. Movement patterns are analyzed to identify normal and abnormal responses. Palpation and auxiliary tests complete the examination.
1. The document discusses grip strength measurement using a JAMAR dynamometer and pinch strength measurement using a mechanical pinch gauge.
2. It provides instructions on positioning and procedures for using the dynamometer to measure grip strength, including repeating tests 3 times and using the average.
3. Instructions are also given for using the pinch gauge to measure three types of pinch strength: tip, key, and palmer pinch.
This document summarizes the cardiorespiratory adaptations that occur with endurance training. Key adaptations include increased heart size and strength, higher stroke volume, lower resting heart rate, increased blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity, enhanced lung function and oxygen diffusion, raised lactate threshold, and significantly higher maximal oxygen consumption. The degree of adaptation depends on factors like genetics, age, gender, and the specificity of an individual's training program. Regular endurance training can improve performance by reducing fatigue throughout exercise.
This document outlines Luigi Stecco's biomechanical model of the myofascial system. It describes the myofascial unit as composed of motor units, a joint, nerves, vessels, and connecting fascia. Myofascial units work in sequences to enable multi-planar movement. Centres of coordination, perception, and fusion are points where forces from myofascial units converge. Myofascial diagonals and spirals connect these centres across the body. The model aims to simplify our understanding of the complex interactions within the fascial system to produce movement and maintain posture.
Craniosacral manipulation was first introduced into the osteopathic profession in the 1930s. Instruction in the field began in the 1940s.Dysfunctional situations where interference with normal pulsatile activities or soft tissue properties seems to have occurred and which have no easy, 'gross', structural or orthopedic consequence.
Shockwave therapy has emerged as a leading treatment for various orthopedic disorders by using electrohydraulic, electromagnetic, or piezoelectric principles to generate shockwaves. Recent research has shown it can effectively treat conditions like plantar fasciitis, lateral elbow epicondylitis, shoulder tendinitis, jumper's knee, and Achilles tendinopathy. Studies report success rates from 68-91% for these applications by reducing pain and promoting tissue regeneration without surgery or side effects. Shockwave therapy may also help treat non-union fractures, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and other bone and joint conditions.
Dry needling is a skilled intervention used by physical therapists to treat pain and movement impairments by inserting thin, solid needles into trigger points in muscles and connective tissue. Research shows it is effective for pain control, reducing muscle tension, and facilitating rehabilitation. Two case studies found dry needling effective - one for reducing post-surgery knee pain, and the other for relieving shoulder pain and improving range of motion in elite athletes. While supported by physical therapy organizations, regulations of dry needling by physical therapists vary by state.
This document summarizes the history and principles of peripheral nerve repair. It discusses how surgical repair of peripheral nerves has evolved since the early 19th century through advances spurred by World Wars. Key developments included standardized surgical techniques proposed by Babcock and Bunnell, as well as the exploration of nerve grafting to repair nerve gaps. Continuous research has since refined understanding of nerve biology and improved reconstruction techniques and management of injuries.
The McKenzie Method is a system of diagnosing and treating spinal pain developed in the 1960s. It focuses on classifying pain based on responses to specific movements and positions. The goal is to centralize pain away from extremities and abolish it completely through repeated end-range movements informed by the assessment. Studies show centralization occurs in 70% of subacute and 52% of chronic back pain patients. The McKenzie Method emphasizes patient education and active involvement to restore function and minimize visits through self-treatment guided by therapists.
Recent advances in Manipulative MedicineSoniya Lohana
What new techniques are been used in manipulative medicine and physical therapy that help the patients to recover better and address their condition by various approaches where surgery is not required.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه تخصصی رویکرد جدید بوبات در توانبخشی کودکان مبتلا به فلج مغزی ارائه شده است.
برای مشاهده مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
A presentation created for Pulmonary Rehab about energy conservation. Teaches ways for COPD patients to conserve their energy both in the home and away from home. Tips to rearrange their home to better suit their needs.
The document discusses fascial manipulation, a soft tissue technique that addresses myofascial restrictions. It provides background on the evolution of concepts leading to fascial manipulation, including influences from trigger point therapy and acupuncture. The document also discusses the anatomical basis of myofascial sequences and chains, which involve fascial planes connecting muscles. Restrictions in these fascial planes can alter proprioception and motor coordination, potentially causing pain. Fascial manipulation aims to restore the natural sliding of fascia and normalize motor unit recruitment.
This document discusses neurodynamic testing and neural mobilization. It begins by outlining the objectives of determining neurodynamic restrictions, evaluating neurodynamics through testing, and selecting neural mobilizations based on test findings. It then reviews neural anatomy, neurodynamics, types of neural injury, and examples of common neurodynamic tests. The document concludes by summarizing evidence that neural mobilization can reduce pain, improve flexibility and range of motion, and enhance performance.
The role of constraint induced movement therapy (cimt)aditya romadhon
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a rehabilitation technique used to treat learned non-use after stroke. CIMT involves repetitive task practice with the affected limb while constraining the unaffected limb. Various protocols have been developed involving different levels of task practice intensity and constraint duration. Recent research shows CIMT improves neurophysiological and kinematic measures correlated with motor function recovery, such as increased brain gray matter and cortical activation, more efficient movements, and improved real-world arm use. CIMT aims to counteract learned non-use and promote increased movement of the affected limb through intensive task practice and constraint of the unaffected limb.
This document provides information about dry needling including its definition, history, differences from acupuncture, applications, scope of practice considerations, billing, and common questions. It discusses how dry needling is performed by physical therapists to treat myofascial trigger points and musculoskeletal pain. The mechanisms of how dry needling works are explored including eliciting a local twitch response and reducing acetylcholine stores in the muscle. Evidence for dry needling's efficacy in reducing pain and improving function is summarized based on several clinical trials.
This document discusses fibromyalgia, including its characteristics, prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, and specific studies on treatments. It defines fibromyalgia as a syndrome characterized by widespread pain and tender points, stiffness, and other systemic symptoms. It notes the prevalence is highest in women ages 40-60 and discusses potential contributing factors and mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria including the 2010 ACR criteria are outlined. A variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches are recommended, including exercise, CBT, manual therapy, and aquatic therapy. Specific studies demonstrating the effectiveness of treatments like tai chi, muscle energy technique, and perceptual rehabilitation are summarized.
PPT that made a short and crisp description on physiotherapy role in women's health at a glimpse.
Physical therapist plays a over all role in all stages of a women.Physiotherapist or a pelvicfloor physicall therapist plays a all arounder in childbirth educator, as a labour doula, as lactation expert , as a postpartum doula, as a pelvicrehab practitioner etc.. So all you need to understand is a WOMEN'S HEALTH/ PELVICFLOOR PT is a person who benifits women at all the stages.
This document provides an overview of assessment methods for peripheral nerve surgery. It discusses qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing nerve function, including electrodiagnosis, and factors that influence outcomes like age and type of nerve injury. Sensory and motor function tests are outlined, like two-point discrimination and Sollerman hand function tests. The roles of nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and sensory re-education are also summarized.
The document summarizes the Mulligan technique, an evidence-based manual therapy developed by Brian Mulligan. It was founded on the concept of mobilizing joints with movement to reduce pain and improve range of motion. The technique uses sustained natural glides applied by a therapist concurrently with an active movement by the patient. It aims to correct minor positional faults in joints that cause pain and stiffness. The document outlines the technique's mechanisms of action, principles, indications, contraindications and specific mobilization techniques such as SNAGs, MWMs, and SMWLMs.
The professor David Lopez, PT and DC expose about the theorical basis of manual therapy in Osteopathy for extremities. In a short approach inted demonstrate the differences and similarities with other manual therapy concepts
This document provides guidance on performing an objective assessment of the lumbar spine. It outlines steps to plan the examination including identifying relevant anatomical structures and considering the patient's pain. The purpose is to interpret the patient's disability, test hypotheses, and clarify treatment options. Assessment involves observing posture, performing active physiological movements to assess pain and range of motion, and applying techniques like overpressure. Movement patterns are analyzed to identify normal and abnormal responses. Palpation and auxiliary tests complete the examination.
1. The document discusses grip strength measurement using a JAMAR dynamometer and pinch strength measurement using a mechanical pinch gauge.
2. It provides instructions on positioning and procedures for using the dynamometer to measure grip strength, including repeating tests 3 times and using the average.
3. Instructions are also given for using the pinch gauge to measure three types of pinch strength: tip, key, and palmer pinch.
This document summarizes the cardiorespiratory adaptations that occur with endurance training. Key adaptations include increased heart size and strength, higher stroke volume, lower resting heart rate, increased blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity, enhanced lung function and oxygen diffusion, raised lactate threshold, and significantly higher maximal oxygen consumption. The degree of adaptation depends on factors like genetics, age, gender, and the specificity of an individual's training program. Regular endurance training can improve performance by reducing fatigue throughout exercise.
This document outlines Luigi Stecco's biomechanical model of the myofascial system. It describes the myofascial unit as composed of motor units, a joint, nerves, vessels, and connecting fascia. Myofascial units work in sequences to enable multi-planar movement. Centres of coordination, perception, and fusion are points where forces from myofascial units converge. Myofascial diagonals and spirals connect these centres across the body. The model aims to simplify our understanding of the complex interactions within the fascial system to produce movement and maintain posture.
Craniosacral manipulation was first introduced into the osteopathic profession in the 1930s. Instruction in the field began in the 1940s.Dysfunctional situations where interference with normal pulsatile activities or soft tissue properties seems to have occurred and which have no easy, 'gross', structural or orthopedic consequence.
Self Passive Mobility Corrections PresentationCade Jones
This document discusses self passive mobility corrections and integrating soft tissue work into the warm-up. It identifies mobility problems like tissue extensibility dysfunction and joint mobility dysfunction. Modalities that can help gain mobility include foam rolling, balls, and sticks. The physiology of connective tissues and fascia are overviewed. Integrating soft tissue treatments into the warm-up can improve flexibility, range of motion, blood flow and nerve conduction by addressing trigger points and tissue quality.
Craniosacral therapy was developed in the late 19th century by William Garner Sutherland who believed that the bones of the skull were capable of subtle movement, in contrast to accepted anatomical views. John Upledger later expanded on Sutherland's work in the 1970s. Craniosacral therapy involves gentle palpation to detect and manipulate the cranial bones and release restrictions in the craniosacral system to support health and healing. While some research studies show promise for reducing migraine symptoms, the subtle and variable nature of craniosacral therapy makes it difficult to study and research results are mixed.
The document discusses sensory, motor, and integrative systems. It describes how sensory impulses are integrated in the central nervous system and examples of complex integrative functions. Each unique type of sensation is called a sensory modality. The process of sensation begins with stimulation of a sensory receptor and transduction of the stimulus into nerve impulses which are then integrated. Sensory receptors can be classified based on their structure, location, and the type of stimulus detected. Pain perception serves an important protective function. Proprioception involves receptors that monitor muscle length and tension. The pathways for somatic sensory and motor signals in the spinal cord and brain are described.
This document provides 25 writing tips from various authors. Some key tips include: be concise with short words; don't rely on past successes but be new with each work; write every day regardless of how you feel; don't wait for inspiration but actively pursue it; most editors are failed writers but so are most writers; and clarity is essential for good writing. The tips cover various aspects of the writing process from finding inspiration to the importance of revising work.
This document summarizes evidence on the use of manual therapy and manipulation in the treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). Several randomized controlled trials have found that combining manual therapy/manipulation with exercise therapy leads to better outcomes in pain, strength, and function compared to exercise therapy alone. While more research is still needed, the existing evidence supports the use of manipulation as a component of comprehensive treatment for SIS. Manipulation appears to be a safe intervention when applied properly to appropriate patients by a skilled provider.
This document discusses the anatomy of the foot and injuries to the hindfoot and talus bone. It describes the bones and joints of the foot, including the tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges. It also outlines the ligaments, tendons, nerves and blood vessels of the foot. Regarding injuries, it describes fractures and dislocations of the talus bone that can result from direct or indirect trauma. It notes the mechanisms of talus injuries and treatments such as closed or open reduction and internal fixation. The document also discusses calcaneal fractures, noting treatments for displaced or undisplaced fractures involve reduction, fixation, and immobilization.
The document discusses the anatomy of facial spaces, specifically focusing on the fasciae of the head and neck. It describes the layers of fascia including the superficial fascia, deep cervical fascia with its anterior, middle, and posterior layers. The anterior layer includes the investing, parotideomasseteric, and temporal fasciae. The middle layer divides structures of the neck. The posterior layer contains the alar and prevertebral fasciae. Understanding the fascial layers and spaces is important for managing head and neck infections.
Myofascial Release is the release of connective tissue around muscle fibre. Through very effective hands-on techniques, the Aliyah Massage Therapist provides sustained pressure into myofascial restrictions to eliminate pain and restore motion. This allows the connective tissue fibres to reorganize themselves in a more flexible and functional fashion.
This document discusses the essential elements of resistance training program design, including needs analysis, exercise selection, training frequency, exercise order, training load and repetitions, volume, and rest periods. The key goals are to select the appropriate exercises based on a client's needs and abilities, establish frequencies and loads to target specific strength, power, or muscular goals, and determine set and rest structures to optimize training adaptations.
COMODORO - Marzo 2017 - Above and Beyond Writing Analia Ferraro
"Today schools have to prepare students for jobs that have not yet been created, technologies that have not yet been invented and problems that we don't yet know will arise"
Andreas Schleicher
Director for Education and Skills, involved in running PISA,
the Program for International Student Assessment
The document discusses craniosacral therapy and its basic premises. It defines craniosacral rhythm as the neurological rhythm of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It also notes that craniosacral therapy is a gentle hands-on method to evaluate and enhance the craniosacral system by facilitating self-correction of the fascia for optimal craniosacral rhythm function. The document emphasizes that the human body has the capacity to heal and the nerve system controls and coordinates all functions.
This document summarizes several sources on the use of kinesiology taping. The sources discuss research that has found kinesiology taping can reduce pain from contractions and lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Additional research discussed found that kinesiology taping can improve joint position sense after muscle fatigue and help recovery from occupational wrist disorders in physical therapists. One source discussed a study that found kinesiology taping decreased upper back pain in female sedentary workers with rounded shoulder posture. Another source described a randomized controlled trial that found a mixed kinesiology taping-compression technique reduced venous symptoms, pain, and clinical severity in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency.
The document discusses the multifidus muscle and its importance for spinal stability and motor control. It provides details on its anatomy and function, explaining how weakness or dysfunction of the multifidus can contribute to spinal issues. The document also discusses approaches to strengthening the multifidus through specific stabilization exercises and motor learning principles to help patients regain control and function.
Pink bands in a criss- cross pattern on a ten- nis player’s shoulder, blue strips surrounding a cy- clist’s knee, a red streak along a hurdler’s Achilles tendon: clearly athletes, Olympic and otherwise, subscribe to the use of elastic therapeutic, or kinesiology, tape. But is this a fashion statement or does kinesiology tape have a real function?
A neuroscience approach_to_managing_athletes_with_low_back_pain_puentedura_ph...Satoshi Kajiyama
This document discusses a neuroscience-informed biopsychosocial approach to managing low back pain in athletes. It begins by describing the traditional biomedical model used to treat athlete back pain, focusing on identifying pathology and correcting biomechanics. However, research shows this approach often fails to explain persistent pain. The document then proposes a biopsychosocial model incorporating knowledge of anatomy, biomechanics, tissue pathology, pain mechanisms, and how the nervous system processes injury and pain. It describes moving beyond a solely biological understanding to address psychological and social factors. Finally, it discusses components of a biopsychosocial approach including the brain's representation of injury and how the nervous system's sensitivity can develop centrally over time independent
This document summarizes a conceptual model of the spinal stabilizing system consisting of three interconnected subsystems: passive (vertebrae, discs, ligaments), active (spinal muscles), and neural (nerves and central nervous system). It describes how the subsystems normally function in a coordinated manner to provide spinal stability. A dysfunction in any subsystem can lead to compensation attempts by the others to maintain stability, but may result in long-term adaptation or injury if compensation is insufficient. The model proposes that the neural subsystem monitors passive tissue deformation to determine stability requirements and directs the active subsystem's muscle tensions accordingly.
This study aimed to compare the ratio of vastus medialis obliquus to vastus lateralis muscle activity (VMO:VL ratio) between healthy subjects and those with patellofemoral pain (PFP) during different types of quadriceps muscle contractions. The study found that patients with PFP had significantly lower VMO:VL ratios compared to healthy subjects. Additionally, isotonic exercises elicited more favorable muscle activation patterns than isometric exercises for PFP patients. This suggests PFP may be associated with abnormal vastus muscle activation that certain exercises could help address.
1) The study examined the effects of kinesio taping applied prior to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) treatment on lower extremity proprioception in hemiplegic patients post-stroke.
2) 30 post-stroke patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group that received PNF and kinesio taping or a control group that received neurodevelopmental treatment.
3) The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in balance, ankle dorsiflexion, and walking speed compared to the control group. The results suggest that applying kinesio taping before rehabilitation positively influences functional recovery in post-stroke patients.
To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Program Ve...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Low back pain has been a matter of concern, affecting up to 90% of population at some point in
their lifetime, up to 50% have more than one episode. People of all age group can be affected by this menace
irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of the leading causes for the visit to physician
thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country. Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of
treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The exercises include stretching, strengthening, range
of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability exercises other techniques like Proprioceptive
neuromuscular facilitation program etc. It has been concluded in various studies core stability exercises and
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their effect
needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the study was
to compare the effect of Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program and Core stabilization exercises on
low back pain patients. 40 subjects aged 30 – 50 years with low back pain for more than 4 weeks were made
part of the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were then divided into two groups named A, B.
Group A received Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and group B received Core stabilization exercises
and hot pack given initially for 10-15 minutes to the lower back. The exercise program was given for 4 weeks
with a total of 24 sessions and progression of the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and
post treatment readings were taken of pain, Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test.
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Application of fascial manipulation technique in chronic shoulder pain
1. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (2009) 13, 128–135
Bodywork and
Journal of
Movement Therapies
PILOT STUDY
Application of Fascial Manipulation&
technique in
chronic shoulder pain—Anatomical basis and
clinical implications
Julie Ann Day, PTa,Ã, Carla Stecco, M.D.b
, Antonio Stecco, M.D.c
a
Centro Socio Sanitario dei Colli, Physiotherapy, Azienda Ulss 16, Via dei Colli 4, Padova, Italy
b
Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Italy
c
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, University of Padova, Italy
Received 28 March 2008; received in revised form 10 April 2008; accepted 21 April 2008
KEYWORDS
Fascia;
Musculoskeletal
dysfunction;
Manual technique;
Chronic shoulder pain;
Fascial Manipulation
Summary Classical anatomy still relegates muscular fascia to a role of contention.
Nonetheless, different hypotheses concerning the function of this resilient tissue
have led to the formulation of numerous soft tissue techniques for the treatment of
musculoskeletal pain. This paper presents a pilot study concerning the application of
one such manual technique, Fascial Manipulation&
, in 28 subjects suffering from
chronic posterior brachial pain. This method involves a deep kneading of muscular
fascia at specific points, termed centres of coordination (cc) and centres of fusion
(cf), along myofascial sequences, diagonals, and spirals. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
measurement of pain administered prior to the first session, and after the third
session was compared with a follow-up evaluation at 3 months. Results suggest that
the application of Fascial Manipulation&
technique may be effective in reducing
pain in chronic shoulder dysfunctions. The anatomical substratum of the myofascial
continuity has been documented by dissections and the biomechanical model
is discussed.
& 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Shoulder pain is a common affliction that deter-
mines symptoms of pain, limited range of move-
ment and varying degrees of functional impair-
ment. It is the third most common musculoskeletal
complaint after back and neck pain. In fact, in a
randomised study conducted in Holland (Picavet
and Schouten, 2003), it is reported that, in 1998, an
estimated 21% of the population had shoulder
complaints, of which 41% had consulted their
primary care physician in the previous 12 months
ARTICLE IN PRESS
www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/jbmt
1360-8592/$ - see front matter & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.04.044
ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 0498216032;
fax: +39 0498216045.
E-mail address: lavitava@gmail.com (J.A. Day).
2. for this problem. About 50% of patients had
consulted their physician 6 months after pain onset
and more than 40% had on-going pain after another
12 months. Patients with a new pain episode often
reported (46%) having had previous episodes of
shoulder pain.
Despite the prevalence of this complaint, there is
little overall evidence to guide physiotherapy
treatments, whereas there is evidence to support
the use of some interventions (i.e. supervised
exercises and mobilisation) only in specific and
circumscribed cases (e.g. rotator cuff disorders,
mixed shoulder disorders and adhesive capsulitis)
(Green et al., 2003).
There is wide agreement that alterations of the
deep muscle fascia could be a source of muscu-
loskeletal dysfunctions. Despite a relative lack of
well-documented information, the necessity to
provide scientific explanations for numerous, highly
effective manual techniques has produced a num-
ber of clinical hypotheses, some working models
and a series of on-going research (Rolf, 1997;
Myers, 2001; Stecco, 2004; Langevin, 2006).
Nonetheless, attempts to study the functional
anatomy of deep muscular fascia can be frustrating
and confusing. Long overlooked by classical anat-
omy, and relegated to a role of mere contention
and packing, in recent years this highly innervated
and intricately structured tissue is gaining increas-
ing attention. However, only a few regions have
been studied in detail, namely the thoracolumbar
fascia (Gracovetsky et al., 1985; Vleeming et al.,
1995; Yahia et al., 1992; Loukas et al., 2007), the
iliotibial tract (Birnbaum et al., 2004; Fairclough
et al., 2006) and the plantar aponeurosis (Kitaoka
et al., 1997; Yu, 2000).
When dealing with musculoskeletal disorders
therapists are continuously faced with the dilemma
of focus. What to focus on or, in other words, where
best to apply massage, pressure, or friction becomes
the key question when, undeniably, the shoulder, as
any other joint, is part of an interrelated system and
its relationship with the rest of the body is an
essential part of its functionality.
One manual technique that provides a rationale
for treatment of specific areas of muscular fascia,
together with detailed indications for the localisa-
tion of these points, is Fascial Manipulation&
. This
paper presents a pilot study of the application of
this myofascial technique in chronic shoulder pain.
Our attention focused on providing plausible
anatomical explanations for the results obtained.
The posterior myofascial sequence of the upper
limb, termed the retromotion sequence (Figure 1)
is examined in detail, and its anatomical substra-
tum is illustrated. Some of the concepts of the
Fascial Manipulation&
model are discussed and
possible clinical implications are considered.
The biomechanical model of the Fascial
Manipulation&
technique
The manual therapy technique known as Fascial
Manipulation&
, presents a biomechanical model to
decipher the role of fascia in musculoskeletal
disorders considering that the myofascial system
is a three-dimensional continuum. Other authors
present different models that all part from this
basic concept of continuity (Busquet, 1995; God-
elieve, 1996; Myers, 2001). In Fascial Manipula-
tion&
, the body is divided into 14 segments: head,
neck, thorax, lumbar, pelvis, scapula, humerus,
elbow, carpus, digits, hip, knee, ankle, and foot.
Each body segment is served by six myofascial units
(mf units) consisting of monoarticular and biarti-
cular unidirectional muscle fibres, their deep fascia
(including epimysium) and the articulation that
they move in one direction on one plane. A new
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Figure 1 Retromotion myofascial sequence of upper
limb.
Application of Fascial Manipulation&
technique in chronic shoulder pain 129
3. functional classification is applied to body move-
ments to facilitate analysis of motor variations. All
movements are considered in terms of directions on
spatial planes and are defined as follows: antemo-
tion (AN), retromotion (RE), lateromotion (LA),
mediomotion (ME), intrarotation (IR) and extra-
rotation (ER). Within each mf unit, in a precise
location of the deep muscular fascia a specific
point, termed centre of coordination (cc) is
identified. Each cc is located in the point of
convergence of the vectorial, muscular forces that
act on a body segment during a precise movement.
Biarticular muscles link unidirectional mf units to
form mf sequences. One sequence is considered to
monitor movement of several segments in one
direction on the three planes. Sequences on the
same spatial plane (sagittal, frontal, or horizontal)
are reciprocal antagonists (i.e. AN is the antagonist
of RE and vice versa) and are considered to be
involved in the alignment of the trunk or limbs.
Other points, termed centres of fusion (cf), located
on the intermuscular septa, retinacula, and liga-
ments, monitor movements in intermediate direc-
tions between two planes and three-dimensional
movements. The cf can interact either along mf
diagonals or in mf spirals, according to the
executed movement. Musculoskeletal dysfunction
is considered to occur when muscular fascia no
longer slides, stretches, and adapts correctly
and fibrosis localises in these intersecting points
of tension, known as cc and cf. Subsequent
adaptive fibroses can develop as a consequence of
unremitting non-physiological tension in a fascial
segment.
Based on this functional classification, a systema-
tic objective examination together with an analysis
of three-dimensional movements of the implicated
segments can pinpoint dysfunctional cc or cf.
Comparative palpation then determines the selec-
tion of points requiring treatment in each indivi-
dual case.
The manual technique itself consists in creating
localised heat by friction by using the elbow,
knuckle, or fingertips on the abovementioned
points. The mechanical and chemical stress effects
on connective tissue are well known and a local
rise in temperature could affect the ground
substance of the deep fascia in these specific
points. Tensional adaptation can then propagate
along an entire mf sequence, diagonal, or spiral,
re-establishing a physiological balance. A funda-
mental element of this method lies in the fact that
the myofascial sequence is not only a functional
concept but has an anatomical substratum of
fascial continuity and muscular expansions onto
the fascia itself.
Methods and materials
Clinical study
Twenty-eight subjects with chronic posterior bra-
chial pain (13 males and 15 females, mean age 62.7,
Table 1) were treated by the same practitioner in an
outpatient physiotherapy department, according to
the methodology of Fascial Manipulation&
.
Informed consent for participation was obtained
prior to treatments. Subjects who showed evidence
of clinical neurological deficit, rotator cuff rupture,
systemic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid
arthritis or had suffered direct trauma to the
shoulder were excluded from the study. All subjects
had had symptoms for more than 3 months. Prior to
commencing treatment subjects were asked to
evaluate the severity of their pain on a VAS scale
from 1 to 10 [10 ¼ worst possible pain, 0 ¼ no pain].
This subjective evaluation was repeated after three
treatment sessions and the sessions were then
suspended. At a follow-up, 3 months after the end
of treatments, a third measurement was recorded.
The first two treatment sessions (Figure 2) were
effectuated 1 week apart from each other and a
third treatment 2 weeks later. The mean value of
these measurements was then calculated and the
analysis of the differences in pain was accomplished
by comparing the results obtained with appropriate
statistical tests (Kurskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s
multiple comparison test as a control).
Subjects were requested to abstain from any
changes in usual medication.
Treatment procedure
A standardised procedure of anamnesis recorded
age, occupation, sport activities, health history,
symptoms, pain behaviour, and location. Any known
painful movements, concomitant and previous
pain, previous fractures, and surgical operations
were also recorded. After the formulation of an
initial hypothesis, specific movement tests aimed
at testing the function of the mf units in selected
body segments identified altered movements on all
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 1 General characteristic of subjects.
Gender Mean age Number
Male 67 13
Female 58.8 15
Total 62.7 28
J.A. Day et al.130
4. three spatial planes (sagittal, frontal and horizon-
tal). Movement tests were evaluated according to
Fascial Manipulation&
protocol, on a scale from 1 to
3 asterisks: pain ¼ *, weakness ¼ * and limited
movement ¼ * (Table 2). The cc and/or cf of the
most dysfunctional mf units (those with two or
three asterisks) were then subjected to a compara-
tive palpation assessment prior to selection of the
points for treatment in each session. Following
resolution of each cc or cf, the associated move-
ment test was re-evaluated. A maximum of four
fascial points were treated in each session. The cc
and/or cf treated in each subject during each
treatment session had an individual combination
that was chosen according to the results of the
movement and palpation tests, together with other
Fascial Manipulation&
criteria for selecting points
for treatment.
Anatomical study
In accordance with the choice to examine subjects
with posterior upper limb pain, analysis of the
posterior region of the arm was also performed via
dissection of 15 cadavers (11 men, 4 women, mean
age 84.4 years, Table 2), neither embalmed nor
frozen previously. With the cadaver in the prone
position, dissections consisted of an analysis of the
posterior region of the shoulder and upper limb.
Direct visual observations and photographs (Canon
EOS 350 digital camera) were taken without
magnification. After removing the skin and sub-
cutaneous fat, the muscular fasciae and their
structure were examined. Particular attention was
paid to the direction of the collagen fibre bundles,
the relationship of every muscle with its fascia, and
the presence of any muscle fibres inserted directly
into the overlying fascia. Similarly, the presence of
any myofascial expansions (considered as fibrous
extensions originating from the muscle and con-
tinuing beyond the muscle itself) into the brachial
and antebrachial fascia were also noted, with
particular attention to their spatial relationships.
All these expansions were photographed and
subsequently catalogued.
Results
Clinical study
Pain distribution involved the scapular region and
the triceps region in all subjects of the study group.
Nine subjects also reported referred pain to the
posterior region of the forearm. In seven subjects,
distal paraesthesia, mostly to the fifth finger, was
also reported. In all cases, a functional deficit in
the range of shoulder movements was noted during
movement tests. At the initial assessment, a
majority of subjects (53%) presented a deficit in
movement on the sagittal plane (Table 3). In one-
third of cases, movement in the cervical region was
also altered. No significant limitation in movement
was noted in the elbow, even though in 30% of
cases, pain extended to and below the elbow. In
general, a dominance of sagittal plane limitations
emerged from our analysis, and cc and/or cf along
the anterior and/or posterior myofascial sequences
(AN, RE) were treated in 15 subjects out of 28.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 2 Subjects examined.
Subject Age Gender
1 87 F
2 84 M
3 80 M
4 86 M
5 92 M
6 75 M
7 93 M
8 84 F
9 62 M
10 90 M
11 89 F
12 86 M
13 85 M
14 79 F
15 94 M
Mean age 84.4 11 Male
4 Female
Figure 2 Photograph of treatment of a centre of
coordination.
Application of Fascial Manipulation&
technique in chronic shoulder pain 131
5. After the three treatments a mean pain reduction
of 57% was recorded (mean value of VAS prior to
treatment: 77 mm; mean value after three treat-
ments: 32.8 mm) (po0.0001) together with a good
recovery of movement. The initial benefit was
generally maintained (mean value of VAS: 38.2 mm,
p40.05) at a short-term follow-up. In eight cases,
there was a partial increase in reported pain after
the suspension of treatment, and in three cases,
pain had returned to its initial level (Table 4).
Anatomical study
From our anatomical dissections, we have seen that
the posterior region of the upper limb, in corre-
spondence to the retromotion sequence from
Fascial Manipulation&
, has the following structure.
Beginning at the hand, we have seen that the fascia
of extensor digiti minimi and abductor digiti minimi
is continuous with the deep muscular fascia of the
posterior region of the forearm. Some of the fibres
of abductor digiti minimi originate directly from
the fascia, therefore, when these muscles contract
they can transmit tension directly to the posterior
antebrachial fascia. This fascia is tensioned distally
also due to its insertions onto the flexor retinacu-
lum, pisiform and pisohamate ligaments. The
extensor carpi ulnaris extends a tendinous expan-
sion onto the deep fascia of extensor digiti minimi
and abductor digiti minimi (Figure 3). More
proximally, some fibres of the proximal part of
extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi
originate from the antebrachial fascia. Fibrous
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 3 Results of +ve movement tests on three planes in segments examined at the first visit in 28 subjects.
Body segments examined Frontal plane Sagittal plane Horizontal plane
LA ME RE AN ER IR
* ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** ***
Scapula 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
Humerus 3 6 5 1 1 5 1 4 3 7 2 3 1 1 2 2
Elbow 1 1 1
Wrist 1 2
Digits 2 1
Neck 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
Thorax 3 1 2
Lumbar 1 2 1 1 1
Pelvis 1 2
Hip 1 1
Knee 1
Total ¼ 112 8 12 6 2 1 4 27 4 7 8 9 5 8 2 1 3 4
Table 4 Graph of subjective pain evaluation.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
SUBJECTS
VAS
Before Treatment After 3° Treatment Follow Up at 3m
J.A. Day et al.132
6. septa originating from the internal surface of the
posterior antebrachial fascia were also seen. These
septa extend between extensor carpi ulnaris
and anconeus on one side and extensor digiti
minimi on the other side, giving origin to numerous
fibres of the same muscles except anconeus, which
does not appear to have insertions into its overlying
fascia.
In all dissections, we found that this same fascia
also provides insertion for an important tendinous
expansion of the triceps brachialis muscle, some-
times called the tricipital fascia. The triceps fibres
that insert into the antebrachial fascia are all
aligned in a longitudinal direction. They completely
cover the anconeus muscle as well as the proximal
insertion of the muscles that originate from the
epicondyle. Hence, the posterior antebrachial
fascia is subject to and can transmit tension both
proximally and distally. Once the subcutaneous
loose connective tissue was removed, the deep
fascia of the forearm and elbow regions appeared
as a sheer sheath covering the underlying muscles.
Collagen fibres with different orientations were
clearly visible (Figure 4). The antebrachial fascia is
continuous with the brachial fascia.
In all dissections, the latissimus dorsi fascia
proved to be continuous with the brachial fascia.
Furthermore, latissimus dorsi sends a fibrous lamina
to the triceps brachii fascia, creating a type of
thickening in the posterior portion of the axillary
fascia and, subsequently, in the brachial fascia
(Figure 5). A fibrous arch extending from the
triceps fascia to the tendon of latissimus dorsi
further reinforces the connection between the two
fasciae. The latissimus dorsi also inserts into the
overlying fascia by means of numerous muscular
fibres. Proximally, the posterior part of deltoid
also tenses the brachial fascia over the triceps
muscle. The deltoid muscle not only tenses the
fascia, via the numerous septa that intersect it,
but it also sends some muscular fibres to the
aponeurosis that covers the muscles below the
scapular spine. Medially, the deep fascia of poster-
ior deltoid continues with that of trapezius and
rhomboids.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Figure 4 Posterior elbow and forearm region. EUC:
extensor carpi ulnaris, ECD: extensor digitorum, A:
anconeus, FUC: flexor carpi ulnaris, O: olecranon, and
T: triceps.
Figure 5 Posterior region of the upper arm. LD:
latissimus dorsi muscle, BR: brachial fascia, and E:
expansion.
Figure 3 Hypothenar region: Continuity of extensor carpi
ulnaris tendon with the deep fascia of extensor digiti
minimi and abductor digiti minimi AM: abductor digiti
minimi muscle, EUC: extensor carpi ulnaris, E: expansion.
Application of Fascial Manipulation&
technique in chronic shoulder pain 133
7. Discussion
This study suggests that fascial anatomy can
provide a biomechanical explanation for the effec-
tiveness of myofascial treatments in musculoskele-
tal dysfunctions. It can serve as a guide for
interpreting pain distribution but also as a topo-
graphical map for choosing specific, key areas
for effective treatment. In particular, this pilot
study has explored the possible effectiveness of
applications of Fascial Manipulation&
in an extre-
mely common dysfunction such as chronic shoulder
pain. A characteristic of this method is that it
evaluates and treats points at a distance from the
region where subjects experience their pain. The
associated anatomical study has provided a clearer
understanding of the validity of some of the
anatomical bases of this method.
Our anatomical study demonstrates that myofas-
cial continuity, provided by muscular insertions onto
fascia, exists along the entire posterior upper limb.
This continuity can offer a different prospective to
the explanation of referred pain. In our study group,
nine subjects had referral of pain from the posterior
shoulder to the posterior forearm area, without
clinical signs of neurological deficit. Their distribu-
tion of pain did not correspond to a precise nerve
root, but it could be interpreted in terms of fascial
connections along a limb. In particular, the anato-
mical study demonstrated that the muscular expan-
sions into the fascia are present in all subjects and
that they could stretch precise portions of fascia.
We hypothesise that these muscular insertions allow
the fascia to perceive stretch produced by a muscle
and that this tension can be transmitted at a
distance, both in a distal and a proximal direction.
While the three-dimensional dispersion of forces
within anatomical regions of the human body has yet
to be thoroughly explored, studies of myofascial
force transmission confirm that the actual stiffness
of the general fascia and fascial compartments
appear to be very important for the quantity of
myofascial force transmission (Huijing and Baan,
2003). Both Paoletti (2002) and Stecco (2004)
hypothesise that the deep fascia between two joints
is directly involved in safeguarding a perceptive and
directional continuity along a specific myokinetic
chain or sequence. It could be that fascia acts
somewhat like a sensitive transmission belt between
two adjacent joints and synergic muscle groups. The
precise stretching of selective regions of the fasciae
due to these muscular expansions could activate
receptors embedded in the fasciae (Barker, 1974;
Stecco et al., 2006).
Transformation of the extracellular matrix of the
deep fascia from sol to gel, for example, due to
over-use syndromes, strain, and repetitive stress
injuries would modify the capacity of the endofas-
cial collagen fibres to slide over one another
causing a change in stiffness. This could produce
two effects: firstly, a mechanical or tensional
reaction and secondly, a possible alteration in
afferent signals. In the first case, in an attempt to
compensate for localised changes in viscosity,
tension could extend along a mf sequence, or
myokinetic chain, either in an ascending or
descending manner, or else, between agonist and
antagonist myofascial sequences on one spatial
plane. This could possibly be the explanation for
the dominance of the sagittal plane involvement
(53%) together with the posterior brachial pain
distribution found in our study group. In fact,
patients with referred myofascial pain that does
not correspond to a specific nerve root distribution
are common in clinical practice (Baldry, 2001).
Furthermore, seven subjects of our study reported
distal paraesthesia mostly involving the fifth finger,
which is the distal end of the retromotion
sequence, as reported above. According to Fascial
Manipulation&
theory (Stecco, 2004), distal para-
esthesia may occur when the fascia is not free to
glide and subsequent fascial tension along a
sequence culminates in the terminal part of a
sequence. Stecco (2004) also suggests that this
mechanism implies a basal or resting tension of the
fascia. The documented insertions of muscle fibres
onto overlying fascia could contribute decisively to
the maintenance of a basal tension (Stecco et al.,
2007). Recent studies providing evidence of
myofibroblasts within the fascia (Schleip et al.,
2006) suggest another component that may con-
tribute to a basal fascial tension or fascial
contractility.
An understanding of the anatomical continuity of
the deep fascia supports this paradigm shift as it
helps to explain how alterations in one body
segment can result in changes in a distant segment.
Like trigger points, an alteration of a cc, for
example in the deep fascia of the triceps muscle,
can result in referred pain in both a distal and a
proximal direction. Considering the above myofas-
cial expansions, fascial continuity could be respon-
sible for the referral of pain along a sequence, even
in the absence of nerve root disturbance. In the
presence of non-neurological referred pain in some
patients from the study group, manual treatment
of a proximal cc over the deep fascia together with
a distal point produced interesting results in terms
of pain reduction and restored movement. Clini-
cally, this indicates that work along an entire
myofascial chain in order to alleviate extended
myofascial pain may not be necessary.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.A. Day et al.134
8. Concerning alterations in afferent signals, any
incorrect activation of receptors embedded in the
impeded fascia could result in inaccurate proprio-
ceptive afferents. Consequent incoherent muscle
recruitment would produce repercussions on joint
movement (e.g. impingement) and poorly coordi-
nated joint movement can cause periarticular
inflammation, resulting in activation of nociceptors
around the joint.
The biomechanical model proposed by the
Fascial Manipulation&
technique offers interesting
possibilities for more in-depth studies.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study suggests that fascial
anatomy can provide a biomechanical explanation
for the effectiveness of myofascial treatments in
musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Fascial anatomy can
also serve as a guide to interpreting pain distribu-
tion and a topographical map for identifying
specific, key areas for effective treatment.
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