Appendicitis is inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It is a surgical emergency that requires prompt removal of the inflamed appendix, usually by laparoscopy or laparotomy. Left untreated, appendicitis can cause peritonitis or shock, which are life threatening. It is typically diagnosed based on symptoms, physical exam findings, and blood tests. The Alvarado score is used to determine the likelihood of appendicitis. Treatment involves an appendectomy, often laparoscopically, along with intravenous antibiotics. Most patients recover well but complications can occur if not treated promptly.
- Abdominal pain has many potential causes and determining the origin requires a detailed history, physical exam, and sometimes diagnostic tests.
- The location, character, timing and associated symptoms of the pain provide clues to its underlying mechanism, such as inflammation, obstruction, vascular or nerve issues.
- A thorough physical exam including inspection, abdominal palpation, and assessment of vital signs can help identify conditions like peritonitis but may not reveal the specific cause.
Pathophysiology of intestinal obstructionReynel Dan
Adhesions, intussusception, volvulus, hernias, and tumors are some of the main causes of intestinal obstruction. Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestinal lumen becomes narrowed or blocked, preventing the normal passage of intestinal contents. This causes gases and fluids to accumulate proximal to the obstruction. As pressure builds up in the blocked intestine, complications like distension, ischemia, necrosis, and perforation can occur if the obstruction is not resolved. Left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as dehydration, peritonitis, sepsis, and even death.
Diverticulitis is an inflammation and infection of small pouches called diverticula that form in the lining of the intestines, usually in the colon. It is commonly caused by trapped fecal material and bacteria. Symptoms include crampy lower abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. Treatment involves rest, clear liquids, antibiotics, and analgesics. A high fiber diet and fluid intake are recommended for prevention and management of diverticulitis. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, managing pain and nutrition, and health education.
- Acute appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix lumen, which leads to mucosal ischemia and bacterial overgrowth. Common symptoms include abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant.
- Diagnosis is typically made through physical exam finding tenderness over McBurney's point and laboratory tests showing leukocytosis. CT scan is the most accurate imaging study, showing a thickened appendix over 7mm in diameter.
- Treatment involves prompt surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy) which can be performed open or laparoscopically. Antibiotics are given before and after surgery. For perforated appendicitis, broader antibiotic coverage is needed and surgery remains the standard
The document defines an acute abdomen as a rapid onset of severe abdominal symptoms that may indicate a life-threatening condition. It lists many potential causes including appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and others. It describes assessing patients with an acute abdomen through history, examination, and potential emergency department care and investigations like blood tests, imaging, and laparoscopy. It highlights some red flags to watch for and includes three case studies.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.
This document discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus and definitions of GERD. It then explains that GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter is deficient, allowing gastric contents to back up into the esophagus. Symptoms include pyrosis, dyspepsia, regurgitation, and pain on swallowing. Diagnostic tests include endoscopy, barium swallow, and pH monitoring. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet modification and elevation of the head of the bed, medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs, and potentially surgery. Nurses play a role in educating patients, monitoring
1. The pancreas is an elongated organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It has three parts - head, body, and tail.
2. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine functions include producing pancreatic juice containing enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Endocrine functions include production of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by islets of Langerhans cells.
3. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis symptoms include severe abdominal pain and its causes include gallstones and alcohol use. Chronic pancreatitis involves long-term inflammation that destroys the pancreas over
- Abdominal pain has many potential causes and determining the origin requires a detailed history, physical exam, and sometimes diagnostic tests.
- The location, character, timing and associated symptoms of the pain provide clues to its underlying mechanism, such as inflammation, obstruction, vascular or nerve issues.
- A thorough physical exam including inspection, abdominal palpation, and assessment of vital signs can help identify conditions like peritonitis but may not reveal the specific cause.
Pathophysiology of intestinal obstructionReynel Dan
Adhesions, intussusception, volvulus, hernias, and tumors are some of the main causes of intestinal obstruction. Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestinal lumen becomes narrowed or blocked, preventing the normal passage of intestinal contents. This causes gases and fluids to accumulate proximal to the obstruction. As pressure builds up in the blocked intestine, complications like distension, ischemia, necrosis, and perforation can occur if the obstruction is not resolved. Left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as dehydration, peritonitis, sepsis, and even death.
Diverticulitis is an inflammation and infection of small pouches called diverticula that form in the lining of the intestines, usually in the colon. It is commonly caused by trapped fecal material and bacteria. Symptoms include crampy lower abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits. Treatment involves rest, clear liquids, antibiotics, and analgesics. A high fiber diet and fluid intake are recommended for prevention and management of diverticulitis. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, managing pain and nutrition, and health education.
- Acute appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix lumen, which leads to mucosal ischemia and bacterial overgrowth. Common symptoms include abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant.
- Diagnosis is typically made through physical exam finding tenderness over McBurney's point and laboratory tests showing leukocytosis. CT scan is the most accurate imaging study, showing a thickened appendix over 7mm in diameter.
- Treatment involves prompt surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy) which can be performed open or laparoscopically. Antibiotics are given before and after surgery. For perforated appendicitis, broader antibiotic coverage is needed and surgery remains the standard
The document defines an acute abdomen as a rapid onset of severe abdominal symptoms that may indicate a life-threatening condition. It lists many potential causes including appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and others. It describes assessing patients with an acute abdomen through history, examination, and potential emergency department care and investigations like blood tests, imaging, and laparoscopy. It highlights some red flags to watch for and includes three case studies.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.
This document discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus and definitions of GERD. It then explains that GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter is deficient, allowing gastric contents to back up into the esophagus. Symptoms include pyrosis, dyspepsia, regurgitation, and pain on swallowing. Diagnostic tests include endoscopy, barium swallow, and pH monitoring. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet modification and elevation of the head of the bed, medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs, and potentially surgery. Nurses play a role in educating patients, monitoring
1. The pancreas is an elongated organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It has three parts - head, body, and tail.
2. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine functions include producing pancreatic juice containing enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Endocrine functions include production of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by islets of Langerhans cells.
3. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis symptoms include severe abdominal pain and its causes include gallstones and alcohol use. Chronic pancreatitis involves long-term inflammation that destroys the pancreas over
The document discusses appendicitis, including what the appendix is, what causes appendicitis, symptoms of appendicitis, diagnosis and treatment options. The appendix is a small tube-like structure attached to the large intestine that has no known function. Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix and is considered a medical emergency. Common causes include blockage of the appendix, infections, and genetics. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. Treatment involves surgery to remove the appendix.
The document provides information about appendicitis, including its definition, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It states that appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix lumen, most commonly by a faecalith. It describes the progression from obstruction to infection and perforation. It outlines the typical symptoms of abdominal pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant, anorexia, vomiting, and low-grade fever. It provides details on various clinical examination signs used in diagnosis like rebound tenderness and McBurney's point tenderness.
Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the bowel that prevents contents from passing through. It most commonly occurs in children ages 1-5 years old infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. Common causes include abdominal or pelvic surgery which can lead to adhesions, Crohn's disease thickening the intestine walls, and abdominal cancer. Symptoms include abdominal swelling, fever, bloody stools, vomiting, inability to pass gas or stool. Treatment depends on the severity but may include surgery to remove the obstructed part of the intestine or create an anastomosis.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes, and solid organs in the abdomen. It is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis through ingestion of infected materials or hematogenous spread from other sites. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the involved sites but may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and laparoscopy along with biopsy and culture of affected tissues. Treatment consists of a standard 6-month antitubercular drug regimen, with monitoring for side effects like hepatotoxicity. Surgery is reserved for complications like perforation or obstruction.
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes narrowing of the small blood vessels (arterioles) in the fingers and toes in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two main types: primary Raynaud's disease, which has no underlying cause, and secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by another condition like connective tissue disease, injury, or exposure to vibrating tools. Symptoms include numbness, pain, and color changes in the skin from blanching to blue or red. Diagnosis involves examining the extremities for color changes and reduced sensation in response to cold. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like avoiding smoking and stress as well as medications to dilate blood vessels.
This document discusses the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. There are several indications for surgical intervention including diagnostic uncertainty, non-pancreatic causes like perforated viscus, infected necrosis, severe sterile necrosis, and symptomatic organized pancreatic necrosis. Infected pancreatic necrosis requires surgical debridement to treat as mortality is 100% if left untreated. Severe sterile pancreatic necrosis may also require surgery if the patient deteriorates or develops infection. Surgical procedures discussed include cholecystectomy, ERCP, CBD exploration, pancreaticojejunostomy, pancreatic resection, pancreatic debridement, and drainage of pancreatic abscesses.
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
members of ot team and their role.ahnpptxDishaThakur53
The document discusses the roles of various members of the operating room team during surgery. It describes perioperative nursing as involving care before, during, and after surgery through assessing the patient, planning care, and evaluating outcomes. The three phases of perioperative care - preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative - are outlined. The roles of the surgeon, anesthesiologist, scrub nurse, and circulating nurse during surgery are summarized. Different types of anesthesia including general, local/regional, and conscious sedation are also briefly described.
Hiatal hernia is a condition where the stomach and other intra-abdominal contents protrude through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Risk factors include obesity, increased abdominal pressure, and previous hiatal hernia surgery. Symptoms may include heartburn, dysphagia, chest pain, or respiratory issues. Diagnosis is typically made through upper gastrointestinal imaging. Treatment depends on symptoms and hernia type but may involve lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect and prevent acid reflux. Complications can include obstruction, bleeding, stomach twisting, and Barrett's esophagus.
This document provides an overview of cancers of the hematopoietic system, including leukemia and lymphoma. It discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic findings, treatment approaches, nursing considerations, and outcomes for various types of leukemia (acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and lymphomas (Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma). It also covers bone marrow transplantation as a treatment option.
This document discusses peripheral vascular diseases, including arteries, veins, and specific conditions like arterial insufficiency and venous insufficiency. It covers the anatomy and layers of arteries and veins. Peripheral vascular diseases are characterized by reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Specific conditions discussed in detail include arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), and Raynaud's phenomenon. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management approaches are described for each condition.
An anal fistula is a small channel that develops between the end of the bowel and the skin near the anus, usually as a result of an infection near the anus causing pus to drain and leave behind a tunnel. It can be caused by an infected anal gland. Diagnosis involves physical examination where the doctor inserts a gloved finger in the anus to feel abnormal areas, and may use sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, MRI or dye tests to further examine the fistula. Treatment depends on the fistula's location and complexity but may include laying it open, setting in a plug, or glue to allow it to heal from the inside out.
Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It can result from a rupture or perforation in the abdomen or from other medical conditions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, fever, and nausea. Treatment involves antibiotics and may require surgery to address the underlying cause. The prognosis depends on the number of organ systems affected, with higher organ failure associated with higher mortality rates.
Thyroidectomy involves removing part or all of the thyroid gland. Common indications include compressive goiter, cosmetic reasons, and carcinoma. Post-operative complications can include hemorrhage, respiratory distress, laryngeal nerve damage causing hoarseness or paralysis, hypocalcemic tetany from accidental parathyroid removal, and infection. Nurses provide focused assessments and care to monitor for complications, including respiratory status, voice changes, calcium levels, wound drainage, and temperature.
This document summarizes several gastrointestinal emergencies, including upper GI bleeding, variceal bleeding, paracetamol overdose, severe ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis, and liver failure. For upper GI bleeding, it discusses causes, risk factors, management including resuscitation and endoscopy, and factors affecting prognosis. For variceal bleeding, it outlines treatment including banding, medical therapy, tamponade, TIPSS, and prevention. It also summarizes management of paracetamol overdose, criteria for severe colitis, and approaches to investigating and treating liver failure and associated complications like hepatorenal syndrome.
Valvular heart disease can cause mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Rheumatic fever is a common cause of valvular heart disease and results in scarring of the heart valves over multiple attacks. Mitral stenosis causes the mitral valve to narrow over time, increasing the pressure in the lungs and right side of the heart. Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. Both conditions can cause shortness of breath and heart failure if left untreated. Echocardiography is the primary test used to diagnose valvular heart disease and determine severity.
Raynaud's disease is a rare disorder characterized by vasospasm of the arteries, causing reduced blood flow to the fingers and toes. It typically presents as color changes in the affected areas in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two types - primary Raynaud's, where the cause is unknown, and secondary Raynaud's, which is associated with other medical conditions like scleroderma or injury. Symptoms may include numbness, pain, and skin ulcers or gangrene in severe cases. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers and using vasodilators to improve circulation.
This document defines different types of gastrointestinal bleeding and their associated symptoms. Upper GI bleeding originates from the esophagus, stomach or duodenum and can cause haematemesis (vomiting of blood) or coffee ground vomitus. Lower GI bleeding originates from the small bowel or colon and can cause melena (black tarry stools) or hematochezia (fresh blood in stool). The document notes that bright red haematemesis implies active upper GI bleeding, which is a major medical emergency. It also lists causes of upper GI bleeding and references management guidelines, with plans to cover differential diagnosis of GI bleeding in more detail later.
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs), including epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- UTIs are more common in females ages 1-50 and risk factors include sexual activity and anatomical abnormalities.
- Common causative organisms include E. coli, S. saprophyticus, and other bacteria depending on infection type (uncomplicated vs complicated).
- Symptoms range from asymptomatic bacteriuria to cystitis and pyelonephritis. Complications include emphysematous pyelonephritis.
- Diagnosis involves urinalysis and urine culture. Treatment depends on infection type and may include
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
- Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a faecolith. It presents with migratory abdominal pain that starts around the umbilicus and moves to the right lower quadrant, accompanied by nausea, anorexia, and low-grade fever. Diagnosis is suggested by Murphy's triad and can be confirmed with blood tests, ultrasound, or CT scan. Treatment is an appendectomy, which is usually performed laparoscopically.
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, which is the most common emergency surgery indication. Early symptoms include pain near the belly button shifting to the lower right abdomen. Untreated appendicitis can lead to complications like perforation and abscess. A clinical exam looking for tenderness in the right lower quadrant combined with blood tests and imaging help make the diagnosis. Treatment is usually an appendectomy, although antibiotics and observation are occasionally used. Complications from untreated or delayed treatment of appendicitis can be serious.
The document discusses appendicitis, including what the appendix is, what causes appendicitis, symptoms of appendicitis, diagnosis and treatment options. The appendix is a small tube-like structure attached to the large intestine that has no known function. Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix and is considered a medical emergency. Common causes include blockage of the appendix, infections, and genetics. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. Treatment involves surgery to remove the appendix.
The document provides information about appendicitis, including its definition, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It states that appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix lumen, most commonly by a faecalith. It describes the progression from obstruction to infection and perforation. It outlines the typical symptoms of abdominal pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant, anorexia, vomiting, and low-grade fever. It provides details on various clinical examination signs used in diagnosis like rebound tenderness and McBurney's point tenderness.
Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the bowel that prevents contents from passing through. It most commonly occurs in children ages 1-5 years old infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. Common causes include abdominal or pelvic surgery which can lead to adhesions, Crohn's disease thickening the intestine walls, and abdominal cancer. Symptoms include abdominal swelling, fever, bloody stools, vomiting, inability to pass gas or stool. Treatment depends on the severity but may include surgery to remove the obstructed part of the intestine or create an anastomosis.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes, and solid organs in the abdomen. It is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis through ingestion of infected materials or hematogenous spread from other sites. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the involved sites but may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and laparoscopy along with biopsy and culture of affected tissues. Treatment consists of a standard 6-month antitubercular drug regimen, with monitoring for side effects like hepatotoxicity. Surgery is reserved for complications like perforation or obstruction.
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes narrowing of the small blood vessels (arterioles) in the fingers and toes in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two main types: primary Raynaud's disease, which has no underlying cause, and secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by another condition like connective tissue disease, injury, or exposure to vibrating tools. Symptoms include numbness, pain, and color changes in the skin from blanching to blue or red. Diagnosis involves examining the extremities for color changes and reduced sensation in response to cold. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like avoiding smoking and stress as well as medications to dilate blood vessels.
This document discusses the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. There are several indications for surgical intervention including diagnostic uncertainty, non-pancreatic causes like perforated viscus, infected necrosis, severe sterile necrosis, and symptomatic organized pancreatic necrosis. Infected pancreatic necrosis requires surgical debridement to treat as mortality is 100% if left untreated. Severe sterile pancreatic necrosis may also require surgery if the patient deteriorates or develops infection. Surgical procedures discussed include cholecystectomy, ERCP, CBD exploration, pancreaticojejunostomy, pancreatic resection, pancreatic debridement, and drainage of pancreatic abscesses.
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
members of ot team and their role.ahnpptxDishaThakur53
The document discusses the roles of various members of the operating room team during surgery. It describes perioperative nursing as involving care before, during, and after surgery through assessing the patient, planning care, and evaluating outcomes. The three phases of perioperative care - preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative - are outlined. The roles of the surgeon, anesthesiologist, scrub nurse, and circulating nurse during surgery are summarized. Different types of anesthesia including general, local/regional, and conscious sedation are also briefly described.
Hiatal hernia is a condition where the stomach and other intra-abdominal contents protrude through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Risk factors include obesity, increased abdominal pressure, and previous hiatal hernia surgery. Symptoms may include heartburn, dysphagia, chest pain, or respiratory issues. Diagnosis is typically made through upper gastrointestinal imaging. Treatment depends on symptoms and hernia type but may involve lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect and prevent acid reflux. Complications can include obstruction, bleeding, stomach twisting, and Barrett's esophagus.
This document provides an overview of cancers of the hematopoietic system, including leukemia and lymphoma. It discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic findings, treatment approaches, nursing considerations, and outcomes for various types of leukemia (acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and lymphomas (Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma). It also covers bone marrow transplantation as a treatment option.
This document discusses peripheral vascular diseases, including arteries, veins, and specific conditions like arterial insufficiency and venous insufficiency. It covers the anatomy and layers of arteries and veins. Peripheral vascular diseases are characterized by reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Specific conditions discussed in detail include arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), and Raynaud's phenomenon. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management approaches are described for each condition.
An anal fistula is a small channel that develops between the end of the bowel and the skin near the anus, usually as a result of an infection near the anus causing pus to drain and leave behind a tunnel. It can be caused by an infected anal gland. Diagnosis involves physical examination where the doctor inserts a gloved finger in the anus to feel abnormal areas, and may use sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, MRI or dye tests to further examine the fistula. Treatment depends on the fistula's location and complexity but may include laying it open, setting in a plug, or glue to allow it to heal from the inside out.
Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It can result from a rupture or perforation in the abdomen or from other medical conditions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, fever, and nausea. Treatment involves antibiotics and may require surgery to address the underlying cause. The prognosis depends on the number of organ systems affected, with higher organ failure associated with higher mortality rates.
Thyroidectomy involves removing part or all of the thyroid gland. Common indications include compressive goiter, cosmetic reasons, and carcinoma. Post-operative complications can include hemorrhage, respiratory distress, laryngeal nerve damage causing hoarseness or paralysis, hypocalcemic tetany from accidental parathyroid removal, and infection. Nurses provide focused assessments and care to monitor for complications, including respiratory status, voice changes, calcium levels, wound drainage, and temperature.
This document summarizes several gastrointestinal emergencies, including upper GI bleeding, variceal bleeding, paracetamol overdose, severe ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis, and liver failure. For upper GI bleeding, it discusses causes, risk factors, management including resuscitation and endoscopy, and factors affecting prognosis. For variceal bleeding, it outlines treatment including banding, medical therapy, tamponade, TIPSS, and prevention. It also summarizes management of paracetamol overdose, criteria for severe colitis, and approaches to investigating and treating liver failure and associated complications like hepatorenal syndrome.
Valvular heart disease can cause mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Rheumatic fever is a common cause of valvular heart disease and results in scarring of the heart valves over multiple attacks. Mitral stenosis causes the mitral valve to narrow over time, increasing the pressure in the lungs and right side of the heart. Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. Both conditions can cause shortness of breath and heart failure if left untreated. Echocardiography is the primary test used to diagnose valvular heart disease and determine severity.
Raynaud's disease is a rare disorder characterized by vasospasm of the arteries, causing reduced blood flow to the fingers and toes. It typically presents as color changes in the affected areas in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two types - primary Raynaud's, where the cause is unknown, and secondary Raynaud's, which is associated with other medical conditions like scleroderma or injury. Symptoms may include numbness, pain, and skin ulcers or gangrene in severe cases. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers and using vasodilators to improve circulation.
This document defines different types of gastrointestinal bleeding and their associated symptoms. Upper GI bleeding originates from the esophagus, stomach or duodenum and can cause haematemesis (vomiting of blood) or coffee ground vomitus. Lower GI bleeding originates from the small bowel or colon and can cause melena (black tarry stools) or hematochezia (fresh blood in stool). The document notes that bright red haematemesis implies active upper GI bleeding, which is a major medical emergency. It also lists causes of upper GI bleeding and references management guidelines, with plans to cover differential diagnosis of GI bleeding in more detail later.
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs), including epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- UTIs are more common in females ages 1-50 and risk factors include sexual activity and anatomical abnormalities.
- Common causative organisms include E. coli, S. saprophyticus, and other bacteria depending on infection type (uncomplicated vs complicated).
- Symptoms range from asymptomatic bacteriuria to cystitis and pyelonephritis. Complications include emphysematous pyelonephritis.
- Diagnosis involves urinalysis and urine culture. Treatment depends on infection type and may include
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
- Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a faecolith. It presents with migratory abdominal pain that starts around the umbilicus and moves to the right lower quadrant, accompanied by nausea, anorexia, and low-grade fever. Diagnosis is suggested by Murphy's triad and can be confirmed with blood tests, ultrasound, or CT scan. Treatment is an appendectomy, which is usually performed laparoscopically.
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, which is the most common emergency surgery indication. Early symptoms include pain near the belly button shifting to the lower right abdomen. Untreated appendicitis can lead to complications like perforation and abscess. A clinical exam looking for tenderness in the right lower quadrant combined with blood tests and imaging help make the diagnosis. Treatment is usually an appendectomy, although antibiotics and observation are occasionally used. Complications from untreated or delayed treatment of appendicitis can be serious.
This document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, diagnosis, and treatment of appendicitis. It discusses the typical presentation of acute appendicitis including abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant. It also covers complications such as perforation and abscess formation. Treatment is generally surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy), which can be performed openly or laparoscopically. Prognosis is generally good, though delayed diagnosis and treatment can increase risks of complications.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and evaluating acute abdominal pain. It discusses the most common causes of acute abdomen including appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, and pancreatitis. Radiological strategies are outlined, beginning with focusing imaging on the location of pain to identify the most likely causes, then screening the whole abdomen. Common mimickers of conditions like appendicitis are also reviewed. The document emphasizes using ultrasound as the first-line imaging modality when possible due to lack of radiation, though notes CT may have higher accuracy. Findings indicative of various conditions are described to aid in diagnosis.
This document discusses appendicitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The appendix is a small pouch connected to the cecum in the digestive system. Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes blocked and infected, causing swelling. Common symptoms include abdominal pain localized to the lower right side, nausea, loss of appetite, and fever. Doctors use physical exams, blood tests, imaging like CT scans, and ultrasounds to diagnose appendicitis and rule out other potential causes of abdominal pain. Untreated appendicitis can lead to a burst appendix, so surgical removal of the inflamed appendix (appendectomy) is usually required to treat appendicitis.
1. Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix that can spread if not treated. It is a common surgical condition with varied symptoms.
2. Pain initially occurs in the lower abdomen and later localizes to the right lower quadrant. Other common symptoms include anorexia, vomiting, and fever.
3. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood tests, and imaging like ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment is surgical removal of the appendix, usually laparoscopically.
The 15-year-old boy presented with gradually worsening lower right abdominal pain for 4 days, along with nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. On examination, he had tenderness in the right iliac fossa and rebound tenderness. Acute appendicitis should be considered, as the presentation is consistent with the classic progression of abdominal pain from periumbilical to localized right lower quadrant pain, along with common associated symptoms of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory tests such as a CBC can help evaluate for elevated white blood cells, though the diagnosis of appendicitis is primarily based on the history and physical exam findings.
Seminar presentation on Appendicitis.pptxDaudaUsman6
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small finger-shaped pouch attached to the cecum. Common causes include blockage by feces or infection. Symptoms include pain in the lower right abdomen that increases and shifts location. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment is surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy) to prevent complications like perforation or abscess. Nursing care focuses on pre-op preparation, IV fluids, antibiotics, and post-op positioning to aid recovery.
1. Abdominal pain is the primary symptom of acute appendicitis, which typically begins in the lower abdomen and migrates to the right lower quadrant. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, and may be supplemented by imaging or bloodwork.
2. Treatment for acute appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix, either through open appendectomy or laparoscopic appendectomy. Antibiotic administration before and after surgery can help prevent surgical site infections.
3. The differential diagnosis of right lower quadrant pain includes conditions like mesenteric adenitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and intestinal illnesses. Timely diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications from appendiceal rupture
The document provides information on the appendix, including its history, anatomy, embryology, physiology, acute appendicitis, neoplasms, and variants. Some key points include: the appendix was first depicted by Leonardo da Vinci in 1492; acute appendicitis is caused by obstruction leading to distention and infection, with symptoms like migrating right lower quadrant pain; imaging like CT can help diagnose appendicitis; complications include perforation; and neoplasms like carcinoid tumors or adenocarcinomas can rarely affect the appendix.
This document provides an overview of emergency ultrasound for acute appendicitis. It discusses the post-appendectomy status, including the appearance of the appendiceal stump at various time points after surgery. It also reviews complications of appendicitis and appendectomy such as abscesses. The document presents several case studies demonstrating ultrasound findings for acute appendicitis and unusual cases, including appendicitis in hernias. It concludes with a discussion of conditions that can mimic the symptoms of appendicitis.
this ppt will explain the problem of Acute Appendicitis in Children, its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic management and nursing consideration.
Acute appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix lumen, which increases intraluminal pressure and leads to tissue ischemia, necrosis, and potential perforation. It presents with initially vague periumbilical pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant. Diagnosis is suggested by tenderness over McBurney's point on exam. Imaging such as CT can help diagnosis but is not always needed. Treatment is appendectomy with preoperative antibiotics. Patients may be observed briefly if diagnosis is uncertain.
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix that requires emergency removal of the inflamed appendix, either through laparotomy or laparoscopy surgery. Left untreated, appendicitis can lead to peritonitis and shock which are life threatening. The main symptoms are pain in the lower right abdomen, diarrhea, and tenderness upon palpation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical exam supported by blood tests. Computed tomography (CT) scan is the most accurate test for diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery to remove the appendix, with most patients recovering fully within 10 to 28 days.
This document discusses the role of imaging in evaluating patients presenting with an acute abdomen. It begins by defining an acute abdomen and describing the nonspecific clinical presentation. Potential causes are categorized as self-limiting, life-threatening, or surgical vs. nonsurgical. The role of imaging is to help determine if surgery is needed and to narrow the differential diagnosis. Imaging modalities discussed include plain radiography, ultrasound, CT scan, and others. The document then reviews how different modalities can help evaluate for specific common acute abdominal conditions like appendicitis, cholecystitis, and diverticulitis. It also describes signs to screen for on imaging like free air, free fluid, bowel wall thickening, and ileus.
The document provides information about acute appendicitis including:
1. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix and remains a common acute surgical condition. It has a lifetime occurrence of approximately 12% in men and 25% in women.
2. The cause is unclear but obstruction is thought to play a main role by causing inflammation. This can lead to perforation or gangrene if not treated.
3. The diagnosis is typically based on the patient's history and symptoms of abdominal pain migrating to the lower right quadrant, as well as signs on examination like tenderness at McBurney's point. Imaging studies like CT scans can help diagnose unclear cases.
This document provides an overview of appendicitis presented by Mr. Rahul Ranjan. It defines appendicitis as an inflammation of the appendix, the most common cause of acute abdominal pain. The presentation discusses the epidemiology, causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic assessment, management including open appendectomy, and nursing care for appendicitis. Key points covered include the lifetime risk of appendicitis, common causes like infection and obstruction, use of diagnostic tools like ultrasound and CT scans, treatment through antibiotic therapy and appendectomy surgery, and the nursing roles in pre-operative, operative, and post-operative care of patients.
This document provides an overview of appendicitis, including its definition, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Appendicitis is defined as acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix, a small finger-like structure attached to the cecum. Common causes include obstruction by fecal material or ulceration by pathogens. Patients typically present with abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant along with nausea, vomiting, and fever. Diagnosis is based on assessment findings and tests like bloodwork and imaging. Surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy) is the primary treatment approach. Nursing care focuses on pain relief, infection prevention, and supporting the patient's recovery before and after surgery.
This document provides information about hernias, including their definition, types, causes, and treatment. The main types of hernias discussed are inguinal hernias (80-90% of cases), femoral hernias (2-5% of cases), and umbilical hernias (more common in developing countries). Inguinal hernias are further classified as direct or indirect. Causes of hernias include defects in abdominal wall tissues, increased intra-abdominal pressure, aging, obesity, and frequent pregnancies. Treatment options mentioned are herniotomy, herniorrhaphy using various suture techniques, and laparoscopic repair.
This document defines and discusses head injuries. It notes that in the US there are 500,000 new head injury cases annually, with 10% dying before reaching the hospital. Head injuries are classified based on their mechanism, severity using the GCS score, morphology, and whether they are primary or secondary injuries. The anatomy of the head and mechanisms of secondary injuries like hematomas are described. Management involves thorough history, physical exam, imaging studies, and specific treatments depending on injury type and severity ranging from observation to surgery.
Cryptorchidism refers to an undescended or maldescended testis. It occurs in 3% of full-term newborn boys, decreasing to 1% in boys aged 1 year. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, twinning, and maternal estrogen exposure. Treatment is recommended at age 1, as spontaneous descent after this age is rare. Surgical exploration, known as orchidopexy, is required to bring undescended testes into the scrotum. Complications can include inadequate positioning, testicular atrophy, or accidental division of the vas deferens.
This document summarizes the surgical management of complications from peptic ulcer disease. It discusses the trends in hospitalizations for ulcer disease over time, predictors of rebleeding, and the value of endoscopic treatments. For bleeding ulcers, the choice of operation depends on factors like the Forrest classification and ulcer location/type. For gastric outlet obstruction and perforation, the document compares non-operative and operative options and factors like vagotomy type, drainage procedures, and H. pylori status that influence choice of treatment.
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Anal fissures are tears in the lining of the anal canal that are usually caused by passing hard stools. They often cause severe pain during and after bowel movements. Acute fissures are superficial while chronic fissures are deeper and can develop skin tags. Constipation is a major risk factor as it leads to trauma from hard stools. Medical management focuses on softening stools through diet, fiber supplements, and stool softeners to reduce pain and allow healing. Topical nitroglycerin is also used to relax the internal sphincter and increase blood flow to reduce spasms. If medical therapy fails after 6-8 weeks, lateral internal sphincterotomy may be considered to treat chronic f
1. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen in children. It describes the causes, which can include inflammatory conditions, perforations, hemorrhage, and medical conditions. (2) Diagnosis involves taking a thorough history, physical examination, and select laboratory and imaging tests. (3) Surgery is often required to treat many acute abdominal conditions like appendicitis, intestinal obstructions, or perforations.
Two major types of abdominal trauma occur: penetrating and blunt. In either case, early evaluation by a surgeon is essential. Penetrating trauma requires surgical evaluation of all abdominal wounds. Blunt trauma may cause occult intra-abdominal damage, so this must be strongly suspected following significant blunt trauma to the abdomen. Diagnosis is often difficult due to subtle signs, so an aggressive diagnostic approach is warranted, including peritoneal lavage. Management involves optimizing the patient's condition while maintaining a high index of suspicion for intra-abdominal injuries through repeated examinations.
Umbilical hernias and omphaloceles are two types of abdominal wall defects present at birth. Umbilical hernias are a fascial defect at the umbilicus through which the intestines or omentum may protrude in newborns. They are usually asymptomatic and often close spontaneously by age 5. Omphaloceles involve a defect of the entire abdominal wall where intestines are covered only by amnion and peritoneum. They can be either a small fetal type or large embryonic type involving multiple internal organ anomalies. Staged surgical repair is often needed for large omphaloceles to gradually reduce herniated organs back into the abdominal cavity.
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Pulmonary function tests measure how well the lungs work. Some key tests include spirometry, which measures how much air the lungs can hold and exhale; diffusing capacity, which measures how well oxygen passes into the bloodstream; and arterial blood gas, which directly measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Spirometry further evaluates the forced vital capacity (FVC), or maximum volume exhaled; and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). A low FEV1/FVC ratio indicates obstruction like in COPD, while a low FVC alone suggests restriction. Severity is classified based on FEV1 percentages of predicted normal values.
3. Dfn
• Appendicitis is the inflammation of the
vermiform appendix
• Surgical emergency
• When treated promptly most patients
recover without any difficulty
4. dfn
• Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a
condition characterized by inflammation of
the appendix[1]. While mild cases may
resolve without treatment, most require
removal of the inflamed appendix, either
by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated,
mortality is high, mainly due to peritonitis
and shock.[2
6. diagnosis
• Although the model described above is
traditionally taught in medical schools,
histories of patients operated for
appendicitis do not often correlate well
with such a single disease progression.
Specifically, those with atypical histories
have findings at surgery that are
consistent with a suppurative process that
starts at the onset of symptoms and then
smolders.
7. diagnosis
• Patients with typical histories may have
findings suggesting resolution. Histories to
suggest rupture of the appendix while
patients are being diagnostically observed
are exceedingly rare.
8. diagnosis
• Thus appendicitis is now considered by some to
behave as two distinct disease processes,
typical and atypical (or suppurative).
Approximately two-thirds of patients with
appendicitis have typical histories, and findings
suggest a virus or mild obstruction as a cause.
In the third with atypical histories, an early
suppurative process begins at the clinical onset,
and severe unremitting obstruction is the likely
cause. In any case, early surgical removal is the
best treatment for either type of appendicitis.
(Hobler,K., 1998)
9. diagnosis
• Appendicitis’ apparently idiopathic nature
has led to many different theories
explaining its occurrence. One theory
regarding the cause of appendicitis,
sometimes facetiously referred to as "the
porcelain throne theory”, was proposed by
Dr. Denis Burkitt, who developed the
theory after observing low rates of
appendicitis in Uganda.
10. diagnosis
• He proposed two causes for this: one, the
Africans ate a diet high in fiber, and two,
they used squat toilets rather than seat
toilets. Most health practitioners accept Dr.
Burkitt's first cause as a contributing
factor, but are unfamiliar with the second
one, which has never been tested.
11. diagnosis
• A third hypothesis, which has gained less
attention, proposes that a lack of adequate
sanitary facilities in the developing world may
actually have a protective effect against later
appendicitis. This theory, proposed by Baker in
1985, hypothesized that infants in the developed
world are exposed to fewer enteric organisms,
which modifies their immune response to virus
infections, which might then cause appendicitis.
This is also unverified. [1]
12. diagnosis
• Appendicitis can be classified into two
types, typical and atypical. The pain of
typical acute appendicitis usually starts
centrally (periumbilical) before localising to
the right iliac fossa (the lower right side of
the abdomen). There is usually associated
loss of appetite (anorexia) and fever.
Nausea, or vomiting may or may not occur
13. diagnosis
• These classic signs and symptoms are
more likely in younger patients. Older
patients (beyond their teenage years) may
present with only one or two. Diagnosis is
easier in typical acute appendicitis and
surgery removes a swollen appendix with
little or no suppuration (pus) if operated
early (within 24 hours of onset).
14. diagnosis
• Atypical histories are not unusual and are more
often associated with suppurative appendicitis.
This condition often starts with right lower
quadrant pain and may smolder with non-
specific symtoms (e.g.,malaise,lethargy and/or
fever) for several days before a diagnosis of
appendicitis can be made. Diarrhea, a symptom
of gastroenteritis, may occur if the appendiceal
inflammation irritates adjacent intestine.
Diagnosis is more difficult and surgery removes
an appendix that is suppurative, gangrenous or
ruptured.
15. diagnosis
• There is typically pain and tenderness in
the right iliac fossa in both typical and
atypical (suppurative) appendicitis.
Rebound tenderness may be present
suggesting that there is some element of
peritoneal irritation.
16. diagnosis
• Asking the patient to cough gently and
point to the tender spot is the least painful
way to localize the area of peritonitis. If the
abdomen is involuntarily guarded (rigid),
there should be a strong suspicion of
peritonitis requiring urgent surgical
intervention.
17. Diagnosis
• Diagnosis is based on history and physical
examination backed by an elevation of
neutrophilic white cells, and other infection
markers on blood testing and imaging.
18. diagnosis
• The classical history in appendicitis is
diffuse pain in the periumbilical region
which then localizes as pain and
tenderness at McBurney's point
(associated with an inflamed appendix
coming in contact with the surrounding
parietal peritoneum
19. diagnosis
• This point is located on the right-hand side
of the abdomen one-third of the distance
between the anterior superior iliac spine
and the navel. Here, on gentle palpation,
the abdominal muscles often feel firm to
rigid because of involuntary spasm, and a
cough also produces a localized soreness.
20. diagnosis
• Other physical findings include right-side
tenderness on a digital rectal exam. Since
the appendix normally lies on the right, if a
finger is inserted into the rectum and there
is tenderness when pressure is applied
toward the right, this indicates an
increased likelihood that the patient has
appendicitis
21. diagnosis
• Other signs used in the diagnosis of
appendicitis are the psoas sign (useful in
retrocecal appendicitis), the obturator sign
(specifically the obturator internus
muscle), Blumberg's sign, and
Rovsing's sign. Ultrasonography and
Doppler sonography also provide useful
means to detect appendicitis, especially in
children. In some cases (15%
approximately),
22. diagnosis
• ultrasonography of the iliac fossa does
not reveal any abnormalities despite the
presence of appendicitis. This is especially
true of early appendicitis before the
appendix has become significantly
distended and in adults where larger
amounts of fat and bowel gas make
actually seeing the appendix technically
difficult
23. diagnosis
• Despite these limitations, in experienced
hands sonographic imaging can often
distinguish between appendicitis and other
diseases with very similar symptoms such
as inflammation of lymph nodes near the
appendix or pain originating from other
pelvic organs such as the ovaries or
fallopian tubes.
24. diagnosis
• In places where it is readily available,
CT scan has become the diagnostic test
of choice, especially in adults. A properly
performed CT scan with modern
equipment has a detection rate
(sensitivity) of over 95% and a similar
specificity.
25. diagnosis
• Signs of appendicitis on CT scan include lack of
contrast (oral dye) in the appendix and direct
visualization of appendiceal enlargement
(greater than 6 mm in diameter on cross
section). The inflammation caused by
appendicitis in the surrounding peritoneal fat (so
called "fat stranding") can also be observed on
CT, providing a mechanism to detect early
appendicitis and a clue that appendicitis may be
present even when the appendix is not well
seen.
26. diagnosis
• Thus, diagnosis of appendicitis by CT is made
more difficult in very thin patients and in
children, both of whom tend to lack significant fat
within the abdomen.
• In most cases, however, appendicitis is a
clinical diagnosis and, due to the high radiation
dose involved, CT scans are only used when the
diagnosis is in doubt (e.g. atypical history) or if
there are other considerations involved.
27. Alvarado
• Alvarado appendicitis score: Score: 0
Appendicitis less likely
Score Interpretation
• under 5 Appendicitis less likely
• 5-6 Possible appendicitis
• 7-8 Probably appendicitis
• over 8 Very probably appendicitis
29. T reatment
• Appendicitis can be treated by removal of
the appendix through a surgical procedure
called an appendicectomy (also known as
an appendectomy). The incision of
appendectomy can be a Gridiron incision,
a Lanz incision, or the midline incision
30. Treatment
• Often now the operation can be performed
via a laparoscopic approach, or via small
incisions with a camera to visualize the
area of interest in the abdomen. If the
findings reveal suppurative appendicitis
with complications such as rupture,
abscess, adhesions, etc., conversion to
open laparotomy may be necessary
31. T reatment
• Antibiotics are often given intravenously to
help kill remaining bacteria and thus
reduce the incidence of infectious
complication in the abdomen or woun d
32. Prognosis
• Most appendicitis patients recover easily with
treatment, but complications can occur if
treatment is delayed or if peritonitis occurs.
• Recovery time depends on age, condition,
complications, and other circumstances but
usually is between 10 and 28 days.
• Recovery time depends on age, condition,
complications, and other circumstances but
usually is between 10 and 28 days
33. prognosis
• The real possibility of life-threatening
peritonitis is the reason why acute
appendicitis warrants speedy evaluation
and treatment. The patient may have to
undergo a medical evacuation.
• Appendectomies have occasionally been
performed in emergency conditions (i.e.
outside of a proper hospital), when a
timely medical evacuation was impossible
34. prognosis
• Typical acute appendicitis responds quickly to
appendectomy and occasionally will resolve
spontaneously. If appendicitis resolves
spontaneously, it remains controversial whether
an elective interval appendectomy should be
performed to prevent a recurrent episode of
appendicitis. Atypical appendicitis (associated
with suppurative appendicitis) is more difficult to
diagnose and is more apt to be complicated
even when operated early.
35. prognosis
• In either condition prompt diagnosis and
appendectomy yield the best results with
full recovery in two to four weeks usually.
Mortality and severe complications are
unusual but do occur, especially if
peritonitis persists untreated.