Research & Reference Tool:
Minstrel Show: A popular stage entertainment featuring comic dialogue, song, and dance in highly conventionalized patterns, performed by a troupe of actors, traditionally comprising two end men and a chorus in blackface and an interlocutor: developed in the U.S. in the early and mid-19th century.
This powerpoint presentaion is about everything that went on in the 1950's. In this presentation we will explore all the major events that happened during this society changing decade. This is part of my A Level Media Coursework, so I hope it helps you.
Enjoy!
Media Popular Culture, and the American CenturyKate Doronina
Edited by Kingsley Bolton and Jan Olsson,
Sweden, 2010
Introduction: Mediated America: Americana as Hollywoodiana
Part 1: Cinema and Americanization
Part 2: Americans at the Margins
Part 3: American Dreams/American Nightmares
Part 4: America Goes Digital
This powerpoint presentaion is about everything that went on in the 1950's. In this presentation we will explore all the major events that happened during this society changing decade. This is part of my A Level Media Coursework, so I hope it helps you.
Enjoy!
Media Popular Culture, and the American CenturyKate Doronina
Edited by Kingsley Bolton and Jan Olsson,
Sweden, 2010
Introduction: Mediated America: Americana as Hollywoodiana
Part 1: Cinema and Americanization
Part 2: Americans at the Margins
Part 3: American Dreams/American Nightmares
Part 4: America Goes Digital
Notes
For
107
(1st
Test)
Minstrelsy
Minstrelsy
is
the
first
distinctively
American
form
of
popular
culture.
The
minstrel
show
was
the
first
form
of
musical
and
theatrical
entertainment
to
be
regarded
by
European
audiences
as
distinctively
American
in
character
The
minstrel
show,
or
minstrelsy,
was
an
American
entertainment
consisting
of
comic
skits,
variety
acts,
dancing,
and
music,
performed
by
white
people
in
blackface
Minstrelsy
featured
mainly
white
performers
who
artificially
blackened
their
skin
and
carried
out
parodies
of
African
American
music,
dance,
dress
and
dialect.
Today
black
face
minstrelsy
is
regarded
with
embarrassment
or
anger
Minstrel
shows
lampooned
black
people
as
ignorant,
lazy,
buffoonish,
superstitious,
joyous,
and
musical
Blackface
minstrelsy
was
the
first
distinctly
American
theatrical
form.
In
the
1830s
and
1840s,
it
was
at
the
core
of
the
rise
of
an
American
music
industry,
and
for
several
decades
it
provided
the
lens
through
which
white
America
saw
black
America
In
1848,
blackface
minstrel
shows
were
the
national
art
of
the
time
Arbiters
of
public
taste
and
morals,
including
newspaper
and
magazine
publishers,
politicians,
and
the
clergy,
ridiculed
minstrelsy
as
an
indicator
of
the
deprived
state
of
the
lower
classes,
and
urged
its
rejection
in
favor
of
more
refined
(i.e.
European-‐derived)
forms
of
entertainment
As
blacks
began
to
score
legal
and
social
victories
against
racism
and
to
successfully
assert
political
power,
minstrelsy
lost
popularity
There
are
remnants
of
this
practice
even
today.
Up
until
the
1960’s
(1930s
for
Duke
Ellington)
there
are
no
roles
in
movies
or
stage
where
you
see
roles
that
were
not
demeaning
for
blacks.
Duke
Ellington
and
Sydney
Poitier
were
the
first
to
break
out
of
such
stereotype.
The
minstrel
show
is
also
the
direct
ancestor
of
vaudeville,
a
kind
of
variety
show
that
became
the
dominant
form
of
popular
entertainment
in
the
late
19th
and
early
20th
century
America.
And
while
the
mass
success
of
the
blackface
minstrel
show
doubtles.
Notes
For
107
(1st
Test)
Minstrelsy
Minstrelsy
is
the
first
distinctively
American
form
of
popular
culture.
The
minstrel
show
was
the
first
form
of
musical
and
theatrical
entertainment
to
be
regarded
by
European
audiences
as
distinctively
American
in
character
The
minstrel
show,
or
minstrelsy,
was
an
American
entertainment
consisting
of
comic
skits,
variety
acts,
dancing,
and
music,
performed
by
white
people
in
blackface
Minstrelsy
featured
mainly
white
performers
who
artificially
blackened
their
skin
and
carried
out
parodies
of
African
American
music,
dance,
dress
and
dialect.
Today
black
face
minstrelsy
is
regarded
with
embarrassment
or
anger
Minstrel
shows
lampooned
black
people
as
ignorant,
lazy,
buffoonish,
superstitious,
joyous,
and
musical
Blackface
minstrelsy
was
the
first
distinctly
American
theatrical
form.
In
the
1830s
and
1840s,
it
was
at
the
core
of
the
rise
of
an
American
music
industry,
and
for
several
decades
it
provided
the
lens
through
which
white
America
saw
black
America
In
1848,
blackface
minstrel
shows
were
the
national
art
of
the
time
Arbiters
of
public
taste
and
morals,
including
newspaper
and
magazine
publishers,
politicians,
and
the
clergy,
ridiculed
minstrelsy
as
an
indicator
of
the
deprived
state
of
the
lower
classes,
and
urged
its
rejection
in
favor
of
more
refined
(i.e.
European-‐derived)
forms
of
entertainment
As
blacks
began
to
score
legal
and
social
victories
against
racism
and
to
successfully
assert
political
power,
minstrelsy
lost
popularity
There
are
remnants
of
this
practice
even
today.
Up
until
the
1960’s
(1930s
for
Duke
Ellington)
there
are
no
roles
in
movies
or
stage
where
you
see
roles
that
were
not
demeaning
for
blacks.
Duke
Ellington
and
Sydney
Poitier
were
the
first
to
break
out
of
such
stereotype.
The
minstrel
show
is
also
the
direct
ancestor
of
vaudeville,
a
kind
of
variety
show
that
became
the
dominant
form
of
popular
entertainment
in
the
late
19th
and
early
20th
century
America.
And
while
the
mass
success
of
the
blackface
minstrel
show
doubtles.
Write 3000 minimum words that tell a story of America history .docxsleeperfindley
Write 3000 minimum words that tell a story of America history and African-American music:
1. This study includes but is not limited to cultural, social, religious, economic, political
subjects. Your choice.
2. Your paper should include at least seven (7) eras of American history in the story you
tell
3. You should notate 50 items we studied including at least 40 musical artists, plus civil
figures that we studied (like poets, activist, artistic entrepreneurs, etc.), or entertainment
venues
4. Please underline and bold each of the 50 different items. If you write an artist's name
two or more times in the paper, only bold and underline the first time.
5. You can concentrate on any particular story that is of interest to you.
6. Arbitrary titles are subjects like; "shoemaking in the early 1800's," "women's
rights in the early 1900's," "slavery practices in New Jersey," "' dandy' stereotype-inspired
fashion," "history of banjo or trumpet or piano making in America," "Crime and entertainment,"
"U.S. Presidents and their visions of equality," "economic trends in America and its effect on
fairness and civil equality," "Parties and party music 1800-1900," "Funeral practices in America:
a history," "Wedding practices in America: a history."
7. I can go on and on with titles. Find an area that interests YOU but continue to relate
it to African-American music and the African-American experience.
8. Your study can date up to 1955 - nothing more modern than in 1955.
9. I am interested to see that you have absorbed the survey of [some aspects of]
America's dynamic history and the integrated role of African-American culture and music
makers, which is why you must include seven eras in your narrative.
10. I will be evaluating the level to which you: researched your subject matter and
researched the integration of your story and its contemporary relatedness to African -American
presence in American culture.
11. The format is APA, 12 point, Times New Roman font, double-spaced.
12. The reference page (separate) at the end will include ten (10) references at least
five (5) references (increased from the three (3) that I said in class) will be allowed from your
textbook.
ARTISTS TO MENTION IN PAPER *MUST*
Castles and dance team
James reece europe
Louis armstrong- cornet/trumpet
Jelly roll morton- piano
James weldon johnson- writer
Langston hughes- poet
Countee cullen- writer
Zora neal hurston- writer
WEB Dubois & Marcus Garvey- philosopher activist
Duke ellington and louis armstrong- duke played the piano and armstrong played the
trumpet
King oliver- started a band in chicago
Paul whiteman- king of jazz, white men.
Booker T. Washington- an activist
Bill bonjego robinson- a dancer
Bix beiderbeck- played the trumpet
Earl hines- pianist
Benny Goodman- clarinet
Artie Shaw- clarinet
Ethel Waters-
Bessie Waters-
Everyday I hav.
Write 3000 minimum words that tell a story of America history .docxhelzerpatrina
Write 3000 minimum words that tell a story of America history and African-American music:
1. This study includes but is not limited to cultural, social, religious, economic, political
subjects. Your choice.
2. Your paper should include at least seven (7) eras of American history in the story you
tell
3. You should notate 50 items we studied including at least 40 musical artists, plus civil
figures that we studied (like poets, activist, artistic entrepreneurs, etc.), or entertainment
venues
4. Please underline and bold each of the 50 different items. If you write an artist's name
two or more times in the paper, only bold and underline the first time.
5. You can concentrate on any particular story that is of interest to you.
6. Arbitrary titles are subjects like; "shoemaking in the early 1800's," "women's
rights in the early 1900's," "slavery practices in New Jersey," "' dandy' stereotype-inspired
fashion," "history of banjo or trumpet or piano making in America," "Crime and entertainment,"
"U.S. Presidents and their visions of equality," "economic trends in America and its effect on
fairness and civil equality," "Parties and party music 1800-1900," "Funeral practices in America:
a history," "Wedding practices in America: a history."
7. I can go on and on with titles. Find an area that interests YOU but continue to relate
it to African-American music and the African-American experience.
8. Your study can date up to 1955 - nothing more modern than in 1955.
9. I am interested to see that you have absorbed the survey of [some aspects of]
America's dynamic history and the integrated role of African-American culture and music
makers, which is why you must include seven eras in your narrative.
10. I will be evaluating the level to which you: researched your subject matter and
researched the integration of your story and its contemporary relatedness to African -American
presence in American culture.
11. The format is APA, 12 point, Times New Roman font, double-spaced.
12. The reference page (separate) at the end will include ten (10) references at least
five (5) references (increased from the three (3) that I said in class) will be allowed from your
textbook.
ARTISTS TO MENTION IN PAPER *MUST*
Castles and dance team
James reece europe
Louis armstrong- cornet/trumpet
Jelly roll morton- piano
James weldon johnson- writer
Langston hughes- poet
Countee cullen- writer
Zora neal hurston- writer
WEB Dubois & Marcus Garvey- philosopher activist
Duke ellington and louis armstrong- duke played the piano and armstrong played the
trumpet
King oliver- started a band in chicago
Paul whiteman- king of jazz, white men.
Booker T. Washington- an activist
Bill bonjego robinson- a dancer
Bix beiderbeck- played the trumpet
Earl hines- pianist
Benny Goodman- clarinet
Artie Shaw- clarinet
Ethel Waters-
Bessie Waters-
Everyday I hav ...
Running head SUBVERSIVE MESSAGING .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: SUBVERSIVE MESSAGING 1
SUBVERSIVE MESSAGING 2
Seeking a research proposal with a topic, description, question to be addressed and thesis on something similar to on the very rough fragmented subject below. Feel free to edit it into something that makes sense.
The Essence of Subversive Messaging In Music
POLITICAL RESEARCH PAPER –
This scholarly research paper begins with this excellent intro that was well received and graded A. It is the Five page Proposal – Political Science, written on the topic of “ subversive messaging”, featured in various types of music a powerful artistic forums. Music connects expressions as the universal language encompassing and conveying emotional messages of passionate emotions of love, loss, rejection, anchored in its quality of subversive messaging and sexual imaging communicated verbally and non-verbal, dialog in jazz, country western, rap, pop, classical, soul, of all genres and the emotions embedded deep within sounds (lyrics & instrumentals) over conversation about unrequited love, domestic relationships, political and social differences that unite us as a society. The advent of sexual escapades in association to music as the communication tool. USE THIS WORK AS THE FOUNDATION, EXPANDING ON IT TO MEET THE ASSIGNMENT REQUIREMANTS. NOTE: The completed assignment MUST NOT NEED OR REQUIRE A FINAL EDIT! RESULTs OF PROOF READ, done by me, MUST BE error free and EXCELLENT! Seeking high-level scholarly , competent, relevant content for a research 25 + page document that includes, components of and including competent and relevant content, an annotated bibliography, literature review and citations page, all of which will evolve and continue around the content and references in this document. May use references listed and also, if possible, Please include and document uses of scholarly resources, journals, references, such as Galileo, jstore, ebsco, etc, as a part of your research trajectory?
Instructions; Final draft, extending on this content, to evolve into a 25 + page Scholarly Research Paper, that will proof read for the mechanics of the SCHOLOARY documents, organization, continuity and transition created and EDITED into a completed FINAL DRAFT document, Plagiarism Free (verified) totaling minimum 25 pages , 8 pages of which are presented here, graded (A) prototype proposal, including excellent references, of what the research topic encompassing subversive, political messaging of music, and films, subversive messaging in music, connecting social and cultural alternative communication methods bonding socially. The class, COUNTER POLITICS IN POP CULTURE Political Science, Textbook 1. MUSIC & POLITICS, By John Street, Textbook 2. “Projecting Politics, Political Messages in American Film” ...
Veterans in Higher Education: Business Process ImprovementCrystal Guliford
This presentation gives a preview of how to use the DMAIC six sigma method to reduce the delay in the processing of VA Educational Certifications and account reconciliation for tuition and fee over-payments.
Officially the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, the G.I. Bill was created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools.
Functions of Veteran Affairs Offices in Higher Education Institutions: Review, and certify VA Educational Benefits for military affiliated students;Ensure compliance with regulations and policies; Develop programs and outreach
Issues faced by colleges and universities: Tracking compliance
Manual data entry; Timeline adherence
DIY Haunted House Project - University of Houston-DowntownCrystal Guliford
Rationale for project, including benefits to the University:
Rationale: Fundraising is of vital importance to SVO as it enables us to offer UHD student military veterans better opportunities to provide resources, positive college experiences, support, and advocacy needed to succeed in higher education and following graduation.
Benefit to the University: Today's veterans face numerous obstacles in their path of attaining a college degree. These challenges range from a missing sense of camaraderie to feeling like an outsider amongst 18 year old traditional students to a lack of understanding by university faculty. When coupled with the visible and invisible wounds of war, a college degree can be an elusive goal for men and women returning from military service. Student Veterans Organization makes that goal a reality.
SVA is a 501(c)(3) coalition of student veterans groups on college campuses across the globe. These member chapters are the "boots on the ground” that help veterans reintegrate into campus life and succeed academically. Each chapter must be an officially recognized student group by their university or college and provide a peer-to-peer network for veterans who are attending the school. Additionally, chapters often coordinate campus activities, provide pre-professional networking, and generally provide a touchstone for student veterans in higher education. Student Veterans of America is a registered 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization.
This report covers:
- Veterans Services Office Organizational Structure
- Veteran Enrollment Growth
- Veteran Certification Process Snapshot
- Veteran Reports
- Data Tracking & Administrative Challenges
- Banner Student Information System Data
- Future Report Development for accurate data capture
Safety and Occupational Health Performance ProgramCrystal Guliford
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Section 1a d lessons learned_guliford as of 21_apr15Crystal Guliford
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plan also outlines mitigation strategies to be developed and tracked. The document should be updated quarterly, or whenever is necessary, e.g. following an incident of significant impact on Coco Maid’s® day to day operations."
Military Formal Event Project Planning Status MeetingCrystal Guliford
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The total Army marksmanship training strategy is the overall concept for integrating resources into a program
designed to train, sustain, and improve the individual and collective skills needed to achieve proficiency in
individual and collective gunnery tasks.The overall training strategy is multifaceted and includes supporting strategies
that use resources such as publications; ranges; ammunition; and training aids, devices, simulators, and
simulations (TADSS). These strategies focus on developing the Soldier and leader skills required for success in
combat.
FM 3-22.9 RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP M16-/M4-SERIES WEAPONS
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Status update on photographic preservation tasking:
The mission of the 15th Brigade Support Battalion, "Gamblers," is to, on order, deploy to any theater of operations, execute logistical operations in support of 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, redeploy, reconstitute and prepare for future operations. The 15th Support Battalion had a long heritage of providing logistic support to the Army. For more than 75 years, the Battalion had deployed around the world to participate in numerous campaigns. The 1st Cavalry Division ("First Team"[1]) is a combined arms division and is one of the most decorated combat divisions of the United States Army, as well as the other four branches of the U.S. military.[2][not in citation given] It is based at Fort Hood, Texas.
Containerized Housing Unit, usually abbreviated as CHU (and sometimes called Containerized Living Unit or CLU) is the name given to an ISO shipping container pre-fabricated into a living quarters.[1] Such containers can be transported by container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks that are capable of transporting intermodal freight transport cargo.
PMBOK defines an estimates as a quantitative assessment of the likely amount or outcome. Precise estimating in today’s business environment is crucial to the success of any project. A well compiled estimate sets the groundwork for successful project planning, and management of time, cost, and resources.
Assess your organization’s PMIS and determine the uses of the PMIS system to make certain that the PMIS will meet the information needs of the project manager and stakeholders.
EMV is a technical standard for smart payment cards and for payment terminals and automated teller machines that can accept them. EMV (Europay, MasterCard and Visa) cards are smart cards (also called chip cards or IC cards) which store their data on integrated circuits rather than magnetic stripes, although many EMV cards also have stripes for backward compatibility.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. Annotated Bibliographic Pathfinder:
Minstrel Show
Submitted By
Crystal D. Guliford
LS 5263 Reference
Professor E. Curry
School of Library & Information Sciences
Texas Woman's University
December 13th
, 2006
2. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 2
--Pathfinder--
Minstrel Show: A popular stage entertainment featuring comic dialogue, song, and dance
in highly conventionalized patterns, performed by a troupe of actors, traditionally
comprising two end men and a chorus in blackface and an interlocutor: developed in the
U.S. in the early and mid-19th century.
Background
Blackface minstrelsy was the first distinctly American theatrical form. The minstrel
show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts,
dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the American
Civil War, African Americans in blackface. In the 1830s and 1840s, it was at the core of the rise
of an American music industry, and for several decades it provided the lens through which white
America saw black America. Minstrel shows portrayed and lampooned blacks in stereotypical
and often disparaging ways: as ignorant, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, joyous, and musical. The
minstrel show began with brief burlesques and comic entr'actes in the early 1830s and emerged
as a full-fledged form in the next decade. By the turn of the century, the minstrel show enjoyed
but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by vaudeville. It
survived as professional entertainment until about 1910; amateur performances continued until
the 1950s in high schools, fraternities, and local theaters. As African Americans began to score
legal and social victories against racism and to successfully assert political power, minstrelsy lost
popularity. On the one hand, it had strong racist aspects; on the other, it resulted in the first broad
awareness by white Americans of aspects of black folk culture.
3. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 3
The purpose of this pathfinder is to introduce some of the resources available
MINSTREL SHOWS. The various types of library materials useful in research are described
along with some examples of each type. This pathfinder is not a comprehensive listing of sources
but is intended to be a starting point from which students can begin their research according to
their specific needs. This pathfinder will provide assistance in locating primary materials on the
origins, history and controversy surrounding African American “Minstrel Shows”, “Black Face”
humor and pop culture connections. The scope of this tool spans the total history of Minstrel
Shows from the 1600’s up until the present controversy over how popular Hip-Hop & Rap music
is said to resemble the stereotypes perpetuated in Minstrel Shows.
Quick Reference/General Overview:
PN Lhamon, W. T. Raising Cain: blackface performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop.
1969. M5 Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998
L53 1998
ML Lott, Eric. Love and theft: blackface minstrelsy and the American working class.
1711. L67 New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
1993
Subject Headings:
Library of Congress Subject Headings for the topic include:
Minstrel shows Negro Minstrel Shows
Rap (Music)--History and criticism. Black Faced Minstrel Shows
Blackface Entertainers Minstrel Music
Black Entertainment Television History Minstrel shows United States History.
Call Numbers:
Subjects: LC Call #’s: Dewey Call #’s:
Minstrel Show PN3195 780/.92
Rap (Music)--History and
criticism.
ML3531
ML3556
782.421649 22
4. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 4
Black Entertainment
Television History
PN1922
HE8700
384.55
Minstrel Music PN1969 791
Blackface entertainers PN2071 792/.028
Example:
Library of Congress classification for the topic would be ML1711 .T64 for Robert Toll’s
“Blacking up: the minstrel show in nineteenth century America”.
Bibliographies:
Ref Gray, John. Blacks in film and television: A Pan-African bibliography of films,
Z filmmakers, and performers. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990
5784
M9 G72 This work consists of over 6,000 bibliographic citations to books, dissertations,
unpublished papers, articles, films, videotapes, and audiotapes. General materials
are listed in chapter 1. Chapters 2-4 are arranged by place: blacks in film in
Africa; Europe, the Caribbean, and Latin America; and the U.S. Chapter 5 lists
materials on blacks in American TV and video. Chapter 6 treats individual
performers, arranged by name and preceded by a bibliography on the subject of
the black performer in general.
PN Hill. George. Black women in television: An illustrated history and
1992.8 bibliography. New York: Garland Pub., 1990
A34 H55
This is a bibliography of books, articles, and dissertations and theses. The sections
for books and articles are both subdivided by topic. Some of the topics in the
articles section are personalities (further subdivided into soap operas, comedy and
drama, etc.), news/sports, and off-camera personnel (producers, sales, community
affairs, etc.).
NX Smith, Jessie. Images of blacks in American culture: A reference guide to
652. information sources. New York: Greenwood Press, 1998
A37I43
The ten essays in this work explore both positive and negative "images of blacks
in historical and contemporary American culture. Chapters cover topics in art,
musical stage, instrumental music and song, literary criticism, children's books,
5. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 5
and film and television. There are general chapters on images of the black female
and on male images in popular culture. Toys, games, and dolls as cultural
products are discussed.
Ref Work, Monroe. A bibliography of the Negro in Africa and America
Z Mansfield Center, CT: Martino Pub., 1928. (Reprinted in 1965)
5118.
N4 W6 Chapter 25 of Work’s bibliography highlights the “Negro” and the stage. The first
section deals with “Negro Minstrelsy” and representations of African Americans
by White persons. The second section, the “Negro on the Stage”, discusses the
African American stage performance, musical comedies and dramas having
African American characters or dealing with African American life.
Dictionaries:
Ref Adell, Sandra. African American culture. Detroit, MI: Gale Group, 1996.
E185
A2525 Signed biographical profiles of illustrious African Americans in the arts or whose
lives have had an impact on 20th century culture, ranging from Mumia Abu-Jamal
to Lester Young. Entries range from one paragraph to one page in length; longer
entries include select bibliographies for more information and, usually, a photo.
Ref Hitchcock, H. Wiley. Grove Dictionary of American Music. New York, N.Y.
ML Grove’s Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
101
U6 This dictionary of United States music covers art music, jazz, popular music,
N48 including musical theater and popular song, rock, camp-meeting and gospel
hymnody, country and dance music, the music of many of the religious
denominations active in the United States, and the music of American Indian
tribes. The term American Music in the title encompasses 'all the music made in
the United States by Americans.
Ref Kennedy, Michael. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music.
ML. 4th ed. NY: Oxford University Press, 1996.
100
6. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 6
.K35 There are some 10,000 entries in the new ODM. The book's easy-to-use
alphabetically arranged entries include all types of topics related to music:
composers, performing artists, orchestras, titles and descriptions of individual
works, musical forms and terms, institutions, and writers of music.
Ref The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Cambridge, MA: Belknap
ML Press of Harvard University, 1996.
105
H38 This biographical dictionary contains entries for about 5,500 people, primarily
from Western concert/art music. Each entry begins with the subject's date and
place of birth and death and a basic categorization. For example, Duke Ellington
is identified as a 'jazz bandleader, pianist and composer.' A paragraph or more
follows, with a sketch of education and accomplishments. The longer entries may
include a works list and/or bibliography.
Encyclopedias:
General Reference Encyclopedias
Ref Encyclopedia Britannica [print & electronic version]. Chicago: Encyclopedia
A Britannica, c2006
E5.
E363 An excerpt from the entry for “Minstrel Shows” states: “indigenous American
theatrical form comprising a group of black faced white minstrels whose material
caricatured the singing and dancing of Negro slaves. It was popular in England as
well as the United States, reaching its zenith between 1850 and 1870. Additional
information and related topics can be found through this source.
PN Preminger, Alex. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics.
1021 Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993
.N39
An excerpt from this source for the term “minstrel” states: As popular
entertainers, minstrels moved in a world of traveling musicians, actors, mimes,
acrobats, clowns, beggars, and others of more dubious character. Additional
information and related topics can be found through this source.
7. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 7
Subject Encyclopedias:
DT Appiah, Kwame. Africana: the encyclopedia of the African
14 and African American experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books, c2005.
.A37
435 Substantially larger than the first edition (1999) and with expanded references and
indexing, this five-volume set covers a vast geographic area and encompasses the
complex histories of Africans in Africa and the Americas. (Booklist)
E Finkelman, Paul. Encyclopedia of African American history, 1619-1895: from the
185 colonial periods to the age of Frederick Douglass New York: Oxford University
.E545 Press, 2006.
The approximately 700 main and subentries in African American History include
biographies both of prominent African Americans and of other influential figures,
such as John Brown and Lydia Maria Child, along with discussions of wider
topics, such as "Stereotypes of African Americans."
PN Bogle, Donald. Blacks in American films and television: an encyclopedia.
1995. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989, c1988
9.N4
B58 The encyclopedia is written from a very specific point of view. The author
refrains from condemning minstrel stars like Stepin Fetchit, but is highly critical
of “male interracial bonding” as seen in the movie The Defiant Ones. As a
reference book, it is useful as a traditional finding aid for names, credits, and plot
summaries.
Ref Southern, Eileen. African-American traditions in song, sermon, tale, and dance,
Z 1600s-1920: an annotated bibliography of literature, collections, and artworks.
5956 Greenwood encyclopedia of Black music. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990
.A47
S68 As any well-organized, carefully annotated bibliography does, this work by
Southern and Wright brings order out of chaos. The annotations not only describe
the item listed but provide a note to indicate whether it includes the text of a
particular song, sermon, or game. As a supplement to the enumeration of textual
8. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 8
sources, the compilers have supplied an extensive and unique annotated listing of
iconographic materials--drawings, paintings, sketches, and photographs that
illustrate the various facets of black folk culture.
Indexes and Abstracts:
Print Indexes
Ref The Kaiser index to Black resources. Schomburg Center for
Z Research in Black Culture of the New York Public Library. Brooklyn, N.Y.
1361. Carlson Pub., 1992
N39
K34 Includes more than 170,000 citations drawn from significant and influential
journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, pamphlets and reports relevant to
the Black experience from 1948-1986.
Ref Benson, Sonia. African American reference library: cumulative index.
Z Detroit: U X L, c1997
1361
.N39 Includes indexes for: African American almanac, African American Biography,
A35 African American Breakthroughs: 500 Years of Black Firsts, African American
Chronology, African American Voices.
Ref Stevenson, Rosemary M. Index to Afro-American reference resources.
Z Greenwood Press. 1988
1361.
N39
S77 Subject index to black studies reference works--bibliographies, directories,
indexes, and catalogs. Non-reference works are included if they contain valuable
or elusive information. Emphasis is on the US, but a considerable portion of the
entries treat Canada, the Caribbean, and South America.
Ref Index to the Schomburg Clipping File. Schomburg Center for Research in Black
Z Culture. Cambridge, England; Alexandria, VA; Chadwick-Healey, c 1986
1361.
N39
S373 The Schomburg Clipping File is a massive collection of over 14,200 microfiche
from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture at the New York
9. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 9
Public Library. The Schomburg Center is a leading research institution for
African-American studies in the United States.
Ref Burkett, Randall. Black biography, 1790-1950: a cumulative index. Alexandria:
Z Chadwick-Healey, 1990
1361
.N39
B52
Print Abstracts
HT Sage race relations abstracts. London, Beverly Hills, Calif. Sage
1501 Publications.1975-
.S23
International in scope, each issue includes bibliographical essays on specialized
topics, and annotated abstracts for journal articles and books dealing with race
relations. Important coverage of African American journals and scholarly topics.
Broad subject index. From the Institute of Race Relations, London; Quarterly,
1975- . Online issues include vol. 24, no. 1, 1999 - present;
CD-ROM Indexes and Abstracts:
ML MUSE, Music Search [electronic resource]. Baltimore, Md., USA: National
113 Information Services Corp., c1989-
CD-ROM edition of RILM abstracts of music literature, issued by International
Repertory of Music Literature, with additional material from complementary
databases.
Ref Black studies on disc G.K. Hall & Co. and the Schomburg Center for Research in
Z Black Culture
1039
.B56 This networked CD-ROM provides bibliographic citations to articles, book
reviews, books, videos, and other materials pertaining to African American and
African Diaspora studies; other racial and ethnic minority groups are also
covered. Includes an electronic version of the Index to Black Periodicals, as well
as the library catalog from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.
10. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 10
DT Appiah, Kwame. Microsoft Encarta Africana: comprehensive encyclopedia of
14 black history and culture. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Corporation, c1999
Encarta Africana is a comprehensive and authoritative multimedia encyclopedia
focusing on the history, geography, and culture of people of African descent
worldwide. Encarta, the world's #1 multimedia reference brand, and co-editors
from Harvard University's Afro-American Studies Department have joined
together to create a multimedia encyclopedia that provides the best user
experience through technology-driven innovation.
Online (Dialog) Databases:
A&I Kaiser Index to Black Resources/Black Studies Database. Schomburg Center for
research in Black Culture of the New York Public Library. Brooklyn, New York.
1948-1986.
The Kaiser Index to Black Resources is a bibliographic database created from the
handwritten notes of librarians and other staff of the Schomburg Center from
1948 until 1986. BSD includes more than 170,000 citations drawn from
significant and influential journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters,
pamphlets and reports relevant to the Black experience from 1948-1986
Sample entries for “minstrel shows”:
Henry T. Sampson's Blacks in Blackface: A Source Book on Early Black Musical
Shows. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1980, 5622pp. illus
Black folk entertainment and the evolution of American minstrelsy. Negro
History Bulletin; September/October 1978; pp. 885-87
A&I In the first person: an index to letters, diaries, oral histories, and personal
narratives. Alexander Street Press.
Description: The In the first person web site describes itself as an in-depth index
of more than 3,350 collections of personal narratives in English from around the
11. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 11
world. What makes this resource particularly useful is the depth of indexing,
allowing searches by personal characteristics, time frame, even witnesses to
particular events.
Sample entry for “minstrel shows”:
Document of Sheffe, Chris 18-Jul-1979 in Teaneck Oral Histories.[excerpt]
“They put on a minstrel show at a bazaar--every one in black face. Sam Cutler,
the druggist, was on the corner of West Englewood Ave. Joe Weiss had the taxi
service.”
A&I The Music index. Detroit, Information Coordinators [etc.] 1949-
Description: The editor-librarians at Harmonie Park Press have surveyed data
from more than 775 international music periodicals. Topics concerned with every
aspect of the classical and popular world of music are thoroughly categorized and
organized according to the framework of an internal Subject List which includes
both Subject and Geographic headings. Covering all styles and genres of music,
The Music Index duly cites book reviews, obituaries, new periodicals, and news
and articles about music, musicians, and the music industry.
Sample entry for “minstrel shows”:
Hurley-Glowa, S. The survival of blackface minstrel shows in the Adirondack
foothills. Voices Fall 2004.
A&I Library and Information Science and Technology Abstracts. (LISTA). Sage
Publications.
Description: Library, Information Science & Technology Abstract (LISTA)
indexes more than 600 periodicals, plus books, research reports and proceedings.
Subject coverage includes librarianship, classification, cataloging, bibliometrics,
online information retrieval, information management and more. Coverage in the
database extends back as far as the mid-1960. Surprisingly, a variety of
12. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 12
information on the topic of minstrel shows and hip hop culture can be found
through this source.
Sample entry for “minstrel shows”:
Sloane, D. E. Minstrelsy and murder: the crisis of southern humor, 1835-1925.
Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries; Jun2006, Vol. 43 Issue 9,
p1828-1828, 1/6p
Shaw, Arnold Black Popular Music in America. Library Journal, 03/15/86, Vol.
111 Issue 5, p70, 1/9p; (AN 7494207)
African American Biographical Database. Alexandria, Va.: Chadwick-Healey,
Inc., c1997.
Description: The African American Biographical Database (AABD) brings
together in one resource the biographies of thousands of African Americans,
many not to be found in any other reference source. These biographical sketches
have been carefully assembled from biographical dictionaries and other sources.
Sample entries for “blackface”:
Brawley, Benjamin. The Negro in Literature and Art in the United States, Revised
Edition. [Griffith] Duffield & Co., New York, 1921, revised edition
Cuney-Hare, Maud. Negro Musicians and Their Music. The Associated
Publishers, Inc., Washington, DC, 1936
Layne, Maude Wanzer. The "Negro's Contribution to Music
Mathews Printing & Lithographing Co., 1942
Ethnic and racial studies. London: Routledge. Vols. 1-27. London, 1978-2004.
Description: Ethnic and Racial Studies is the leading international journal for the
analysis of these issues throughout the world. The journal provides an
interdisciplinary academic forum for the presentation of research and theoretical
analysis, drawing on sociology, social policy, anthropology, political science,
economics, geography, international relations, history, social psychology and
cultural studies.
Sample entries for “minstrel show”:
13. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 13
Black Comedians on Black Comedy: How African-Americans Taught Us To
Laugh, Library Journal Reviews, November 15, 2006, REVIEWS; Social
Sciences; Pg. 86, 230 words, Rosellen Brewer
With Amusement for All: A History of American Popular Culture Since 1830,
Library Journals Reviews, April 1, 2006, REVIEWS; Social Sciences; Pg.
112, 253 words, Carol J. Binkowski.
History Cooperative database. University of Illinois Press for the History
Cooperative. Chicago, Ill. 2005
The History Cooperative is a pioneering nonprofit humanities resource offering
top-level online history scholarship.
Sample entries for “minstrel show”:
Cook, James W. Dancing across the Color Line. Common-place. The interactive
Journal of Early American Life. vol. 4 no. 1 October 2003.
Toll, Robert C. Blacking Up: The Minstrel show in Nineteenth – Century
America. Reviewed by Bill C. Malone. The Journal of American History, 62:3.
Journals/Periodicals:
PN Black face: the quarterly journal of the Black Filmmaker Foundation. 1989-
.9.N4 New York, NY: The Foundation.
B46
Serves as an academic, professional and community resource dedicated to the
dissemination of information about African Americans in film and related
monographs.
ML Black Music Research Journal. Nashville, Tenn.: Institute for Research in Black
3556. American Music. Fisk University, c1981.
B58
Focuses on matters of philosophy, aesthetics and criticism in researching black
music from the 17th century to the present.
ML The Black Perspective in Music. Cambria Heights, N.Y., Foundation for
3556 Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts.
.B6
This scholarly journal focuses on the history of black music, current events,
bibliography and discography.
ML Early Music History. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981
14. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 14
169.8. Arts & Humanities Citation Index Coverage: Full (19??-19??); Current Contents:
E15 Arts & Humanities; America, History and Life (1985- ); RILM Abstracts of
Music Literature Coverage: Full
Sample entry:
Tuhkanen, Mikko. Of Blackface and Paranoid Knowledge: Richard Wright,
Jacques Lacan, and the Ambivalence of Black Minstrelsy. Diacritics. Vol. 31, No.
2 (summer, 2001), pp. 9-34
Mahar, William. Black English in Early Blackface Minstrelsy: A New
Interpretation of the Sources of Minstrel Show Dialect
J. American Quarterly. Vol. 37, No. 2 (summer, 1985), pp. 260-285
PN Black camera: the newsletter of the Black Film Center/Archives / Indiana
1995 University Department of Afro-America Studies. Bloomington, Ind.: The
.9. Archives, [1985-] (No holdings available)
N4 Serves as an academic, professional and community resource dedicated to the
B455 dissemination of information about African Americans in film and related
monographs
ML Early Music Performer: a quarterly newsletter dedicated to questions of early
5 music performance, then and now. National Early Music Association. Guildford:
.L35 National Early Music Association. Cambridge, England: NEMA, 1991
Biographical Sources:
PN Bogle, Donald. Bright boulevards, bold dreams: the story of Black Hollywood /.
1995.9 .N4 Toms, coons, mulattoes, mammies, and bucks: an interpretive history of Blacks in
B59 2005 American films. New York: One World Ballantine Books, 2005
PN Chude-Sokei, Louis. The Last "Darky”: Bert Williams, black-on-black minstrelsy,
2287. W46 and the African Diaspora. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006
C55 2006
ML Cockrell, Dale. Demons of disorder: early blackface minstrels and their world.
1711. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
C63 1997
NX Gubar, Susan. Race changes: white skin, black face in American culture. New
652.A37 York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
G83 1997
PS Lhamon, W.T. Jump Jim Crow: lost plays, lyrics, and street prose of the first
509 .N4 Atlantic popular culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003
15. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 15
J86 2003
PN Lhamon, W.T. Raising Cain: blackface performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop.
1969.M5 Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998
L53 1998
PN Reynolds, Harry. Minstrel memories: the story of burnt cork minstrelsy in Great
2582.N4 Britain from 1836 to 1927. London: A. Rivers, [1928]
R4 1928
ML Riis, Thomas. More than just minstrel shows: the rise of black musical theatre at
1711 the turn of the century. Brooklyn, N.Y. : Institute for Studies in American Music,
.R54 1992 Conservatory of Music, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York,
1992.
PN Stark, Seymour. Men in blackface: true stories of the minstrel show. Philadelphia,
3195 PA: Xlibris Corp., c2000.
S67 2000
Directories, Handbooks, Almanacs/Annuals
Directories:
REF Black Americans Information Directory.
E
185.5 Addresses for numerous organizations, institutes, and groups relevant to African
B513 American issues.
REF The Black Resource Guide
E
185.5
B565 Address directory for various agencies, organizations, and services relating to
African Americans, including businesses, the media, museums, church
denominations and organizations, and more.
PN Peterson, Bernard. The African American Theatre Directory: 1816-1960.
2270
A35
P48 A comprehensive directory of more than 600 entries, this detailed ready reference
16. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 16
features professional, semi-professional, and academic stage organizations and
theatres that have been in the forefront in pioneering most of the advances that
African Americans have made in the theatre.
Handbooks:
Krummel, Donald William. Bibliographic Handbook of American Music. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Jack, Haverly. Negro Minstrels; a complete guide. 1969? English. Book 129 p. 22 cm.
Upper Saddle River, N.J., Literature House;
Almanacs/Annuals:
E Ploski, Harry. The Negro almanac: a reference work on the Afro-American. New
185. York: Wiley, c1983.
N385 It is the intent of this source to provide a wide audience with an 'accurate,
comprehensive, and well-documented study of black culture in the United States
and around the world.' Using tables, graphs, and black-and-white illustrations,
nearly 500 years of history are treated, with an emphasis on the current situation
of blacks in American society.
Audiovisuals:
VC Riggs, Marlon. Ethnic notions. 1 videocassette of 1 (58 min.): sd., col. ; 3/4 in.
3244 viewing copy. San Francisco, CA: California Newsreel, c1986. (1 holding TWU)
Ethnic Notions is an Emmy-winning documentary that takes viewers on a
disturbing voyage through American history, tracing for the first time the deep-
rooted stereotypes which have fueled anti-black prejudice. Narration by Esther
Rolle and commentary by respected scholars shed light on the origins and
devastating consequences of this 150 yearlong parade of bigotry. Loyal Toms,
carefree Sambos, faithful Mammies, grinning Coons, savage Brutes, and wide-
eyed Pickaninnies roll across the screen in cartoons, feature films, popular songs,
17. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 17
minstrel shows, advertisements, folklore, household artifacts, even children's
rhymes. These dehumanizing caricatures permeated popular culture from the
1820s to the Civil Rights period and implanted themselves deep in the American
psyche.
CGD Lee, Spike. Bamboozled. 16 film reels of 16 on 8 (ca. 12150) : sd., col. ; 3/4 in.
1017-1024 viewing print. United States: New Line Cinema, c2000.
Bamboozled is a satirical film written and directed by Spike Lee about a modern
televised minstrel show featuring black actors donning blackface makeup and the
violent fall-out from the show's success. The title means "purposefully confused,
tricked or led astray". Bamboozled mixes comedy with intrepid social
commentary about the way the media works.
Museum of Broadcast Communications [electronic/online]: The Black and White
Minstrel Show. http://www.museum.tv
One hundred years after the "Nigger Minstrel" entertainment tradition had begun
in London's music-halls, the convention was revived on television in the form of
The Black And White Minstrel Show. The Black And White Minstrel Show
therefore, is important in the context of British television because it outlines how
racist representations became part of public debate and how performance was
linked to social context. The program revealed a tension between the television
controllers, critics and audience. Many were angry at the fact that during this time
there were very few other representations of black people on British television.
This variety series was first screened on BBC Television on 14 June 1958 and it
was to stay on air for over the next two decades. The Black And White Minstrel
Show evolved from the "Swannee River" type minstrel radio shows.
Black music in theater and film. English Visual Material: Video recording: VHS
tape 1 videocassette (29 min.): sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Alexandria, Va.: 1980
18. Pathfinder – Minstrel Shows & Blackface 18
PBS Video explores the role of music in the presentation and perception of blacks
in theatre and film and identifies black Americans who have been active in the
growth of theatre and film music. Features L.O. Sloane's Three Black and Three
White Refined Jubilee Minstrels and Pearl Bailey.
References
Minstrel show. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/minstrel show (accessed: December 2, 2006).
Wikipedia contributors, "Minstrel show," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel_show&oldid=312161001 (accessed
December 2, 2006).