Anti Protozoal final.pptx
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This document discusses anti-protozoal drugs used to treat amoebiasis. It describes three classes of intestinal amoebicides: tissue amoebicides that act in both the intestine and other tissues like emetine and metronidazole; those that only act in other tissues like chloroquine; and luminal amoebicides that act only in the intestine like diloxanide furate. It focuses on metronidazole, the prototype nitroimidazole drug, which has higher amoebicidal and anti-anaerobic activity. It explains that metronidazole is activated by anaerobic bacteria through nitro group reduction, inhibiting amoebic DNA
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Primary amines react with alkyl halides to form secondary amines. Primary and secondary amines react with acyl halides and anhydrides to form amides through nucleophilic attack of the amine on the carbonyl group. Benzenesulphonyl chloride reacts with primary and secondary amines to form sulphonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form alcohols, while secondary amines form oily nitrosoamines through the Libermann reaction. Tertiary amines form salts with nitrous acid. Amphetamine is a phenylethylamine used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity.
Str and Uses of alkyl halides.pptx
This document summarizes information about various alkyl halides. It discusses the chemical structures, properties and uses of ethyl chloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, dichloromethane and iodoform. Many of these compounds are or were used as solvents, refrigerants, degreasers, paint strippers, dry cleaning fluids and disinfectants due to their volatility and ability to dissolve organic materials.
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This document discusses the structures and uses of various carboxylic acids, including acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. It outlines key industrial, medical, and household applications for each acid such as use in food/beverage production, pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, and agriculture.
Chemical Reactions of Alkenes.pptx
Alkenes undergo general chemical reactions and their stability depends on the number of substituents. More substituted alkenes are more stable than less substituted ones due to a phenomenon called hyperconjugation. They also have a lower heat of hydrogenation. The stability of alkenes increases with more substituents.
Chemical reactions of alkanes.pptx
The document summarizes the chemical reaction of chlorination of alkanes. It describes the reaction as a chain reaction, where (1) chlorine radicals are produced from chlorine molecules through homolytic fission initiated by heat or light. (2) The chlorine radicals react with methane to form methyl radicals and HCl molecules. (3) The methyl radicals react with chlorine molecules to form methyl chloride and new chlorine radicals. This sequence propagates the chain reaction until (4)-(6) termination steps form stable products and end the reaction.
Hybridisatoion and Method of Preparation of alkanes.ppt
Alkanes are the simplest organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They form single covalent bonds and have no functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms. Methane (CH4) is the first member and ethane (C2H6) is the second. Alkanes have sp3 hybridization giving them a tetrahedral molecular geometry. One method to prepare alkanes is through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes which involves passing a mixture of the unsaturated hydrocarbon and hydrogen over nickel at high temperatures.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Part-2.pptx
1. Here are the steps to name the molecule:
1) Identify the functional group (carbonyl group) which gives the compound the name of a ketone.
2) Name the parent chain (hexane) which contains the carbonyl group.
3) Number the parent chain starting from the end that gives the carbonyl carbon the lowest number.
4) Include the position of the carbonyl group as a prefix.
The IUPAC name is therefore: 3-hexanone
2. (a) 3-ethyloctane
(b) 1,4-dibromohexane
(c) 2,3,4-trimethylheptane
(d)
Classification, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.pptx
This document provides information on the classification, nomenclature, and isomerism of organic compounds. It discusses how organic compounds are classified based on their structure as acyclic, cyclic, aromatic, etc. It also describes the IUPAC system for systematically naming organic compounds based on functional groups and molecular structure. Key points covered include naming conventions for alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, and other compound classes.
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Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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Title: Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound, Smell, Taste, and Balance
Introduction:
Welcome to our captivating SlideShare presentation on the Special Senses, where we delve into the extraordinary capabilities that allow us to perceive and interact with the world around us. Join us on a sensory journey as we explore the intricate structures and functions of sight, sound, smell, taste, and balance.
The special senses are our primary means of experiencing and interpreting the environment, each sense providing unique and vital information that shapes our perceptions and responses. These senses are facilitated by highly specialized organs and complex neural pathways, enabling us to see a vibrant sunset, hear a symphony, savor a delicious meal, detect a fragrant flower, and maintain our equilibrium.
In this presentation, we will:
Visual System (Sight): Dive into the anatomy and physiology of the eye, exploring how light is converted into electrical signals and processed by the brain to create the images we see. Understand common vision disorders and the mechanisms behind corrective measures like glasses and contact lenses.
Auditory System (Hearing): Examine the structures of the ear and the process of sound wave transduction, from the outer ear to the cochlea and auditory nerve. Learn about hearing loss, auditory processing, and the advances in hearing aid technology.
Olfactory System (Smell): Discover the olfactory receptors and pathways that enable the detection of thousands of different odors. Explore the connection between smell and memory and the impact of olfactory disorders on quality of life.
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Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
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Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
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It is a progressive disease of lungs.
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