ANOVA (analysis of variance) allows researchers to compare the means of three or more groups. It partitions the total variation in the data into variation between groups and variation within groups. The ANOVA F-statistic is the ratio of between-group variation to within-group variation. A large F-statistic indicates the between-group variation is larger than expected by chance, providing evidence the group means are not all equal. Researchers can then follow up with post-hoc tests to determine which specific group means are different.
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DSilvaGraf83
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
Statistics for Anaesthesiologists covers basic to intermediate level statistics for researchers especially commonly used study designs or tests in Anaesthesiology research.
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DSilvaGraf83
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
Statistics for Anaesthesiologists covers basic to intermediate level statistics for researchers especially commonly used study designs or tests in Anaesthesiology research.
univariate and bivariate analysis in spss Subodh Khanal
this slide will help to perform various tests in spss targeting univariate and bivariate analysis along with the way of entering and analyzing multiple responses.
Navigating the Numbers A Deep Dive into t-tests & ANOVA.pptxahmedMETWALLI12
Dive into the fascinating world of statistical analysis with this comprehensive guide on t-tests and ANOVA using SPSS. Designed for both beginners and seasoned statisticians, this presentation unravels the intricacies of hypothesis testing, key assumptions, and result interpretation. Whether you're conducting research, analyzing data for business decisions, or simply looking to enhance your statistical toolkit, this presentation offers a step-by-step walkthrough of essential concepts. Explore real-world examples, understand SPSS outputs, and become well-equipped to make data-driven decisions. From the basics of the t-test to the depths of ANOVA, embark on a journey to turn data into meaningful insights.
This is a lecture on "Hypothesis Testing, Research Questions and Choosing a Statistical Test". It was presented at the Colombo Institute for Research and Psychology. The lecture covers key topics including the different types of data, the process of testing a hypothesis, key forms of inferential statistical tests and how to chose a test based on your research question and sample.
A TOPIC WHICH IS RELATED TO NURSING RESEARCH AND EFFECTIVE TO DONE AND COMPLETE STUDY SO I WAS TRYING MY BEST TO INVOLVE THIS SO MY FRIENDS AND OTHER ONE COME TO WHY IS THIS MUST
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
univariate and bivariate analysis in spss Subodh Khanal
this slide will help to perform various tests in spss targeting univariate and bivariate analysis along with the way of entering and analyzing multiple responses.
Navigating the Numbers A Deep Dive into t-tests & ANOVA.pptxahmedMETWALLI12
Dive into the fascinating world of statistical analysis with this comprehensive guide on t-tests and ANOVA using SPSS. Designed for both beginners and seasoned statisticians, this presentation unravels the intricacies of hypothesis testing, key assumptions, and result interpretation. Whether you're conducting research, analyzing data for business decisions, or simply looking to enhance your statistical toolkit, this presentation offers a step-by-step walkthrough of essential concepts. Explore real-world examples, understand SPSS outputs, and become well-equipped to make data-driven decisions. From the basics of the t-test to the depths of ANOVA, embark on a journey to turn data into meaningful insights.
This is a lecture on "Hypothesis Testing, Research Questions and Choosing a Statistical Test". It was presented at the Colombo Institute for Research and Psychology. The lecture covers key topics including the different types of data, the process of testing a hypothesis, key forms of inferential statistical tests and how to chose a test based on your research question and sample.
A TOPIC WHICH IS RELATED TO NURSING RESEARCH AND EFFECTIVE TO DONE AND COMPLETE STUDY SO I WAS TRYING MY BEST TO INVOLVE THIS SO MY FRIENDS AND OTHER ONE COME TO WHY IS THIS MUST
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. ANOVA:
Learning Objectives
• Underlying methodological principles of
ANOVA
• Statistical principles: Partitioning of
variability
• Summary table for one-way ANOVA
3. t-Test vs ANOVA:
The Case for Multiple Groups
• t-tests can be used to compare mean differences for two
groups
•
•
•
Between Subject Designs
Within Subject Designs
Paired Samples Designs
• The test allows us to make a judgment concerning
whether or not the observed differences are likely to have
occurred by chance.
• Although helpful the t-test has its problems
4. Multiple Groups
• Two groups are often insufficient
•
•
• No difference between Therapy X and Control:
Are other therapies effective?
.05mmg/l Alcohol does not decrease memory
ability relative to a control: What about other
doses?
What if one control group is not enough?
5. Multiple Groups 2
• With multiple groups we could make multiple
comparisons using t-tests
• Problem: We would expect some differences in
means to be significant by chance alone
• How would we know which ones to trust?
6. Comparing Multiple Groups: The
“One-Way” Design
•
•
Independent variable (“factor”):
Dependent variable (“measurement”):
• Analysis: Variation between and within conditions
.......
Alcohol Level (Dose in mg/kg)
0 (Control) 10 20
7. Analysis of Variance (F test):
Advantages
Provides an omnibus test & avoids multiple t-tests and
spurious significant results
it is more stable since it relies on all of the data ...
recall from your work on Std Error and T-tests
•
•
•
• the smaller the sample the less
stable are the population
parameter estimates.
8. What does ANOVA do
• Provides an F ratio that has an underlying
distribution which we use to determine statistical
significance between groups (just like a t-test or a
z-test)
• e.g., Take an experiment in which subjects are
randomly allocated to 3 groups
• The means and std deviations will all be different from
each other
• We expect this because that is the nature of sampling
(as you know!)
9. The question is …
are the groups more different than
we would expect by chance?
10. How does ANOVA work?
• Instead of dealing with means as data points we
deal with variation
• There is variation (variance) within groups (data)
• There is variance between group means (Exptl
Effect)
• If groups are equivalent then the variance
between and within groups will be equal.
• Expected variation is used to calculate statistical
significance in the same way that expected
differences in means are used in t-tests or z-tests
11. The basic ANOVA situation
Two variables: 1 Categorical, 1 Quantitative
Main Question: Do the (means of) the quantitative
variables depend on which group (given by
categorical variable) the individual is in?
If categorical variable has only 2 values:
• 2-sample t-test
ANOVA allows for 3 or more groups
12. An example ANOVA situation
Subjects: 25 patients with blisters
Treatments: Treatment A, Treatment B, Placebo
Measurement: # of days until blisters heal
Data [and means]:
• A: 5,6,6,7,7,8,9,10
• B: 7,7,8,9,9,10,10,11
• P: 7,9,9,10,10,10,11,12,13
[7.25]
[8.875]
[10.11]
Are these differences significant?
13. Informal Investigation
Graphical investigation:
• side-by-side box plots
• multiple histograms
Whether the differences between the groups are
significant depends on
• the difference in the means
• the standard deviations of each group
• the sample sizes
ANOVA determines P-value from the F statistic
14. Side by Side Boxplots
P
A
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
B
treatment
days
15. What does ANOVA do?
At its simplest (there are extensions) ANOVA tests the
following hypotheses:
H0: The means of all the groups are equal.
Ha: Not all the means are equal
doesn’t say how or which ones differ.
Can follow up with “multiple comparisons”
Note: we usually refer to the sub-populations as
“groups” when doing ANOVA.
16. Assumptions of ANOVA
• each group is approximately normal
• check this by looking at histograms or use
assumptions
• can handle some non-normality, but not
severe outliers
• standard deviations of each group are
approximately equal
• rule of thumb: ratio of largest to smallest
sample st. dev. must be less than 2:1
17. Normality Check
We should check for normality using:
• assumptions about population
• histograms for each group
With such small data sets, there really isn’t a
really good way to check normality from data,
but we make the common assumption that
physical measurements of people tend to be
normally distributed.
18. Notation for ANOVA
• n = number of individuals all together
• k = number of groups
•x= mean for entire data set is
Group i has
• ni = # of individuals in group i
•xij = value for individual j in group i
•xi = mean for group i
•si = standard deviation for group i
19. How ANOVA works (outline)?
ANOVA measures two sources of variation in the data and compares
their relative sizes
• variation BETWEEN groups
•for each data value look at the difference between
its group mean and the overall mean
• variation WITHIN groups
•for each data value we look at the difference
between that value and the mean of its group
20. The ANOVA F-statistic is a ratio of the
Between Group Variaton divided by the
Within Group Variation:
F
Between
MSB
Within MSW
A large F is evidence against H0, since it
indicates that there is more difference
between groups than within groups.
21. How are these computations made?
We want to measure the amount of variation due
to BETWEEN group variation and WITHIN group
variation
For each data value, we calculate its contribution
to:
• BETWEEN group variation:
• WITHIN group variation:
xi x2
(xij xi )2
22. An even smaller example
Suppose we have three groups
• Group 1: 5.3, 6.0, 6.7
• Group 2: 5.5, 6.2, 6.4, 5.7
• Group 3: 7.5, 7.2, 7.9
We get the following statistics:
S
U
M
M
A
R
Y
G
r
o
u
p
s C
o
u
n
t S
u
m A
v
e
r
a
g
e V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
Column1 3 1
8 6 0
.
4
9
Column2 4 2
3
.
8 5
.
9
50
.
1
7
6
6
6
7
Column3 3 2
2
.
67
.
5
3
3
3
3
30
.
1
2
3
3
3
3
23. Analysis of Variance for days
Source DF SS MS F P
treatment 2 34.74 17.37 6.45 0.006
Error 22 59.26 2.69
Total 24 94.00
ANOVA Output
1 less than # of
groups
# of data values - # of groups
(equals df for each group
added together)
1 less than # of individuals
(just like other situations)
24. ANOVA
Output
MSB = SSB / DFB
MSW = SSW / DFW
Analysis of Variance for days
Source DF SS MS F P
treatment 2 34.74 17.37 6.45 0.006
Error 22 59.26 2.69
Total 24 94.00
F = MSB / MSW
P-value
comes from
F(DFB,DFW)
(P-values for the F statistic are in Table E)
25. So How big is F?
Since F is
Mean Square Between / Mean Square Within
= MSB / MSW
A large value of F indicates relatively more
difference between groups than within groups
(evidence against H0)
To get the P-value, we compare to F(I-1,n-I)-distribution
• I-1 degrees of freedom in numerator (# groups -1)
• n - I degrees of freedom in denominator (rest of df)
26. Where’s the Difference?
Analysis of Variance for days
Source DF SS MS F P
treatmen 2 34.74 17.37 6.45 0.006
Error 22 59.26 2.69
Total 24 94.00
Individual 95% CIs For Mean
Level N Mean StDev
Based on Pooled StDev
----------+---------+---------+------
A 8 7.250 1.669 (-------*-------)
B 8 8.875 1.458 (-------*-------)
P 9 10.111 1.764 (------*-------)
Once ANOVA indicates that the groups do not all
appear to have the same means, what do we do?
----------+---------+---------+------
Pooled StDev = 1.641 7.5 9.0 10.5
Clearest difference: P is worse than A (CI’s don’t overlap)