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1. Anther Culture
M.Phool Badshah

2. Anther Culture
Definition.
History.
Pathways.
Protocol.
Factors.
Advantages.
Disadvantages.

3. Definition:
• It is an artificial technique by which the developing anthers at
precise and critical stage are excised aseptically from
unopened flower bud and are cultured on a nutrient medium
where the microspore within the cultured anther develop into
callus tissue or embryoids that give rise to haploid plantlets
(formation of haploid plants) either through organogenesis or
embryogenesis.
• The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in
1964-1966 in pollen grains of Datura by maheshwari and
Guha.
• Production of haploids reported in about 250 species,
Solanaceae, gramineae are most common.

5. History

6. Pathways of Pollen development
• There are Four pathways which are given
here:
 Pathway 1.
 Pathway 2.
 Pathway 3.
 Pathway 4.

7. Pathway 1
• The microspores divide
by an equal division and
two identical Daughter
cells developed.
• Vegetative and
generative cells are not
distinctly formed in the
pathway.
• Example:
Datura innoxia

8. Pathway 2
• The division of uni-
nucleate, microspores is
unusual, resulting in the
formation of vegetative
and generative cell.
• The sporophyte arises
through further division
in the vegetative cell and
generative cell does not
divide.
• Example:
Nicotiana tabacum.

9. Pathway 3
• The uni-nucleate
microspore undergoes a
normal division but
pollen embryos are
formed from generative
cell alone.
• The vegetative cell does
not divide.
• Example:
Hyoscyamus niger

10. Pathway 4
• Both generative and
vegetative cell divide
further to the
development of
sporophyte.
• Example:
 Datura metal.
 Atropa beladona

11. Pathways to Pollen development

12. Protocol (Nicotiana Tabacum)

13. a

16. Factors affecting anther culture

17. a

18. a

19. Advantages of Anther culture

20. Disadvantages