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ANIMAL BREEDING PROGRAM AND BREEDING METHODS.pdf
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- 4. This answers thequestion : Which traits should be improved in the next generations? Examples of breeding goals are defined improvements in traits of production, product quality, health and welfare traits, conformation traits, sport performance, fertility etc. Breeding goal
- 5. • The meangenetic value of an individual as a parent for a trait. • It is estimated as twice the average superiority of the individual’s progeny relative to all other progeny under conditions of random mating • The estimated breeding value indicates the value of the animal with respect to the breeding goal: the lowest ones will have a negative effect on the breeding goal traits and the highest ones will improve breeding goal traits. Breeding value
- 6. • The meangenetic value of an individual as a parent for a trait. • It is estimated as twice the average superiority of the individual’s progeny relative to all other progeny under conditions of random mating • The estimated breeding value indicates the value of the animal with respect to the breeding goal: the lowest ones will have a negative effect on the breeding goal traits and the highest ones will improve breeding goal traits. Breeding value
- 7. System of Matingin Animal Breeding System
- 8. MATING SYSTEMS Random Mating Non-Random mating Phenotype Assortative Disassortative Genotype Inbreeding Close breeding Linebreeding Outbreeding Out crossing Cross breeding Criss-crossing Rotational crossing Back crossing Test crossing Top crossing Grading up Species hybridization
- 9. Random mating system •Equal chance of every male and female gamete to unite • Out breeding or inbreeding • Maintains diversity • Used in progeny testing With selection • ↑ required gene frequency • ↑ variance • ↑ homozygosity if less animals Without selection • Constant gene frequency • Constant variation • Constant homozygosity or heterozygosity
- 10. Random mating system Assortativemating • Phenotypically similar • Extreme phenotypes exist • Increase homozygosity Disassortative mating • Phenotypically dissimilar • Extreme phenotypes exist • Constant or increased heterozygosity
- 11. Random mating system •Close relatives • ↑ homozygosity • ↑ genetic purity • ↑ uniformity • ↑ prepotency • Seed stock • Cull recessive genes • Loss vigor • Inbreeding depression • Abnormal or lethal gene appearance Close breeding Line breeding
- 12. inbreeding Mating of closelyrelated animals. For example, sire to daughter, son to dam, and bother to sister .
- 13. inbreeding • Close relatives •Seed stock • Cull recessive genes • Loss vigor • Inbreeding depression • Abnormal or lethal gene appearance Close breeding Line breeding Purpose ↑ homozygosity ↑ genetic purity ↑ uniformity ↑ prepotency
- 14. Inbreeding DEPRESSION • Thereduced biological fitness which has the potential to result from inbreeding • Inbreeding depression is often the result of a population bottleneck
- 15. LINE breeding A systemof breeding in which the degree of relationship is less intense than in inbreeding. It is usually directed towards keeping the offspring related to some highly priced ancestor .
- 16. LINE breeding A systemof breeding in which the degree of relationship is less intense than in inbreeding. It is usually directed towards keeping the offspring related to some highly priced ancestor .
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- 18. OUT BREEDING Line crossing Out crossing Crossbreeding Criss-crossing Rotational crossing Back crossing Test crossing Top crossing Grading up Species hybridization
- 19. LINE CROSSING Two linesof the same breed but different bloodlines
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- 21. out CROSSING ✓ Unrelatedindividuals of same breed ✓ Good in high heritable traits ✓ Genetic improvement within breed ✓ More emphasis on selection
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- 23. Grading up Higher qualitybreed repeated
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- 25. Cross breeding Is themating of males and females livestock animals of different breed compositions or types.
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- 27. Heterosis – is thesuperiority of the crossbreed offspring. Mathematically, heterosis is the difference in performance between the crossbred and the average performance of its purebred parents.
- 28. Terminal crossing All thecrossbred offspring are sold and replacement of females must be purchased or produced in the group by mating the proportion of the group to the males of the same breed.
- 29. Terminal crossing All thecrossbred offspring are sold and replacement of females must be purchased or produced in the group by mating the proportion of the group to the males of the same breed.
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- 31. Two-way TERMINAL CROSSING Marketall offspring
- 32. Three-way TERMINAL CROSSING Marketall offspring
- 33. ROTATIONAL CROSSING Involves alternating theuse of males of two, three or more breeds. Females are mated to males of the breed which are least related.
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- 37. ROTOTERMINAL CROSSING Involves both terminalcrossing and rotational crossing