Apostrophes and Dashes
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Apostrophes are used to replace dropped letters in contractions and to show possession. Dashes are used sometimes instead of commas and to emphasize what follows.
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This document provides guidance on avoiding common punctuation errors such as run-on sentences, comma splices, and fragments. It defines independent and dependent clauses and explains how to punctuate sentences containing dependent clauses in different positions. Various methods for correcting run-on sentences and comma splices are presented, including using periods, semicolons, coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions. Examples are provided to demonstrate each correction technique.
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This document provides rules for using commas correctly in sentences. It discusses six main rules:
1. Use commas to separate independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.
2. Use commas in a series of three or more items.
3. Use commas after introductory phrases.
4. Use commas to set off nonessential clauses and phrases.
5. Use commas to set off a person's name when directly addressed.
6. Use a comma between two adjectives when they are interchangeable.
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This document discusses sentence boundary errors and how to correct them. There are two types of boundary errors: fused sentences, which combine two independent clauses without punctuation, and comma splices, which incorrectly use only a comma between two independent clauses. These errors can be fixed by separating the clauses with a period or semicolon, connecting them with a comma and a FANBOYS conjunction, or making one clause dependent using a subordinating conjunction.
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Comma (,): Signifies a brief pause within a sentence, separates items in a list, and separates clauses.
Question Mark (?): Denotes the end of a direct question. It is placed at the end of a sentence to inquire about something.
Exclamation Mark (!): Adds emphasis to a statement, often indicating surprise, excitement, or strong emotion.
Colon (:): Introduces a list or explanation. It is used to precede a statement or quotation.
Semicolon (;): Joins two independent clauses that are closely related in meaning. It can also be used to separate items in a list when the items contain commas.
Quotation Marks (" " or ' '): Used to enclose direct speech, a quote, or a title.
Apostrophe ('): Indicates possession or contraction in words.
Parentheses (()): Encloses additional information within a sentence, often providing clarification or details.
Brackets ([] or {}): Used to insert explanatory words or comments within a quotation, especially when the original text is being quoted as is.
Ellipsis (...): Indicates the omission of words from a quoted passage or a trailing off of thought.
Hyphen (-): Joins words or parts of words, often used in compound words or to break a word at the end of a line.
En Dash (–) and Em Dash (—): En dash is used to represent a range, and em dash is used to indicate a strong break in a sentence or to set off parenthetical statements.
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- 1. Punctuation rules Apostrophes and dashes By Arundathie Abeysinghe Lecturer in English International Aviation Academy SriLankan Airlines 1 Arundathie Abeysinghe
- 2. Rule 1 Use apostrophes with contractions e.g. isn’t, don’t They’re coming. To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Then use an apostrophe. e.g. two children's hats two men’s ties 2Arundathie Abeysinghe
- 3. Rule 3 Use apostrophes to show possession e.g. a girl’s hat Ms. Wetzel’s car Use apostrophes for nouns ending in ‘s’ after the ‘s’ e.g. Mr. Straus’s car 3Arundathie Abeysinghe
- 4. Rule 4 Use an apostrophe and ‘s’ after the second name if two people possess the same item e.g. Aditya and Monica’s class will start next week. Use an apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied. This was his daughter’s, not his house. 4Arundathie Abeysinghe
- 5. Rule 5 Use apostrophes for compound nouns to show possession e.g. My sister-in-law’s office If the compound noun is plural, form the plural first and then use the apostrophe. e.g. My three sister-in-law's houses 5Arundathie Abeysinghe
- 6. Rule 6 Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns e.g. his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours Why ??? They already show possession They do not require an apostrophe An apostrophe is used for ’it's’ when it is a contraction for it is or it has 6Arundathie Abeysinghe
- 7. Dashes Rule 1 To indicate sudden changes in tone or thought or to insert a comment e.g. Monica is happy-we all are-about your good results. Arundathie Abeysinghe 7
- 8. Rule 2 Separate words in the middle of a sentence e.g. Tom Samuel—the chairman’s most trusted financial advisor—will resign today after the press briefing. Arundathie Abeysinghe 8
- 9. Rule 3 To emphasize explanatory material e.g. “The writer is by nature a dreamer-a conscious dreamer.”-Carson McCullers Arundathie Abeysinghe 9
- 10. Rule 4 To indicate omitted letters or words e.g. Oh, sh -, I forgot to send the mail Arundathie Abeysinghe 10
- 11. Rule 5 To connect a beginning phrase to the rest of the sentence e.g. Michigan, USA; Sydney, Australia; Zurich, Switzerland – these are ideal places to live. Arundathie Abeysinghe 11