Description of Event (150 words maximum): Descriptive phenomenology is a well-established approach to qualitative research in which the researcher develops the ability to carefully analyze participants’ descriptions of their experiences. Researchers learn to attend carefully to interview data, setting aside their preconceptions about participants’ experiences, and deepening their own ability to empathically listen and discover essential psychological meanings. This presentation accompanied a 2-day overview of the method and discussion of its applications. Students were introduced to the descriptive phenomenological method, which Giorgi, Wertz, Halling, and Englander have applied to a range of important psychological themes.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Phenomenology is a philosophy and research method that focuses on people's subjective experiences and interpretations of the world. It aims to explore how people construct meaning from their lived experiences.
2. Two main types of phenomenology are transcendental phenomenology and hermeneutic (interpretive) phenomenology. Transcendental phenomenology focuses on people's conscious experiences of things, while hermeneutic phenomenology emphasizes the interpretation of texts and meanings.
3. The research tool that is mainly used in phenomenology is in-depth interviews. Phenomenological studies typically involve conducting multiple interviews with participants who have experienced the phenomenon being studied.
4.
Husserl's phenomenology a short introduction for psychologistsMarc Applebaum, PhD
This is the presentation I used to set the philosophical context for students in my graduate seminar in descriptive phenomenological psychological research--it is an outline of some central Husserlian concepts, and assumes no prior acquaintance with Husserl's work. Naturally, I supplemented the slides with many experiential examples!
Dr. Ferrarello co-taught a graduate seminar in phenomenological psychology in January 2014 for doctoral students at Saybrook. She led students in a day-long reflection on the steps in qualitative data gathering and analysis to which they had been introduced over the course of the preceding days, reflecting on their own experience of the moments in the research process through the lens of Husserl's phenomenological psychology, especially Ideas I and Cartesian Meditations.
The document discusses several founders and contributors to phenomenology, including Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Max Scheler, and Karl Jaspers. It provides brief biographies on each philosopher and their main contributions to phenomenology. Some key aspects of phenomenology that could enhance research are mentioned, such as paying attention to context, perception, subjective experience, and cultural assumptions.
Phenomenology is the philosophical study of conscious experience. Edmund Husserl founded phenomenology in the early 20th century and argued that it seeks to clarify our experiences of the world without denying the world's existence. Husserl developed the phenomenological method of bracketing away assumptions to study phenomena as directly given to consciousness. This involves suspending judgment of the natural world to focus on the essence of experiences. Phenomenological reduction helps detach observers from presuppositions so they can encounter things as they are independent of context or meaning. Husserl aimed to establish philosophy as a rigorous science through phenomenology's descriptive study of pure consciousness and intentionality.
Phenomenology is a qualitative research method focused on describing lived experiences and interpreting the meaning of those experiences. It aims to understand how people experience a particular phenomenon and identify commonalities in those experiences. Key aspects of phenomenology include bracketing preconceptions, analyzing experiences through descriptions and themes, and distilling the essence of the phenomenon. The document provides details on the history, assumptions, types, methods, procedures, data collection and analysis of phenomenological research.
Phenomenological research methods_smak_2Holly Hasler
The document provides an overview of phenomenological research methods. It discusses five approaches to qualitative research: ethnography, grounded theory, hermeneutics, empirical phenomenological research, and heuristic research. It also outlines Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology approach, which aims to eliminate presuppositions and understand lived experiences through reflection. The key concepts of intentionality, noema, and noesis are explained. Finally, the document details the processes involved in phenomenological research including epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, and synthesis.
Presentation at HEA-funded workshop 'A dialogue between phenomenology and realism in pedagogical and educational research '.
The workshop aimed to stimulate debate around the philosophical underpinnings of different research methodologies, whose shared terminology is often interpreted in radically contrasting ways, and in particular, to encourage dialogue between realist and phenomenological research traditions. The workshop was aimed at pedagogical and educational researchers who are looking to expand their methodological repertoire and to explore new ways of teaching research methods.
This presentation is part of a related blog post that provides an overview of the event: http://bit.ly/1oww6m1
For further details of the HEA's work on teaching research methods in the Social Sciences see: http://bit.ly/RIZtTz
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Phenomenology is a philosophy and research method that focuses on people's subjective experiences and interpretations of the world. It aims to explore how people construct meaning from their lived experiences.
2. Two main types of phenomenology are transcendental phenomenology and hermeneutic (interpretive) phenomenology. Transcendental phenomenology focuses on people's conscious experiences of things, while hermeneutic phenomenology emphasizes the interpretation of texts and meanings.
3. The research tool that is mainly used in phenomenology is in-depth interviews. Phenomenological studies typically involve conducting multiple interviews with participants who have experienced the phenomenon being studied.
4.
Husserl's phenomenology a short introduction for psychologistsMarc Applebaum, PhD
This is the presentation I used to set the philosophical context for students in my graduate seminar in descriptive phenomenological psychological research--it is an outline of some central Husserlian concepts, and assumes no prior acquaintance with Husserl's work. Naturally, I supplemented the slides with many experiential examples!
Dr. Ferrarello co-taught a graduate seminar in phenomenological psychology in January 2014 for doctoral students at Saybrook. She led students in a day-long reflection on the steps in qualitative data gathering and analysis to which they had been introduced over the course of the preceding days, reflecting on their own experience of the moments in the research process through the lens of Husserl's phenomenological psychology, especially Ideas I and Cartesian Meditations.
The document discusses several founders and contributors to phenomenology, including Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Max Scheler, and Karl Jaspers. It provides brief biographies on each philosopher and their main contributions to phenomenology. Some key aspects of phenomenology that could enhance research are mentioned, such as paying attention to context, perception, subjective experience, and cultural assumptions.
Phenomenology is the philosophical study of conscious experience. Edmund Husserl founded phenomenology in the early 20th century and argued that it seeks to clarify our experiences of the world without denying the world's existence. Husserl developed the phenomenological method of bracketing away assumptions to study phenomena as directly given to consciousness. This involves suspending judgment of the natural world to focus on the essence of experiences. Phenomenological reduction helps detach observers from presuppositions so they can encounter things as they are independent of context or meaning. Husserl aimed to establish philosophy as a rigorous science through phenomenology's descriptive study of pure consciousness and intentionality.
Phenomenology is a qualitative research method focused on describing lived experiences and interpreting the meaning of those experiences. It aims to understand how people experience a particular phenomenon and identify commonalities in those experiences. Key aspects of phenomenology include bracketing preconceptions, analyzing experiences through descriptions and themes, and distilling the essence of the phenomenon. The document provides details on the history, assumptions, types, methods, procedures, data collection and analysis of phenomenological research.
Phenomenological research methods_smak_2Holly Hasler
The document provides an overview of phenomenological research methods. It discusses five approaches to qualitative research: ethnography, grounded theory, hermeneutics, empirical phenomenological research, and heuristic research. It also outlines Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology approach, which aims to eliminate presuppositions and understand lived experiences through reflection. The key concepts of intentionality, noema, and noesis are explained. Finally, the document details the processes involved in phenomenological research including epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, and synthesis.
Presentation at HEA-funded workshop 'A dialogue between phenomenology and realism in pedagogical and educational research '.
The workshop aimed to stimulate debate around the philosophical underpinnings of different research methodologies, whose shared terminology is often interpreted in radically contrasting ways, and in particular, to encourage dialogue between realist and phenomenological research traditions. The workshop was aimed at pedagogical and educational researchers who are looking to expand their methodological repertoire and to explore new ways of teaching research methods.
This presentation is part of a related blog post that provides an overview of the event: http://bit.ly/1oww6m1
For further details of the HEA's work on teaching research methods in the Social Sciences see: http://bit.ly/RIZtTz
Intentionality and Narrativity in Phenomenological ResearchMarc Applebaum, PhD
This document summarizes Marc Applebaum's presentation on intentionality and narrativity in phenomenological research. Some key points:
- Husserl viewed consciousness as having both passive and active layers of intentionality that are simultaneous.
- Static phenomenology descriptively analyzes active intentionality, while genetic phenomenology interpretively explicates passive intentionality.
- Interview narratives can be interpretive as participants selectively articulate their experiences into a plot for the interviewer.
- The interview itself is a lived experience that shapes the data, which is unavoidably relational.
This document provides an overview of phenomenology as both a philosophy and methodology. It discusses the key thinkers and schools of phenomenology, including:
- Transcendental phenomenology founded by Edmund Husserl which uses descriptive methods like phenomenological reduction and bracketing to study the structures of experience.
- Hermeneutic phenomenology developed by Martin Heidegger which rejects the possibility of bracketing and focuses on interpretive understanding of human existence or "Being-in-the-world."
- Existential phenomenology of Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty which studies pre-reflective lived experience and the relationship between subject and world.
Phenomenological research aims to describe the lived experiences of several individuals regarding a phenomenon. It seeks to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by those in a situation. Researchers identify a shared experience, attempt to locate the universal essence of that experience among individuals, and describe both what was experienced and how they experienced it. The methodology involves identifying a phenomenon, bracketing researcher bias, collecting data typically through interviews, reducing the data to key themes, and describing the essence of the experience through both textural and structural descriptions.
The document summarizes Edmund Husserl's phenomenological method. It discusses five principal phases: 1) bracketing presuppositions through epoché, 2) phenomenological reduction to focus on lived experiences, 3) free variation of imaginative possibilities, 4) intuition of essences through overlap of acts, and 5) description of essential structures. The goal is to discover the invariant structures or essences of objects through a presuppositionless analysis of consciousness and intentionality. Husserl sought to establish philosophy as a rigorous science by transforming our understanding of objects and reality through a focus on subjective experience.
Applebaum (2013) interrelationship of phenomenological philosophy & psychologyMarc Applebaum, PhD
In The Primacy of Perception Merleau-Ponty (1964) remarked, “psychology and philosophy are nourished by the same phenomena; it is only that the problems become more formalized at the philosophical level” (p. 24). Phenomenological philosophy, as much as psychology, is concerned with the study of consciousness and the life of psyche. What is the relationship between the two, for phenomenologists? I explore the interrelationship of the two through the lens of Aristotle's reflection on sofia (wisdom) and phronesis (praxis-understanding).
This document provides an overview of different approaches to phenomenology in qualitative data analysis. It describes classical phenomenology associated with Edmund Husserl which seeks to understand the structures of consciousness and essences through phenomenological reduction and bracketing. Existential phenomenology associated with Sartre, Heidegger and Merleau Ponty focuses more on immersion in life worlds rather than bracketing. Hermeneutic phenomenology investigates interpretive structures through perspectives of both the researcher and participants. Heuristic phenomenology involves the researcher becoming one with the research question through self-awareness and understanding to illuminate core themes.
My presentation from the 2016 International Congress of Psychology in Yokohama, Japan--focusing on a Husserlian approach the origins of the "I" in relation to the You.
For more info go to http://phenomenologyblog.com/
My presentation at this year's International Human Science Research Conference in Montreal. My aim was to support discussion among hermeneutic and descriptive researchers and clinicians, and also to convey a sense of the descriptive phenomenological method, developed by Giorgi, which I teach at Saybrook Graduate School.
Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed by Edmund Husserl that focuses on understanding conscious experience. Husserl argued that objects can only be understood as they are perceived by consciousness, not as things in themselves. Phenomenology aims to describe phenomena as they appear in consciousness rather than explain or analyze them. It involves "bracketing" external claims and assumptions to focus only on internal conscious experiences. Phenomenology has influenced fields like literary criticism by focusing on describing the essential structures of conscious experience reflected in a text rather than external contexts.
Phenomenology is the study of experience from the perspective of individuals. It aims to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by people in a situation. Phenomenology involves carefully describing lived experiences through qualitative methods like interviews and observation. Edmund Husserl developed transcendental phenomenology, arguing we should study experience rather than assume knowledge from Descartes and Locke. Husserl believed we must suspend natural attitudes and reflect purely to understand phenomena as they are independent of prejudices. Phenomenology describes both the intentional processes of consciousness and the objects of consciousness. Later philosophers like Heidegger disagreed with Husserl's method, believing meaning is formed through relationships between events and people rather than detaching
Phenomenology.ppt By Dilshad Hussain NikyalviDilshad Shah
Phenomenology studies common experiences and everyday life from the perspective of individuals. Edmund Husserl developed phenomenology to provide a rigorous scientific philosophy through descriptive analysis of conscious experiences. Phenomenology examines how people construct meaning in their lives through interactions with others in natural situations. It seeks to understand the world from the viewpoint of individuals rather than external observers.
This document discusses several theories related to phenomenology and interpretation. It covers Husserl's classical phenomenology, which focuses on direct conscious experience as a path to truth. Schutz' social phenomenology builds on this by examining how social and linguistic factors shape experience. Ricoeur's hermeneutics studies interpretation of texts. The document also discusses the muted group theory in feminism, which proposes that women's perspectives are marginalized due to lack of power. Key concepts discussed include lifeworld, typification, and the different realms of social reality.
This is a revision of my presentation from the August 2013 International Human Science Research Conference in Aalborg, Denmark. My objective was to convey the interrelationship of description and interpretation within phenomenological philosophy and upon Giorgi's descriptive research approach drawing upon Ricoeur's hermeneutic philosophy.
There is dissatisfaction with the dominance of science in management education and practice. Husserl's phenomenological method aims to make sense of phenomena by having practitioners bracket out preconceptions and focus on the essence of experiences, in order to develop practical insights rather than scientific theories. This method involves eliminating thoughts to perceive the core nature of a topic, such as local government, through reflection on personal experiences and struggles.
Presentation at HEA-funded workshop 'A dialogue between phenomenology and realism in pedagogical and educational research '.
The workshop aimed to stimulate debate around the philosophical underpinnings of different research methodologies, whose shared terminology is often interpreted in radically contrasting ways, and in particular, to encourage dialogue between realist and phenomenological research traditions. The workshop was aimed at pedagogical and educational researchers who are looking to expand their methodological repertoire and to explore new ways of teaching research methods.
This presentation is part of a related blog post that provides an overview of the event: http://bit.ly/1oww6m1
For further details of the HEA's work on teaching research methods in the Social Sciences see: http://bit.ly/RIZtTz
Phenomenology is a philosophical approach that studies conscious experience and attempts to understand the world from the point of view of acting subjects rather than scientific observers. It focuses on micro-level interactions and seeks to understand common sense and daily life experiences. Edmund Husserl is considered the father of phenomenology and believed that true meaning could only be understood through analyzing individual consciousness, not empirical facts. Later phenomenologists like Alfred Schutz and Peter Berger applied these ideas to sociology, positing that social reality is constructed through processes of externalization, objectification, and internalization of shared meanings. They viewed society through concepts like time consciousness, stock of knowledge, and reification. While providing insights into perception and social structures,
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and history of phenomenology. It discusses:
- Edmund Husserl originally developed phenomenology in the early 1900s to investigate structures of consciousness and essences.
- Phenomenology aims to describe phenomena as directly experienced before turning to analysis, theories or explanations.
- Major thinkers discussed include Husserl, Heidegger, the influence on Russian formalism, and criticisms from Terry Eagleton.
- Phenomenology influenced fields like sociology, literary theory, and examines concepts like the natural attitude vs phenomenological reduction.
Phenomenology: The Study of Individuals' Lived Experiences of the WorldRyan Bernido
Phenomenological Research is a research design used to study and describe the essence of the lived experiences of individuals within the world. There are two main types of phenomenological research, these are (a) descriptive phenomenological research and (b) interpretive phenomenological research. Many scholars regarded Edmund Husserl as the Father of Phenomenology.
The document summarizes the Vernieuwingsimpuls program in the Netherlands, which provides funding for talented researchers. It describes the different grant stages (Veni, Vidi, Vici) that provide funding for researchers at different career levels, from recent PhDs to more experienced researchers. It also outlines the application and review process, emphasizing the focus on research quality and innovation. Statistics on past funding success rates are provided, as well as information on efforts to promote more equal funding rates between male and female researchers.
This document summarizes a phenomenological study on the factors that foster intrinsic motivation for information seeking in upper elementary school children. The study interviewed 9 fifth-grade students who scored high on a questionnaire measuring intrinsic motivation. It found that play, having secure "anchor" relationships with family, formative early experiences pursuing personal interests, and preferring group work were the main relationships and experiences that contributed to the students' intrinsic motivation to seek information. The document also provides background on self-determination theory and the research methodology used in the study.
Intentionality and Narrativity in Phenomenological ResearchMarc Applebaum, PhD
This document summarizes Marc Applebaum's presentation on intentionality and narrativity in phenomenological research. Some key points:
- Husserl viewed consciousness as having both passive and active layers of intentionality that are simultaneous.
- Static phenomenology descriptively analyzes active intentionality, while genetic phenomenology interpretively explicates passive intentionality.
- Interview narratives can be interpretive as participants selectively articulate their experiences into a plot for the interviewer.
- The interview itself is a lived experience that shapes the data, which is unavoidably relational.
This document provides an overview of phenomenology as both a philosophy and methodology. It discusses the key thinkers and schools of phenomenology, including:
- Transcendental phenomenology founded by Edmund Husserl which uses descriptive methods like phenomenological reduction and bracketing to study the structures of experience.
- Hermeneutic phenomenology developed by Martin Heidegger which rejects the possibility of bracketing and focuses on interpretive understanding of human existence or "Being-in-the-world."
- Existential phenomenology of Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty which studies pre-reflective lived experience and the relationship between subject and world.
Phenomenological research aims to describe the lived experiences of several individuals regarding a phenomenon. It seeks to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by those in a situation. Researchers identify a shared experience, attempt to locate the universal essence of that experience among individuals, and describe both what was experienced and how they experienced it. The methodology involves identifying a phenomenon, bracketing researcher bias, collecting data typically through interviews, reducing the data to key themes, and describing the essence of the experience through both textural and structural descriptions.
The document summarizes Edmund Husserl's phenomenological method. It discusses five principal phases: 1) bracketing presuppositions through epoché, 2) phenomenological reduction to focus on lived experiences, 3) free variation of imaginative possibilities, 4) intuition of essences through overlap of acts, and 5) description of essential structures. The goal is to discover the invariant structures or essences of objects through a presuppositionless analysis of consciousness and intentionality. Husserl sought to establish philosophy as a rigorous science by transforming our understanding of objects and reality through a focus on subjective experience.
Applebaum (2013) interrelationship of phenomenological philosophy & psychologyMarc Applebaum, PhD
In The Primacy of Perception Merleau-Ponty (1964) remarked, “psychology and philosophy are nourished by the same phenomena; it is only that the problems become more formalized at the philosophical level” (p. 24). Phenomenological philosophy, as much as psychology, is concerned with the study of consciousness and the life of psyche. What is the relationship between the two, for phenomenologists? I explore the interrelationship of the two through the lens of Aristotle's reflection on sofia (wisdom) and phronesis (praxis-understanding).
This document provides an overview of different approaches to phenomenology in qualitative data analysis. It describes classical phenomenology associated with Edmund Husserl which seeks to understand the structures of consciousness and essences through phenomenological reduction and bracketing. Existential phenomenology associated with Sartre, Heidegger and Merleau Ponty focuses more on immersion in life worlds rather than bracketing. Hermeneutic phenomenology investigates interpretive structures through perspectives of both the researcher and participants. Heuristic phenomenology involves the researcher becoming one with the research question through self-awareness and understanding to illuminate core themes.
My presentation from the 2016 International Congress of Psychology in Yokohama, Japan--focusing on a Husserlian approach the origins of the "I" in relation to the You.
For more info go to http://phenomenologyblog.com/
My presentation at this year's International Human Science Research Conference in Montreal. My aim was to support discussion among hermeneutic and descriptive researchers and clinicians, and also to convey a sense of the descriptive phenomenological method, developed by Giorgi, which I teach at Saybrook Graduate School.
Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed by Edmund Husserl that focuses on understanding conscious experience. Husserl argued that objects can only be understood as they are perceived by consciousness, not as things in themselves. Phenomenology aims to describe phenomena as they appear in consciousness rather than explain or analyze them. It involves "bracketing" external claims and assumptions to focus only on internal conscious experiences. Phenomenology has influenced fields like literary criticism by focusing on describing the essential structures of conscious experience reflected in a text rather than external contexts.
Phenomenology is the study of experience from the perspective of individuals. It aims to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by people in a situation. Phenomenology involves carefully describing lived experiences through qualitative methods like interviews and observation. Edmund Husserl developed transcendental phenomenology, arguing we should study experience rather than assume knowledge from Descartes and Locke. Husserl believed we must suspend natural attitudes and reflect purely to understand phenomena as they are independent of prejudices. Phenomenology describes both the intentional processes of consciousness and the objects of consciousness. Later philosophers like Heidegger disagreed with Husserl's method, believing meaning is formed through relationships between events and people rather than detaching
Phenomenology.ppt By Dilshad Hussain NikyalviDilshad Shah
Phenomenology studies common experiences and everyday life from the perspective of individuals. Edmund Husserl developed phenomenology to provide a rigorous scientific philosophy through descriptive analysis of conscious experiences. Phenomenology examines how people construct meaning in their lives through interactions with others in natural situations. It seeks to understand the world from the viewpoint of individuals rather than external observers.
This document discusses several theories related to phenomenology and interpretation. It covers Husserl's classical phenomenology, which focuses on direct conscious experience as a path to truth. Schutz' social phenomenology builds on this by examining how social and linguistic factors shape experience. Ricoeur's hermeneutics studies interpretation of texts. The document also discusses the muted group theory in feminism, which proposes that women's perspectives are marginalized due to lack of power. Key concepts discussed include lifeworld, typification, and the different realms of social reality.
This is a revision of my presentation from the August 2013 International Human Science Research Conference in Aalborg, Denmark. My objective was to convey the interrelationship of description and interpretation within phenomenological philosophy and upon Giorgi's descriptive research approach drawing upon Ricoeur's hermeneutic philosophy.
There is dissatisfaction with the dominance of science in management education and practice. Husserl's phenomenological method aims to make sense of phenomena by having practitioners bracket out preconceptions and focus on the essence of experiences, in order to develop practical insights rather than scientific theories. This method involves eliminating thoughts to perceive the core nature of a topic, such as local government, through reflection on personal experiences and struggles.
Presentation at HEA-funded workshop 'A dialogue between phenomenology and realism in pedagogical and educational research '.
The workshop aimed to stimulate debate around the philosophical underpinnings of different research methodologies, whose shared terminology is often interpreted in radically contrasting ways, and in particular, to encourage dialogue between realist and phenomenological research traditions. The workshop was aimed at pedagogical and educational researchers who are looking to expand their methodological repertoire and to explore new ways of teaching research methods.
This presentation is part of a related blog post that provides an overview of the event: http://bit.ly/1oww6m1
For further details of the HEA's work on teaching research methods in the Social Sciences see: http://bit.ly/RIZtTz
Phenomenology is a philosophical approach that studies conscious experience and attempts to understand the world from the point of view of acting subjects rather than scientific observers. It focuses on micro-level interactions and seeks to understand common sense and daily life experiences. Edmund Husserl is considered the father of phenomenology and believed that true meaning could only be understood through analyzing individual consciousness, not empirical facts. Later phenomenologists like Alfred Schutz and Peter Berger applied these ideas to sociology, positing that social reality is constructed through processes of externalization, objectification, and internalization of shared meanings. They viewed society through concepts like time consciousness, stock of knowledge, and reification. While providing insights into perception and social structures,
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and history of phenomenology. It discusses:
- Edmund Husserl originally developed phenomenology in the early 1900s to investigate structures of consciousness and essences.
- Phenomenology aims to describe phenomena as directly experienced before turning to analysis, theories or explanations.
- Major thinkers discussed include Husserl, Heidegger, the influence on Russian formalism, and criticisms from Terry Eagleton.
- Phenomenology influenced fields like sociology, literary theory, and examines concepts like the natural attitude vs phenomenological reduction.
Phenomenology: The Study of Individuals' Lived Experiences of the WorldRyan Bernido
Phenomenological Research is a research design used to study and describe the essence of the lived experiences of individuals within the world. There are two main types of phenomenological research, these are (a) descriptive phenomenological research and (b) interpretive phenomenological research. Many scholars regarded Edmund Husserl as the Father of Phenomenology.
The document summarizes the Vernieuwingsimpuls program in the Netherlands, which provides funding for talented researchers. It describes the different grant stages (Veni, Vidi, Vici) that provide funding for researchers at different career levels, from recent PhDs to more experienced researchers. It also outlines the application and review process, emphasizing the focus on research quality and innovation. Statistics on past funding success rates are provided, as well as information on efforts to promote more equal funding rates between male and female researchers.
This document summarizes a phenomenological study on the factors that foster intrinsic motivation for information seeking in upper elementary school children. The study interviewed 9 fifth-grade students who scored high on a questionnaire measuring intrinsic motivation. It found that play, having secure "anchor" relationships with family, formative early experiences pursuing personal interests, and preferring group work were the main relationships and experiences that contributed to the students' intrinsic motivation to seek information. The document also provides background on self-determination theory and the research methodology used in the study.
The document discusses phenomenological research methods. It provides an example of a phenomenological study on adolescent female sexuality. The study used in-depth interviews to understand the lived experiences of first sexual intercourse from the perspectives of female participants. Through analysis of the interview transcripts, the researchers developed themes and created models to represent the essential components and multidimensional nature of the female experience of first sexual intercourse. The models highlight the physical, emotional, educational, developmental and other aspects. The study findings suggest sexuality education could be improved by incorporating topics related to first sexual experiences.
Phenomenological research aims to describe and understand lived experiences through qualitative methods like interviews and observation. It seeks to understand perspectives from the view of participants rather than explain with hypotheses. Analysis involves reading data to identify key themes within and across participant responses. Themes are then organized and used to structure summaries of participants' views on various topics. While findings from single cases illuminate individual experiences, analyzing multiple participants strengthens inferences about common factors and their effects.
1. Phenomenological research aims to understand the essence of a shared experience among individuals.
2. It identifies a phenomenon, collects data through interviews, and analyzes the data by identifying themes in the participants' descriptions of experiencing the phenomenon.
3. The analysis seeks to develop a textural-structural description of the essence of the shared experience.
Performance benchmarking involves comparing business processes and performance metrics to industry leaders to identify best practices and areas for improvement. It helps companies increase productivity, lower costs, improve quality, and gain competitive advantages. The benchmarking process involves determining weaknesses, forming a benchmarking team, researching potential partners, gathering and analyzing their data, and applying results with or without a third-party consultant. An example is how Dell Computers used benchmarking of other companies to implement just-in-time inventory techniques and online ordering and customization, which provided advantages like reduced costs and increased customer satisfaction.
This document provides advice for applying for a position in cognitive psychology. It discusses important factors to consider in the initial application, how to write an effective research proposal, how to respond to reviewer comments, and how to prepare for an interview. The key steps outlined are to have relevant experience, propose a novel topic with strong theoretical background and feasible methods, address all reviewer feedback, and practice presenting research clearly to non-experts.
The document summarizes a project that studies psychodrama and art therapy techniques to help disadvantaged people. The project involves researching best practices, conducting interviews, and holding workshops applying psychodrama and video therapy in the UK. It will produce a manual and other materials documenting the results to disseminate more widely. The project has several phases and is a collaboration between organizations in multiple European countries.
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis (QDA) methods. It discusses the origins and current practices of QDA, with a focus on grounded theory. It describes different types of qualitative data that can be analyzed, including interviews, focus groups, observations, documents, and multimedia. The document outlines the QDA process, including data collection and analysis, coding, memo writing, and developing theories. It also discusses several QDA software programs and the steps involved in using AtlasTi for qualitative analysis.
360 degree feedback is a performance evaluation method that incorporates feedback from subordinates, peers, managers, customers, and others. It measures soft skills like teamwork, leadership, and character. Most organizations use 360 degree evaluations to assess employees and help them develop their careers by identifying areas for improvement. The evaluation provides a more comprehensive view of performance but requires time and training to implement effectively and avoid tensions between employees.
Researching Entrepreneurship using Phenomenological MethodsHenrik Berglund
The document discusses phenomenology as a method for studying entrepreneurship. It begins by defining entrepreneurship as creating new products/services under conditions of uncertainty, rather than just small business ownership. It then discusses common approaches to studying entrepreneurs like traits, behaviors, cognitions and discursive factors, and argues phenomenology can provide insights these miss by focusing on entrepreneurs' lived experiences. The document provides an overview of phenomenology's principles and methods, including purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews to understand experiences, and analyzing data for themes. It provides examples of phenomenological entrepreneurship research questions and studies.
How can we better understand the creative process in advertising? Griffin and Morrison offer an overview of their latest research project in a presentation from the 2010 American Academy of Advertising Conference (AAA) in Minneapolis, MN.
Ricky Ghilarducci is a 29-year-old mechanical engineer seeking a new position. He has 5 years of experience in quality assurance and medical device engineering. He graduated from San Jose State University in 2005 with a BS in mechanical engineering and a minor in mathematics. His work experience includes positions at Abbott Diabetes Care, Calibra Medical, and MAP Pharmaceuticals, where he contributed to product development, manufacturing, and quality processes. He is enthusiastic and brings strong engineering skills, documentation experience, and communication abilities to a potential new role.
The document is an interview presentation by applicant Zhang XXXX from Jiujiang, China. It includes sections about the applicant's educational and professional background, works portfolio, and proposed research plan. The applicant studied art and design at Tongji University and Wuhan University of Technology, and currently teaches digital design at Jiujiang University. Their portfolio includes website and 3D simulation projects. The proposed research plan involves three topics: information interaction design, information design for smart cities, and studying the design research and teaching mode of Kookmin University.
This document discusses qualitative research methods, including historical research, content analysis, ethnographic research, and phenomenological research. It also covers key aspects of qualitative data collection such as observation, interviews, focus groups, and interpreting documents and material culture. The types and purposes of interviews, observations, and focus groups are defined. Validation and reliability of qualitative research instruments is also addressed.
Qualitative research methods - a data collector's field guideDatum Intel
This document provides an overview of a field guide for qualitative research methods. The field guide was created to train data collection teams in applied public health research projects. It covers the main qualitative research methods used in public health - participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. For each method, it provides practical guidance on logistics, ethics, sampling, data collection and management. The goal is to prepare data collectors to conduct qualitative research systematically and ethically in developing country field sites.
This intensive course will provide an opportunity for participants to establish and/or advance their understanding of qualitative research through critical exploration of research approaches and methods. This course will take an academic-based fieldwork approach which will enhance participants’ skills to plan and execute qualitative research in a specific context. Participants will use theoretical underpinnings to begin, to critically review literature relevant to the field of study, analyse it and then present it in written and verbal form.
This document provides information about applying to PhD programs in Psychology. It includes the applicant's background and research experience, the schools they applied to and received offers from, their reasons for pursuing a PhD, and advice from professors on various aspects of the application and interview process. Key points include recommendations to contact potential advisors before applying, the importance of research experience, and tips for interview preparation, questions to ask, and follow up after accepting an offer.
Psychology is defined formally as the scientific study of people, the mind and behavior. It can also be defined as a discipline involving what is studied, a method of how it is studied, and an occupation. Importantly, psychology is situated within a cultural and historical context, so definitions have changed over time and are influenced by various perspectives. The study of psychology aims to describe, understand, predict, and influence human behavior and experience.
The document discusses the key concepts of phenomenology as a sociological orientation. Phenomenology studies common sense, conscious experience, and routine daily life. It seeks to understand the world from the point of view of individuals rather than external observers. Edmund Husserl developed phenomenology in the early 20th century as a descriptive method focused on structures of consciousness and experience. Phenomenology aims to understand individual meanings and social interactions through descriptive analysis rather than establishing absolute truths.
This document provides an overview of the general psychology course taught by Prof. Susanna Cordone. It covers three main topics:
1. General principles of psychology - What is psychology? Its history and research methods.
2. Neuroscientific foundations - The anatomy and physiology of the brain, and how it relates to functions, emotions, and behaviors.
3. Higher mental functions - Thinking, language, intelligence, consciousness, learning, and memory.
It also lists some key reading materials and outlines the content to be covered in the first lesson, including the history and research foundations of psychology.
Human psychology can be summarized as follows:
1. Psychology is the science of the mind and behavior, studying both conscious and unconscious phenomena as well as feelings and thoughts. It aims to understand individuals and groups to establish general principles.
2. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning "study of the soul". It refers to the academic study of mental processes and behavior.
3. Key areas of psychology include biological psychology which studies the biological bases of behavior; cognitive psychology which examines mental processes; developmental psychology which focuses on changes across the lifespan; and personality psychology which analyzes enduring patterns of thought and behavior.
Phenomenology studies the structures of consciousness and experience from a first-person point of view and seeks to understand how people experience certain phenomena. It involves in-depth interviews with participants who have experienced the phenomenon to understand the essence of shared experiences. The data is then analyzed through horizonalization, clustering meanings into themes, and developing textural and structural descriptions to capture the essence of the phenomenon.
This lecture - given at the Colombo Institute of Research and Psychology - covers the philosophical underpinnings of key debates in psychology, including nature versus nurture, nomothetic versus idiography, free will versus determinism and reductionism versus holism.
1. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, behavior, and mental processes. It began to emerge as a formal science in the late 19th century under Wilhelm Wundt.
2. Early approaches to psychology included structuralism, which used introspection to study the basic elements of consciousness, and functionalism, which sought to understand how psychological aspects evolved to help animals and humans adapt.
3. Modern psychology includes many subfields and applications in areas like education, health, and politics to better understand and help human functioning and behavior.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It includes understanding how humans and animals think, feel, and act. The document outlines the history of psychology from ancient Greek philosophers to modern approaches. It discusses major schools of thought like biological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychoanalytic perspectives. The branches and applications of psychology are also summarized, including areas like clinical, developmental, educational, and industrial psychology. Research focuses on topics like cognitive development, memory, and social/emotional development.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It includes understanding how humans and animals think, feel, and behave under different circumstances. Psychology involves exploring concepts such as cognition, emotion, intelligence, personality, behavior, and relationships through both empirical research and clinical practice. The document provides a brief overview of the history of psychology as a field and discusses some of its major approaches, branches, applications and research areas.
Introduction to educational psychology by dr.sudhir sahuSudhir INDIA
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, behavior, and cognitive processes. The document traces the evolution of psychology from its ancient philosophical roots to the establishment of experimental psychology as a science in the late 19th century by Wilhelm Wundt. It discusses key figures like William James and Ivan Pavlov who helped establish major theories in psychology such as functionalism and behaviorism. The major branches of psychology are also outlined, including abnormal, clinical, developmental, educational, industrial/organizational, social, and various domains like child, adolescent, animal, and criminal psychology.
Theoretical orientation to human developmenteagles9984
This document discusses several classical and contemporary theories of human development in psychology. It begins by defining psychology and theories, and explaining that theories aim to describe and predict behaviors. It then outlines some major classical theories from the 17th-19th centuries from thinkers like Descartes, Darwin, and others. Contemporary theories discussed include behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, biological, socio-cultural, and evolutionary perspectives. The document emphasizes that no single perspective can fully explain human behavior on its own.
Philosophy literally means love of wisdom. It is concerned with epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. Epistemology deals with questions about knowledge, metaphysics deals with questions about the nature of reality, and ethics deals with questions about morality. Socrates' method of philosophy involved asking questions to unpack philosophical issues and weed out incorrect understandings, moving towards clearer truth. His use of reductio ad absurdum arguments aimed to show the weakness in others' positions by deducing an absurdity or contradiction.
Phenomenology is the philosophical study of subjective experience and consciousness. It involves describing experiences as they appear to consciousness without theories or explanations. Edmund Husserl is seen as the founder of phenomenology, viewing it as the reflective study of essence of consciousness from the first-person perspective. Phenomenology studies various types of experiences including perception, thought, emotion, and imagination through methods like interviews and observations to understand shared essences among individuals experiencing the same phenomena. It aims to understand the universal structures of various experiences.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The document discusses several key topics in psychology, including:
- The goals of psychology which are to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior and mental processes.
- The nature vs nurture debate regarding the influences of genes, environment, and choices on human behavior.
- Types of psychology including research which studies theories and experiments, and applied psychology which focuses on applying research findings.
- Influential early thinkers in psychology such as Aristotle, Plato, Galen, and Descartes and their contributions to understanding the mind, behavior, and cognition.
- The establishment of modern scientific psychology with Wilhelm Wundt opening
This document discusses phenomenology and its key concepts. It begins by explaining that phenomenology, which originated with Edmund Husserl, aims to understand phenomena based on how they are experienced rather than external constructs or models. It emphasizes bracketing presuppositions and suspending judgment to see phenomena with an open mind. The document then outlines Husserl's concepts of epoche and eidetic reduction used in phenomenological study. It notes areas of application including social sciences, health sciences, psychology, nursing and education. It concludes by summarizing steps in phenomenological research including identifying a phenomenon, describing experiences of it, and distilling the essence of the shared experience.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Some key points about the history and methods of psychology include:
- Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founder of experimental psychology for establishing the first psychology laboratory in 1879.
- Structuralism and functionalism were two early schools that focused on discovering the structure of the mind and understanding thinking, motivation, and learning respectively.
- Methods of psychology include introspection, observation, experiments, surveys, and statistical analysis to understand, predict, and control behavior.
- There are many branches and applications of psychology such as developmental, abnormal, clinical, educational, and industrial psychology.
Introduction to advanced social psychology & historical manifestationsRABIA SHABBIR
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9
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2. Descriptive exercise
Have you had an experience of seeing an important
person in your life as a real person in his or her own
right, as if for the first time?
If yes, please describe what this was like, with as much
detail as possible
3. To introduce you to the phenomenological
tradition
To give you a sense of how researchers in
phenomenological psychology have approached
the study of intimacy, resilience, and empathy
To give you enough information to decide whether
to begin learning the method by taking RES 3130 at
Saybrook
3130 is the hands-on introduction to conducting
descriptive phenomenological psychological
research
4. My expertise is in the descriptive
phenomenological method pioneered by
Amedeo Giorgi at Duquesne and Saybrook
And its roots in the philosophy of Edmund
Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty
I am Associate Editor of the Journal of
Phenomenological Psychology, and edit
PhenomenologyBlog
My interests include cultural and organizational
psychology, and consciousness studies
5. This seminar aims to introduce students to the
work of several contemporary
phenomenological psychologists…
My summary of and excerpts from their work
are partial and reflect my own perspective and
the limited time we have
I encourage you to read the publications of
Halling, Wertz, and Englander directly:
references are provided at the end of this
presentation
6. Descriptive Phenomenological Psychology
• Is one of the most carefully articulated qualitative
psychological research methods
• Envisions psychology as a human science, as
distinguished from a natural science
7. “Science” and “Human Science”
Scientia is Latin for “knowledge;” the word does not
imply a particular method or subject matter
Instead it refers to the outcome of inquiry: reliable
knowledge for a community of knowers
The meanings of science have been debated for
millennia--“science” is not a univocal term
8. Emergence of Natural Science
The origins of natural science predate Galileo’s
brilliant experiments in the 16th century. In the
course of conceiving of human being as the object
of scientific investigation, the human person came
to be defined in large measure as a natural object.
Therefore the human being came to be seen as
spatially and temporally bounded and subject to
material causality.
9. Achievements of Natural Science
We’re surrounded by evidence of the natural
science’s accomplishments—
• The computer showing this presentation
• The transportation that brought us here today
• The food, housing, and health care that sustain
us are in large measure due to natural science
10. Are human beings (only) natural objects?
Nevertheless, since the 17th century there has
been a debate within philosophy and the sciences
regarding whether human being should be viewed
as a natural object like chemical
compounds, plants or animals…
Or whether consciousness makes human beings a
unique sort of object for science—an object who is
also a subject, requiring a “human science.”
11. Human science
The human science movement took particular
shape the 19th century as an alternative to
positivism, which had become the dominant
philosophy of science.
Human science argues that
meanings, not just facts, are critical
in understanding human
phenomena. Dilthey was a founding
figure in this movement.
Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911)
12. The “human” in human science
For a human science approach, the fullness of lived
experience must be preserved in order to
understand human being
This is lost if we reduce human
being to only its measurable and
causal-mechanical dimensions
We’ll discuss examples of this
later…
13. Philosophers such as
Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau
-Ponty, and Gurwitch are part of
the phenomenological tradition--
It includes more than a century of
critical thinking about
science, scientific
methods, psychology, and the
meanings of technology in society
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)
14. Science is based upon the lived-world
“The whole universe of science is built upon the world as
directly experienced, and if we want to subject science
itself to rigorous scrutiny…we must begin by reawakening
the basic experience of the world of which science is the
second-order expression.” (2005/1945, p. ix)
-Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Phenomenology of Perception
15. Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) founded
phenomenological philosophy
Philosophers such as Sartre, Merleau-
Ponty, and Gurwitsch explored psychological
implications of phenomenology, but no
research method had been articulated by
psychologists
In the late 1960’s Amedeo Giorgi, trained as a
quantitative psychologist, began to develop a
qualitative research method based upon
Husserl’s philosophical method
16. Re-envisioning psychology as a human
science
“When I articulated the idea that psychology
should be a human science, it was because, for
me, the discipline of psychology was essentially
missing its target. It was not truly capturing
psyche…I realized that it wasn’t a patch-up job
that psychology required so much as radical
reform.”
-Amedeo Giorgi (2000)
17. What does it mean psychologically when time
seems to “slow down” or “speed up”?
How is connectedness or disconnectedness
experienced between members of a team?
What are the various meanings of feeling
“distant” from a loved one?
How does empathy, or lack of empathy, occur?
18. For more than a quarter of a century Saybrook
has been a home for phenomenological
psychology, thanks to the work of Amedeo Giorgi
19. Is a depth approach that requires intensive
work with interview transcripts
For a dissertation 3-4 subjects are interviewed
regarding their experience of a phenomenon
The researcher seeks to discover whether a
shared psychological structure unites the
subjects’ accounts of the phenomenon
You will see examples later…
20. Pivotal moments in psychotherapy
The experience of living with hallucinatory
psychosis
The experience of precognitive dreams
The experience of the body in multiple
personality disorder
Unconscious reaction to culture change as it is
expressed in dreams
21. RES 3130: The Descriptive Phenomenological
Method
HTP 3140: The Phenomenological Critique of
Psychological Systems
8100: Independent Study (theory or praxis)
such as—
Edmund Husserl: Crisis of European Sciences
Maurice Merleau-Ponty: The Phenomenology of
Perception
Conduct a study with 3-4 subjects
RES 1100: Phenomenological Research
Practicum
22. The phenomenological path at Saybrook
1. Introduction to Phenomenological
Psychological Research
2. Independent study using the method (both
theory and praxis)
3. Research practicum using the method
4. Candidacy essays
5. Dissertation
23. Halling, Wertz, and Englander
Steen Halling, Seattle Fred Wertz, Fordham Magnus
University University Englander, Malmö
University
24. The researcher sets aside her previous
experiences and theoretical knowledge in order
to encounter the other’s experience freshly
(bracketing)
Neither affirming nor denying the factual
content of the data (epoché)
Seeking to explicate the lived-meanings in the
data from a psychological perspective
26. Halling: research question
“Describe as specifically as possible a time when
you came to see someone of real significance in
your life more as a real person in his or her own
right.”
(2008, p. 16)
27. Interview and analysis
How we interview
Transcribing and dividing data into “meaning
units”
Transforming the data (explication)
Seeking the least variant psychological
structure, among the descriptions gathered
28. Seeing the other as a real person
As we analyze data, we “dwell” with it
Insights arise unpredictably—it’s not a mechanical
process
Time, patience, and care are required
Halling (2008)
29. Halling—grasping the phenomenon
“This reaching out *to the other+ does not come
about as we make a deliberate effort to bring
about a…transformation.” (2008, p. 24)
Why might this be important, psychologically?
30. Halling
“The awakening of the self to encounter or
embrace more of the being of the other person is
indeed a movement of creativity. In being
receptive and responsive, the self changes, and
image of the other alters, and the relationship
changes in ways that were unanticipated.”
(2008, p. 32)
What does this imply about “seeing the other”?
31. Halling: psychological constituents
(1) Surprise and wonder,
(2) participation in the perspective of the
other, (3) recognition of separateness,
(4) awakening of the self, and
(5) a horizon of hopefulness.
(2008, p. 23)
How do these constituents relate to your own
spontaneous descriptions of the phenomenon?
32. Halling’s second study: Forgiveness
Reductionism is an issue phenomenologists often
confront--
“Overall psychologists discuss forgiveness in
rather reductive terms. By ‘reductive,’ I mean
that this process, which is subtle and profound, is
frequently described in ways that are simplistic
and one-dimensional.” (2008, p. 102)
33. Halling
Psychologists have called forgiveness “’a promising
therapeutic tool,’” describing it as a willed
action, while other psychologists “encourage
clinicians to ‘consider the use of forgiveness’ as if
it were a medication or technique.” (2008, pp.
102-103)
What’s problematic about framing forgiveness
as a technique?
34. Excerpt from a phenomenological description
“The experience of forgiving the person who has
injured oneself is a complex multidimensional
process that moves from a tearing of one’s lived
world through feelings of
hurt, anger, revenge, confusion to an opening up
to a larger experience of oneself and the world.”
(Halling, 2008, p. 106)
36. Frederick Wertz: “A Phenomenological Psychological
Approach to Trauma and Resilience”, in Five Ways of
Doing Qualitative Analysis (2011)
37. Wertz (2011): a case study
In this case the method was used with a single
case
The data was gathered in a slightly different
way, due to the structure of the collaboration
38. Wertz: full research question
“Describe in writing a situation when something
very unfortunate happened to you. Please begin
your description prior to the unfortunate event.
Share in detail what happened, what you felt and
did, and what happened after, including how you
responded and what came of this event in your
life.”
(2011, p. 104)
39. Wertz: research attitude
“The overall attitude I adopted in this work was
first to put aside my knowledge of scientific
theories and research on trauma and resilience in
order to focus on the concrete example in
Teresa’s life….” (2011, p. 136)
What challenges can you imagine in adopting a
phenomenological attitude?
40. Wertz: examples of psychological constituents
• “Initially, trauma is passively suffered. It
happens to a person, was not intended, and
therefore is experienced in cognitive shock
and disbelief…in which a previously active
agent becomes an acute sufferer.
• Trauma is lived bodily by way of
numbness, paralysis, diminishment, contractio
n, shrinkage, or withdrawal in relation to the
world.” (2011, p. 154)
41. Wertz: other examples
• “The individual’s stance toward trauma and
strategies of living through and coping with
trauma are…continuations of habitual ways in
which he or she has coped with past
adversity…”
• “Trauma is individualizing, isolating, lonely—
the traumatized person is singled out and
separated from others.” (2011, p. 154-155)
43. Englander
• Draws upon phenomenological philosophical
explorations of empathy in the work of
Husserl, Stein, and others (see Zahavi, 2010)
• Questions the predominant psychological view
of empathy as a kind of simulation
• Seeks to explore lived-empathy as an
experience of opening to intersubjectivity
44. Englander (forthcoming)
Drawing on phenomenological philosophy, he
argues: “Empathy is a distinct form of
intentionality and is not to be confused or
fused with closely related phenomena such as
sympathy, caring…providing service, helping
someone solve a problem, et cetera.”
45. Empathy training
• Englander’s training (forthcoming) is an
experiential workshop
• Participants work in dyads and are introduced
to the descriptive phenomenological
perspective--
• As a way of learning to discriminate between
their experiences of empathizing and, for
example, problem-solving in relation to an
other…
46. Conclusion: becoming a researcher
“Using Giorgi’s method involves judgment and
imagination, and there is a sense in which one
does not really appreciate the method until one
has worked with it for a while, ideally with the
guidance of an experienced phenomenological
researcher. As Kuhn pointed out, you do not
become a competent member of a scientific
community just by reading texts and manuals.”
(Halling, 2008, p. 164)
47. Englander, M. (forthcoming). Empathy training from a phenomenological
perspective. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology.
Giorgi, A. (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method in
psychology: A modified Husserlian approach. Pittsburgh: Duquesne
University Press.
Giorgi, A. (2000). Psychology as a human science revisited. Journal of
Humanistic Psychology, 40 (3): 56-73.
Halling, S. (2008) Intimacy, transcendence, and psychology: Closeness and
openness in everyday life. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2005). The phenomenology of perception. C. Smith
(Trans.). London: Routledge. (original work published in 1945)
Wertz, F. (2011). A phenomenological psychological approach to trauma
and resilience. In Five ways of doing qualitative analysis, F. Wertz et
al. (Eds.). (pp. 124-164). New York: The Guildford Press.
Zahavi, D. (2010). Empathy, embodiment, and interpersonal
understanding: From Lipps to Shutz. Inquiry, 53(3): 285-306.
Photo credit: anatomy of the brain from Curious Expeditions