The anther is the male reproductive part of a flower that produces pollen grains. It consists of microsporangia located within each bilobed sac-like structure. Anther culture is a technique where immature pollen is cultured to divide and grow into tissue, either callus or embryos. This allows the production of haploid plants by interrupting the normal pollen development pathway. Several methods were discovered for generating haploids starting in the 1920s through anther and microspore culture.

2. The anther is a part of a flower, which is bilobed and sac-like in
structure. In flower, anther is the part of the stamen that is a male
reproductive part. Stamen comprises a long, narrow or stalk-
like filament which carries the anther at its tip. An anther consists
of microsporangia which produce pollen grains by the meiotic cell
division.

3. Anther culture
A plant culturing technique in which immature pollen is made
to divide and grow into tissue (either callus or
embryonic tissue) in either a liquid medium or on solid media.
Pollen-containing anthers are removed from a flower and put
in a culture medium, some microspheres survive and develop
into tissue.
Haploid
The term haploid refers to those plants which possess a
gametophytic number of chromosomes (n) in their
sporophytes.

4. HISTORY
YEAR
Discovered by Name of the discovery
921 Bergner Introduced the existence of
haploids in Datura
stramonium
1953 W.Tulecke Introduced the proliferation
of haploid callus from the
mature pollen grains of
Ginkgo biloba
1966 Guha and S.C.
Maheshwar
Confirmed the origin of
haploid plantlets from the
anther
1967 Bourgin and Hitsch Discovered the full-fledged
haploid plants from the
Nicotiana tabacum.

5. Methods
• Anther culture is a plant tissue culture method, which can
be done by either of the two methods,
namely direct or indirect method.
• The direct method of an anther culture
involves Embryogenesis. In this method, the anther
behaves as a zygote and forms embryoid that eventually
develops haploid plantlets.
• The indirect method of an anther culture
involves Organogenesis. In this method, the anther
undergoes cell division repeatedly to form the callus
tissue, which later gives rise to the haploid plantlets.

6. PRINCIPLE OF ANTHER AND POLLEN CULTURE
The production of haploid plants exploiting
the totipotency of microspore .
In this process the normal development and
function of the pollen cell to become a male
gamete is stopped and is diverted forcedly to
a new metabolic pathway for vegetative cell
division .

7. Normal pollen development
Pollen mother cells are in anther primordia.
First phase - meiosis - pollen mother cell
(PMC) A tetrad froms from each PMC
Second phase - microspores released from
tetrads
Third phase - microspores mature into pollen
grains - first pollen mitosis Generative and
vegetative cells formed Second pollen mitosis,
maybe after germination

8. • DEVELOPMENT OF ANDROGENIC HAPLOIDS
Pathway -I
Pathway -II
Pathway -III
Pathway -IV

9. Pathway -I
The microspores divide by an equal division
and identical daughter cells contribute to the
saprophyte development. Vegetative and
generative cells are not distinctly formed in
this pathway . Example:-Datura innoxi

10. Pathway:II:-
The division of uninucleate microspores is
unequal resulting in the formation of a
vegetative and generative cell. The saprophyte
arise through further divisions in the vegetative
cell while the generative cell does not divide.
Example:-Nicotina tabacum

11. • Pathway III The uninucleate Microspores undergoes a
normal unequal division The pollen embryo are
formed from generative cell alone. Example ;-
Hyoscyamus niger.
• Pathway IV ;- The division of microspore is
asymetrical. Both vegetative and generative cell
divide further and contribute to the development of
the sporophyte. Example:- Atropa belladona.

12. Processes Leading to Production of Haploid Plants Formation in
vivo
–Spontaneous occurrence in low frequency
–Induction by physical and/or chemical treatment
–Chromosome elimination following interspecic hybridization.barley
Not widespread.
Parthenogenesis
- from unfertilized egg Apogamy - from other cells of the mega-
gametophyte, example Chromosome elimination
- chromosome elimination in somatic cells, most common method
used with plant breeding

13. Reproductive oral organs: male Stamen – male
o organ,
consists of: -Anther – A typical anther shows 2
anther lobes & each lobe possesses 2
microsporangia or pollen sacs. -Filament –
stalk-like structure that holds anther -Pollen –
immature male gametophyte