Antinutritional Factors in Aqua. Feed

1. Antinutritional Factors and
Antimetabolites
Presented By : Rajesh V. Chudasama
Nutrition and Feed Technology (AQC 503)
Department of Aquaculture
M.F.Sc. Scholar, COF-Veraval, KU.

2. Aqua. Feed
Plant Based Ingredients
Involved Directly in Growth
Antinutritional Factor
Protease, Lectins, Saponin, Phytic acids, Gossypols
Metabolism Secondary
Primary
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Vitamins, Enzymes
Interfere with the feed utilization and
affects the health of the animal.
Antinutritional or
Antimetabolites Factor

3. • Defined as those substances present in the diet which by themselves
or their metabolic products arising in the system interfere with the
feed utilization, reduce production or affects the health of the
animal.

4. Cottonseed Meal
Phytic acid, Gossypol,
Anti-vitamins
GNOC
Protease inhibitors, lectins, phytic
acid, saponins
Soybean
Meal
Mustard Oil cake
Glucosinolates,
Tannins
Sunflower Oil
Cake
Protease inhibitors,
saponins
Source of Antinutritional Factors in Aqua. Feed

5. 1. Substances depressing digestion: Protease inhibitors, Lectins, Saponins, Tannins.
2. Substances reducing the solubility of nutrients: Phytic acids, Oxalic acids, Glucosinolates,
Gossypols.
3. Substances which inactivating vitamins and hormones: Antivitamin D, E & B1
Classification of Anti-Nutritional Factors

6. A. Interaction With Protein Nutrition
Harmful Effects Amelioration Techniques
I. Protease Inhibitors: Groundnut oil cake, Sunflower oil cake, Soybean meal
II. Lectins: Groundnut oil cake, Soybean meal
i. Reduced protein digestion and amino acid utilization
ii. Reduced growth
iii. Reduction in the absorption of nutrients from the gut
Heat, Autoclaving
Important Antinutritional Factors

7. Harmful Effects Amelioration Techniques
III. Tannins (Polyphenols): Mustard oil cake, rape seed
i. Bitter taste, reduce palatability and feed intake
ii. Damage of liver and kidney lead to death.
Autoclaving,
Treatment with alkali
IV. Saponins: Ground nut oil cake, Sunflower oil cake, Soybean meal
i. Respiratory distress
Soaking in water for 24
hrs

8. B. Interaction With Mineral Availability
Harmful Effects Amelioration Techniques
I. Phytic Acid: Groundnut oil cake, Soybean meal, Cottonseed meal
i. Reduced carbohydrate and minerals utilisation.
ii. Skeletal deformity
Moist heating (120oC for 2h)
Milling of outer layer
II. Gossypol: Cottonseed meal
i. Reduction of haemoglobin & reproductive capacity
ii. Damage in the liver, kidney, spleen and gonads may develop
Heat treatment: roasting,
extrusion
III. Glucosinolates: Mustard oil cake
i. Reduced feed intake
ii. Depressed growth
Heat treatment (extrusion
cooking & wet pressure cooking)

9. C. Antivitamin Factors
Antivitamin D, E & B1 :
 Present in raw soybeans.
 In raw soybean an enzyme called lypoxygenase which catalyze the oxidation of
carotenoids.
 These anti-nutritive factors are destroyed by heat (Autoclaving).

10. Conclusion…..
• The use of plant-derived materials such as legume seeds, different types of oilseed cake, leaf
meals, leaf protein concentrates, and root tuber meals as fish feed ingredients is limited by the
presence of a wide variety of antinutritional substances.
• Antinutritional factors such as protease inhibitors, lectins, tannins, phytic acid, saponins,
antivitamins, and oxalate.
• These compounds reduce protein digestibility and availability, and are considered antinutritional
factors.
• Effectiveness of common processing techniques such as dry and wet heating, solvent extraction
and enzyme treatment in removing the deleterious effects of antinutrients from feed materials.

11. Bibliography
• Athithan, S., Felix, N., & Venkatasamy, N. (n.d.). Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology: A Teaching
Manual.
• Gopan, A., Lalappan, S., Varghese, T., Kumar Maiti, M., & Peter, R. M. (2020). Anti-Nutritional
Factors in Plant-Based Aquafeed Ingredients: Effects on Fish and Amelioration Strategies. In
Biosc.Biotech.res.comm. special issue (Vol. 13). www.bbrc.in/
• Kumar, V., & Barman, D. (2012). Anti-nutritional Factors in Plant Feedstuffs Used in Aquafeeds
Enzymes in Human and Animal Nutrition View project Insect Project View project.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237046544
• Staff, N. R. Council. (1992). Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academies Press.

12. Thank You !!