Mechanism action of Antibiotic Resistance Denied access: membrane becomes impermeable for antibiotic: e.g. Imipenem Antibiotic modification: some bacteria have enzymes that cleave or modify antibiotics: e.g. beta lactamase inactivates penicillin Altered target site: antibiotic cannot bind to its intended target because the target itself has been modified Pumping out the antibiotic faster than it gets in: e.g. tetracyclines  Alternative target (typically enzyme): e.g. Alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) in MRSA Newly invented antibiotic resistance bacteria The World Health Organisation has published a list of the 12 bacteria built-in abilities to find new ways to resist treatment and can pass along genetic material that allows other bacteria to become drug-resistant as well. They are- Pseudomonas aeruginos,: carbapenem-resistant. Enterobacteriaceae ,carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: carbapenem-resistant. Enterococcus faecium, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Helicobacter pylori:clarithromycin-resistant. Campylobacter: fluoroquinolone-resistant. Neisseria gonorrhoeae: cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia.penicillin-non-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae, ampicillin-resistant Several species of Shigella, fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae ,carbapenem-resistant Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE )usually infects patients who are already ill - for example, those in long-term or intensive care units. It is typically spread from person to person, in this case during an endoscopic procedure. Salmonellae, fluoroquinolone-resistant Salads are the second most common sourceof foodborne illness, responsible for anumber of salmonella and E coli outbreakin the US and Europe. Prevention and control of Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poorinfection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impactand limit the spread of resistance. Antibiotics  Asubstances produced by various species of living microorganisms. Inhibit pathogens by interfering with intracellular process. Kill bacteria and treat infections Example : Ampicillin, Actinonin. Bacteria have a remarkable genetic plasticity that allows them to respond to a wide array of environmental threats, including the presence of antibiotic molecules that may jeopardize their existence. Bacteria sharing the same ecological niche with antimicrobial-producing organisms have evolved ancient mechanisms to withstand the effect of the harmful antibiotic molecule and, consequently, their intrinsic resistance permits them to thrive in its presence. Therefore, to understand development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, we need to consider important reservoirs of resistance genes, which may include determinants that confer self-resistance in antibiotic producing soil bacteria and genes

2. Antibiotics
Asubstances produced by various
species of living microorganisms.
Inhibit pathogens by interfering
with intracellular process.
Kill bacteria and treat infections
Example : Ampicillin, Actinonin

3. Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the
effects of an antibiotic.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in a
that reduces the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other
agents designed to cure or prevent infections.

4. Mechanism action of Antibiotic Resistance
Denied access: membrane becomes impermeable for antibiotic: e.g. Imipenem
Antibiotic modification: some bacteria have enzymes that cleave or modify antibiotics: e.g. beta lactamase
inactivates penicillin
Altered target site: antibiotic cannot bind to its intended target because the target itself has been modified
Pumping out the antibiotic faster than it gets in: e.g. tetracyclines
Alternative target (typically enzyme): e.g. Alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) in MRSA

5. Newly invented antibiotic resistance bacteria
The World Health Organisation has published a list of the 12 bacteria built-in abilities to find new
ways to resist treatment and can pass along genetic material that allows other bacteria to become drug-
resistant as well. They are-
Pseudomonas aeruginos,
carbapenem-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
carbapenem-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus,
methicillin-resistant
Campylobacter
fluoroquinolone-resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
cephalosporin-resistant
Haemophilus influenzae,
ampicillin-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae ,
carbapenem-resistant
Enterococcus faecium,
vancomycin-resistant
Helicobacter pylori
,clarithromycin-resistant
Salmonellae, fluoroquinolone-
resistant
Streptococcus pneumonia.
penicillin-non-susceptible
Several species of Shigella,
fluoroquinolone-resistant

6. Enterobacteriaceae ,carbapenem-resistant
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE )usually
infects patients who are already ill - for example, those in
long-term or intensive care units. It is typically spread from
person to person, in this case during an endoscopic
procedure.

7. Salmonellae, fluoroquinolone-resistant
Salads are the second most common source
of foodborne illness, responsible for a
number of salmonella and E coli outbreak
in the US and Europe.

8. Prevention and control of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor
infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact
and limit the spread of resistance.

9. references
• https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/index.html
• https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html
• https://www.slideshare.net/shivanginisingh16/antibiotics-nd-analgesics-in-
periodontics?qid=70e79f04-7fff-4470-b0d7-
1ee6a68636d7&v=&b=&from_search=1
• https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/27/world-health-
organisation-12-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-threat-human-health
• https://www.slideshare.net/fadelmuhammad/antibiotics-resistance-
lecture?qid=d933373e-b033-4c7c-88f5-
341f6a979c63&v=&b=&from_search=1

10. THANK YOU