Panitikan ng Umuunlad na Bansa: Kaligiran ng Cambodia

Ang
Cambodia Kasaysayan Kultura ng
Cambodia
Relihiyon Kasuotan
at Pagkain
Edukasyon
Makasay-
sayang
Lugar
Pagdiriwang
Khmer
Rouge

"When the culture
extinguishes, the
Nation will disappear.
When the culture is
magnificent, the Nation
is prosperous".
- Khmer proverb
5Ankur Patel

Ankur Patel 6
Heaven protects our King
And gives him happiness and glory
To reign over our souls and our
destinies,
The one being, heir of the Sovereign
builders,
Guiding the proud old Kingdom.
Temples are asleep in the forest,
Remembering the splendour of Moha
Nokor.
Like a rock the Khmer race is eternal.
Let us trust in the fate of Kampuchea,
The empire which challenges the
ages.
Songs rise up from the pagodas
To the glory of holy buddhistic faith.
Let us be faithful to our ancestors'
belief.
Thus heaven will lavish its bounty
Towards the ancient Khmer country,
the Moha Nokor.
Pambansang Awit ng Cambodia

Ankur Patel 7
Ang watawat ng
Cambodia
Ang sagisag ng
Cambodia

Ang Bansang Cambodia
Total Population 13,607,069 (est.) Total Area 1,81,035 km²
Local
Currency
Cambodian riel
Literacy
8
5
%
(
a
p
p
r
o
x
)
Language Khmer
GDP US$ 11.36 billion
9Ankur Patel

Facts and Statistics
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of
Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Capital: Phnom Penh
Population: 13,607,069
10Ankur Patel

Ankur Patel 11
Pangkat Etniko Bahagdan
Khmer 90%
Vietnamese 5%
Chinese 1%
other 4%

ANCIENT CAMBODIA
• The first humans in Cambodia were Stone Age
hunters and gatherers. However farming was
introduced into Cambodia about 2,300 BC. The
first farmers in Cambodia used stone tools but
from about 1,500 BC the Cambodians used tools
and weapons made from bronze. By about 500
BC they had learned to use
• The first civilisation in the area arose about 150
AD in the Mekong River delta in South Vietnam.
This civilisation was known to the Chinese who
called it Fu-nan. iron.

ANCIENT CAMBODIA
• While Fu-nan was trading with the Chinese
Cambodian society grew more sophisticated.
Settlements grew larger. So did kingdoms. By the
beginning of the 7th century AD all of Cambodia
was highly civilized.
• At first Cambodia was divided into rival states.
However at the beginning of the 9th century a
king named Jayavarman II founded the Khmer
Empire in Cambodia.

THE KHMER EMPIRE
• Like all early civilizations the Khmer Empire was
an overwhelmingly agricultural society, Although
there were many craftsmen the great majority of
the people were farmers. Their staple diet was
rice.
• The Khmers were animists. They believed that
spirits inhabited natural phenomena such as the
earth and trees. Later Indian religions (Hinduism
and Buddhism) were introduced but they co-
existed with traditional beliefs.

THE KHMER EMPIRE
• The rich and powerful built fine temples (the only
stone buildings in Cambodia). They were richly
decorated with fine stone carvings. The most
famous temple is Angkor Wat which was built in
the early 12th century.
• Then about 1000 AD King Jayavarman V was
killed. Civil war followed until Suryavarman I
founded another dynasty. By 1011 he was in
control of Cambodia. However his dynasty only
lasted until 1080 when it was replaced by
another.

THE KHMER EMPIRE
• In 1177 a people called the Chams from Champa (on
the coast of Vietnam) invaded Cambodia. However
King Jayavarman VII managed to drive them out by
1183 and between 1203 and 1220 he was able to force
the Chams to submit to him. Nevertheless by the mid-
13th century the Khmer kingdom was in decline.
• In 1431 the Thais captured the Cambodian capital,
Angkor. Afterwards it was abandoned and new capital
was founded at Phnom Penh. By the mid-16th century
Angkor was overgrown by the jungle and it was
accidentally rediscovered by a Cambodian king.

CAMBODIA 1500-1800
• During the 16th century Cambodian power
continued to decline. At the end of the century
Cambodia fell under Thai suzerainty . In 1594 the
Thais captured the capital. After that they
dominated the region.
• From the middle of the 17th century the power
of Vietnam grew. In the early 17th century the
Cambodians controlled parts of what is now
South Vietnam. They held a port called Prey
Nokor. (Later it was renamed Saigon). In the late
17th century Prey Nokor fell under Vietnamese
rule.

CAMBODIA 1500-1800
• During the 18th century Cambodia found itself
squeezed between two powerful neighbours,
Thailand and Vietnam. The Thais invaded
Cambodia several times in the 18th century
and in 1772 they destroyed Phnom PenH. In
the last years of the 18th century the
Vietnamese also invaded Cambodia. The
Cambodian king was forced to look to the
Thais for protection. In return Thailand took
north-west Cambodia.

19TH CENTURY CAMBODIA
• In the early 19th century King Chan
(1806-1834) turned to the Vietnamese
for protection from the Thais. The Thais
were annoyed by this policy and when a
rebellion occurred in south Vietnam in
1833 they took advantage by invading
Cambodia. However the Vietnamese king
crushed the rebellion and the Thai army
retreated.

• As a result the Vietnamese emperor
strengthened his control over Cambodia. When
Cambodian King Chan died in 1834 one of his
daughters was installed as Queen and
Vietnamese people settled in Cambodia. The
Vietnamese regarded the Cambodians as
'barbarians' an tried to 'civilize' them by teaching
them Vietnamese customs.
• Resentment at Vietnamese influence led to a
rebellion in 1840-1841. The Thais invaded again
to re-assert their control of Cambodia.

• However in the 1850s French
missionaries arrived in Cambodia.
The Cambodian king turned to the
French to protect him from both the
Thais and the Vietnamese. So in
1863 Cambodia became a French
protectorate.

• Under French rule some economic
development took place in
Cambodia. Roads and railways were
built and in the 1920s a rubber
industry grew up. However the
Cambodians were forced to pay
heavy taxes and from the 1930s
Cambodian nationalism grew.

• Then in 1941 Cambodia was occupied by the
Japanese. However at first they allowed
French officials to remain in their posts but in
March 1945 as the Japanese were losing the
war they desperately tried to curry favour
with the Cambodians. They arrested French
officials and declared Cambodia independent.
However when the Japanese surrendered the
French took over again. They arrived in
October 1945.

• This time the French did allow the
Cambodians to have political parties and a
constitution. By a treaty of 1949 Cambodia
was made semi-independent. Then in 1952
King Sihanouk dismissed the government and
took personal control of the country. Events
then moved swiftly. On 9 November 1953 the
French finally allowed Cambodia to become
fully independent and in 1955 Sihanouk
abdicated in favor of his father and elections
were held.

• Sihanouk formed his own political movement. From
1955-1970 he dominated politics in Cambodia so much
so that it is sometimes called the 'Sihanouk era'. In
1960, when his father died, he named himself 'Chief of
State'. Sihanouk called his movement 'Buddhist
Socialism'. However it was not really socialist at all.
• Sihanouk's reign began to crumble in 1968 when the
communists began a civil war. In 1970 Sihanouk left the
country. While he was away the National Assembly
voted to remove him as chief of state. Cambodia was
renamed the Khmer Republic.

• However the communists slowly made
headway. The Americans bombed Cambodia
to try and stop the communists. Nevertheless
they captured Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975.

Birth and Death Rituals
• The birth of a child is a happy event for the
family. According to traditional beliefs, however,
confinement and childbirth expose the family,
and especially the mother and the child to harm
from the spirit world. A woman who dies in
childbirth—crosses the river (chhlong tonle) in
Khmer is believed to become an evil spirit. In
traditional Khmer society, a pregnant woman
respects a number of food taboos and avoids
certain situations. These traditions remain in
practice in rural Cambodia, but they have become
weakened in urban areas.

• Death is not viewed with the great outpouring
of grief common to Western society; it is
viewed as the end of one life and as the
beginning of another life that one hopes will
be better. Buddhist Khmer usually are
cremated, and their ashes are deposited in a
stupa in the temple compound. A corpse is
washed, dressed, and placed in a coffin, which
may be decorated with flowers and with a
photograph of the deceased.

• White pennant-shaped flags, called "white
crocodile flags," outside a house indicate that
someone in that household has died. A funeral
procession consisting of an achar, Buddhist
monks, members of the family, and other
mourners accompanies the coffin to the
crematorium. The spouse and the children show
mourning by shaving their heads and by wearing
white clothing. Relics such as teeth or pieces of
bone are prized by the survivors, and they are
often worn on gold chains as amulets. If the child
is always ill, his or her parents can go and change
the name of child

Courtship, Marriage, Divorce
• Courtship patterns differ between rural and
urban Khmer; romantic love is a notion that exists
to a much greater extent in larger cities. A man
usually marries between the ages of nineteen
and twenty-five, a girl between the ages of
sixteen and twenty-two. After a spouse has been
selected, each family investigates the other to
make sure its child is marrying into a good family.
In rural areas, there is a form of bride-service;
that is, the young man may take a vow to serve
his prospective father-in-law for a period of time.

• The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.
Formerly it lasted three days, but in the 1980s it more
commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests
offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing.
Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying
cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's
and groom's wrists, and passing a candle around a
circle of happily married and respected couples to
bless the union. After the wedding, a banquet is held.
Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's
parents and may live with them up to a year, until they
can build a new house nearby.

• Divorce is legal and relatively easy to obtain, but
not common. Divorced persons are viewed with
some disapproval. Each spouse retains whatever
property he or she brought into the marriage,
and jointly-acquired property is divided equally.
Divorced persons may remarry, but the woman
must wait ten months. Custody of minor children
is usually given to the mother, and both parents
continue to have an obligation to contribute
financially toward the rearing and education of
the child. The divorced male doesn't have a
waiting period before he can re-marry.

Customs
• In Khmer culture a person's head is believed
to contain the person's soul--therefore making
it taboo to touch or point one's feet at it. It is
also considered to be extremely disrespectful
to use the feet to point out a person, or to sit
or sleep with the soles of the feet pointing at a
person, as the feet are the lowest part of the
body and are considered to be impure.

• When greeting people or to show
respect in Cambodia people do the
"sampeah" gesture, identical to the
Indian namaste and Thai wai.

Customs
• Customary Cambodian teachings are laid out in verse form in
long works from the 14th to 18th centuries collectively called
Chhbap ("rules" or "codes").These were traditionally learned
by rote. Works such as the Chhbap Pros ("Boy's Code"),
Chhbap Srey ("Girl's Code") and Chhbap Peak Chas ("Code of
Ancient Words") gave such advice as: a person that does not
wake up before sunrise is lazy; a child must tell parents or
elders where they go and what time they will return home;
always close doors gently, otherwise a bad temper will be
assumed; sit in a chair with the legs straight down and not
crossed (crossing the legs is a mark of an impolite person);
and always let the other person do more talking.
• In Cambodia it is not polite to make eye contact with
someone who is older or someone who is considered a
superior.

• In Cambodia it is not polite to
make eye contact with someone
who is older or someone who is
considered a superior.

THE KHMER ROUGE
• In 1975 a horrific and tragic era of Cambodian
history began in the reign of the Khmer Rouge.
They were led by Pol Pot (or Saloth Sar) also
known as 'Brother Number One'. How many
people were killed by Pol Pot and the Khmer
Rouge is not known for certain but it was
probably at least 1.5 million and it may have been
as many as 3 million. Pol Pot declared that history
would begin again in Cambodia. The first year of
revolution was now the first year of history.

THE KHMER ROUGE
• In 1975 Cambodia was a mainly agricultural country.
Pol Pot decided it should be completely agricultural.
This meant all the people from the towns and cities
were forced to move to the countryside. Pol Pot also
decided that agricultural output should double in 4
years. Private property was banned and collective
farms were formed. They were supposed to grow 3
tons of rice per hectare. People were made to work
very long hours to try and grow the extra rice. They
were given insufficient food and many fell ill and died
from a combination of exhaustion and malnutrition.

THE KHMER ROUGE
• That was not all. Religion was banned in
Cambodia (people caught practicing Buddhism
were executed). Family relationships were
banned (on the grounds that parents exploited
their children). Furthermore the smallest
infringement of the rules resulted in execution.
Although they were half starved, people caught
foraging for food were executed. People were
also executed for being lazy. Needless to say
anyone who complained was executed.

THE KHMER ROUGE
• Furthermore the Khmer Rouge murdered
intellectuals. Soon people who could speak a
foreign language or who wore glasses were
executed. This nightmarish situation was only
ended by a war with Vietnam. The
Vietnamese invaded Cambodia in December
1978 and quickly prevailed. Unfortunately Pol
Pot escaped and he did not die until 1998.

THE KHMER ROUGE
• Pol Pot's soldiers fled to Thailand and they were
welcomed by the Thai's who feared a Vietnamese
invasion. The Khmer Rouge continued a guerrilla war
against the Vietnamese. However the Vietnamese
forces withdrew from Cambodia in 1989.
• Afterwards negotiations began among several different
parties. The result was the Paris Peace Accords of 1991.
Communism was abandoned in Cambodia and a
provisional government ruled until 1993 when
elections were held and a constitution was framed.
Sihanouk was made a constitutional monarch.

THE KHMER ROUGE
• However the Khmer Rouge refused to take
part in the elections and they continued their
guerrilla war. Fortunately in 1996 Pol Pot's
second in command Leng Sary defected in
1996. Many Khmer Rouge troops followed
him. Pol Pot himself died in 1998 and peace
returned to Cambodia.
• In 1999 Cambodia joined ASEAN.

21ST CENTURY CAMBODIA
• In 2004 King Norodom Sihanouk abdicated.
His son became King Norodom Sihamoni in his
place.
• Today Cambodia is still a poor country but
there is every reason to be optimistic about its
future. In the early years of the 21st Century
the Cambodian economy grew rapidly.

21ST CENTURY CAMBODIA
• Cambodia suffered badly during the recession of
2009 but it soon recovered and today it is
growing strongly. Today the textiles industry in
Cambodia is booming. Tourism is also an
important industry in in Cambodia. However
many people in Cambodia still live by farming.
• In 2005 oil was discovered in the sea off
Cambodia and it holds great promise for the
future. Today the population of Cambodia is 14.9
million.

Ankur Patel 53
Maraming bagay ang
nakakaapekto sa kultura ng
Cambodia; kasama na dito ay
ang Theravada Buddhism at
ang Hinduismo, ang kanilang
relihiyon. Ang kolonya ng
Pransya, ang kulturang
Angkorian, at ang
kasalukuyang panahon ay
nakaaapekto rin. Kasama na
dito ang kultura ng mga tribo
ng Khmer Loeu.

Ankur Patel 54
Relihiyon Bahagdan
Theravada Buddhist 95%
Iba pa 5%

Ankur Patel 55
Historically, Buddhism has been the
dominant religion in Cambodia, however
before its introduction Hinduism also
flourished. Roman Catholicism was
introduced by French missionaries beginning
in the eighteenth century. Islam is practiced
among the Chams.
R
E
L
I
G
I
O
N
S
in
C
A
M
B
O
D
I
A

Ankur Patel 56
B
U
D
D
H
I
S
M
in
C
A
M
B
O
D
I
A
Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at
least the 5th century AD. Theravada Buddhism has
been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th. In
later history, a second century AD. The history of
Buddhism stream of Buddhism in Cambodia spans
entered Khmer culture nearly 2000 during the
Angkor years, across a number empire of
successive kingdoms. For the first 1000 years of
Khmer history, Cambodia and empires. Buddhism
entered was ruled by a series of Hindu kings with an
Cambodia through two occasional Buddhist.

Ankur Patel 57
R
E
L
I
H
I
Y
O
N
Makikita sa mga Cambodian
ang respeto nila sa kanilang
relihiyon sa pamamagitan ng
musika, sayaw, at pangaraw-
araw na buhay nila.

Ankur Patel 58
R
E
L
I
H
I
Y
O
N

Ankur Patel 59
R
E
L
I
H
I
Y
O
N
Ang mga sayaw ng Cambodia ay
karaniwang ipinapakita lamang sa hari,
meron silang makukulay at mararaming
palamuti sa katawan. Binabase rin nila
ang sayaw nila sa relihiyon, katulad ng
Reamker. May mga sayaw rin silang para
sa pagmamahalan at sa pagpapalayo ng
masamang espiritu. Karaniwan na ang
musika ng Cambodia ay sinasamahan ng
pinpeat ensemble na tungkol rin sa
relihiyon.

Ankur Patel
A
R
K
I
T
E
K
T
U
R
A
Pagodas in Cambodia
The 100-Column Pagoda in Kratie, Cambodia.

Ankur Patel
A
R
K
I
T
E
K
T
U
R
A
The Angkor Wat

Ankur Patel
A
R
K
I
T
E
K
T
U
R
A
The Angkor Wat
• The largest Hindu temple complex in the world.
The temple was built by King Suryavarman II in
the early 12th century in as his state temple and
eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaivism
tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was
instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-
preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to
have remained a significant religious centre since
its foundation – first Hindu, dedicated to the god
Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is at the top of
the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It
has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on
its national flag, and it is the country's prime
attraction for visitors.

Ankur Patel
Kasuotan at
Pagkain

Clothing
Clothing in Cambodia is one of the most
important aspects of the culture. Cambodian
fashion differs according to ethnic group and
social class. Khmer people traditionally wear a
checkered scarf called a Krama. The "krama" is
what distinctly separates the Khmer
(Cambodians) from their neighbors the Thai, the
Vietnamese, and the Laotians.

The scarf is used for many purposes
including for style, protection from the sun,
an aid (for the feet) when climbing trees, a
hammock for infants, a towel, or as a
"sarong". A "krama" can also be easily
shaped into a small child's doll for play.
Under the Khmer Rouge, krama of various
patterns were part of standard clothing.

• Khmer clothing, also known as the fashion
of Cambodia, refers to the style of dress worn
by the Khmer people from ancient to present
times.

• The long-popular traditional garment known
as the Sampot, is an Indian-influenced
costume which Cambodians have worn since
the Funan era. Historically, Khmer clothing has
changed depending on the time period and
religion. From the Funan era to the Angkor
Era, there was a strong Hindu influence in
Cambodian fashion which favored wearing
Sampots over the lower body and oftentimes
nothing from the waist up except jewelry
including bracelets and collars such as the
Sarong Kor, a symbol of Hinduism.

• As Buddhism began to replace Hinduism,
Khmer people started wearing the blouse,
shirt and trousers of Khmer style. Khmer
people, both common and royal, stopped
wearing the Hindu-style collars and began to
adopt beautiful decorated shawls such as Sbai
instead. This new clothing style was popular
in the Udong period.

Sampot Hol
The Sampot Hol is used as a
lower garment and as the
sampot chang kben.

Cuisine
• Khmer cuisine or more generally, Cambodian
cuisine is one of the worlds oldest living cuisines,
and is regarded by many as one of the healthiest
and most balanced cuisines on the planet.
• The staple food for Cambodians is rice, and today
rice is consumed by most Cambodians daily and
with all meals, utilizing a great number of
cooking styles and techniques. In fact,
Cambodians eat more rice than any other people
in the world

• In addition, rice is eaten all day long in the
form of street-side snacks, such as deep-fried
rice cakes with chives and spinach, for
breakfast, as in Cambodia's famous rice
noodle soup kuyteav or rice porridge, and in
many desserts. Plain white rice is served with
nearly every family meal, typically served with
grilled freshwater fish, a samlor or soup, and
an assortment of seasonal herbs, salad leaves
and vegetables.

• A common ingredient, almost a national
institution, is a pungent type of fermented fish
paste used in many dishes, a distinctive flavoring
known as prahok. It's an acquired taste for most
Westerners, but is an integral part of Khmer
cuisine and is included in many dishes or used as
a dipping sauce. The liberal use of prahok, which
adds a salty tang to many dishes, is a
characteristic which distinguishes Khmer cuisine
from that of its neighbours.

Introduction
• There was a library
(the storehouse of
knowledge) central
to each temple at
the Angkor Wat.
• Education was traditionally
offered only to boys, under
the Buddhist custom and
highly regarded

- Many schools
were closed and
others turned into
prisons such as
the Tuol Sleng
prison.
Following French colonisation, the Khmer Rouge regime
(Pol Pot’s communist leadership 1975-1979) destroyed
the education system in Cambodia:

- Many educated people
and teachers were
executed such that only;
50 of the 725
university instructors,
207 of the 2,300
secondary school
teachers and 2,717 of
21,311 primary school
teachers survived the
regime.

Structure of education is similar to ours
with; six years of primary, three years of
intermediate and 3 years of secondary
schooling.

• Problems faced by the
Cambodian education
system can be primarily
attributed to the
shortage of resources
and teachers.
• Government annual
expenditure on
education is very low at
just 1.6% of Cambodia's
GDP, where most
western countries spend
around 5.5% to 6.4%.

Resources
• Classes are under-
equipped and often run
without textbooks or pen
and paper – “chalk and
talk” style of teaching
predominates.
• With a shortage of
qualified teachers and
classrooms, there are
approximately 60 students
per class.

• School grounds are not
maintained and some
schools do not even have
access to clean water.
• These factors hinder
learning and decrease
student motivation and
incentives to study – thus
compromising their
education and future
hence preventing them
from escaping poverty.

Teachers
• Corruption “Teachers sell copy
papers or lesson paper and
students who don’t buy the
paper will receive the low
mark... Students pay teachers
in national exams. If they
want to pass they need the
money”
Teachers in Cambodia are earning merely US$20 to US$50 a
month,they resort to collecting informal school fees of $0.02
to $0.05 per day from students to supplement their salaries.
This further deters children from attending schools as they
cannot afford to pay for the informal school fees.

• Competence “Some teachers don't come to teach
on time. They are absent without permission. Many
students cannot even write Khmer in the class, they
can’t read or write. The education in Cambodia is
very low.”
Due to the shortage of
teachers in Cambodia,
teachers employed often lack
proper training. Most
teachers in Cambodia,
especially those in the more
remote areas had not even
completed their secondary
education.

• Compassion “The principal should have more
interest in the lives of students” (as lifelong disciples
and leaders of the future)… the librarians are rude
and therefore some students do not want to go to
the library”
Such desperate
circumstances rob
teachers of the space of
heart to truly care for
students, as their primary
concerns are for their
immediate survival.

Tertiary education
• In 2009 Cambodia has a tertiary enrolment rate to
10%
• Lacks world recognition and is currently not
acknowledged by QS World rankings (ranking of the
world’s top 700 universities)
• Higher education institutions are mainly located in
major cities. Hence, students have to bear the cost of
transport and living expenses in addition to their
school fees
• Example of another barrier to higher education

Teaching is an important
part of our ministry as it is
an opportunity to; free the
students from a generation
of poverty, to preach the
teacher that Jesus was, and
to reach out and heal
students’ broken faith in
the education system and
restore hope.

Ito ay ginawa para sa diyos na si Shiva.
Marami itong "gopuras“, mga pasikot
sikot na daan at mga gusaling gawa sa
bato. Dahil nasa may border ito ng
Cambodia at Thailand, bihira itong
napupuntahan ng mga turista.
Preah Vihear Temple

Ang Choeung Ek Killing Fields ay
isang dating hardin noong 1975. Ginamit
ito noong Khmer Rogue sa pagpatay ng 1.7
milyong katao. Ngayon, ang mga bungo ay
nakalagay sa isang memorialin. Maaaring
tingnan ito ng turista gamit ang mga glass
panels.
Choeung Ek Killing Fields

Ang Angkor Wat ay isang templo
mula pa sa ika-12 siglo. Meron itong 5
tore, na may kahangahangang disenyo at
mga statua tungkol sa Hinduismo. Ginawa
ang Angkor Wat para sa diyos na si Vishnu
at mayroon ring mga iskultura tungkol sa
pangaraw-araw na buhay ng mga
Cambodian.
ANGKOR WAT

The largest Hindu temple complex in the world. The
temple was built by King Suryavarman II in the early
12th century in as his state temple and eventual
mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaivism tradition of
previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to
Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is
the only one to have remained a significant religious
centre since its foundation – first Hindu, dedicated to
the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is at the
top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture.
It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on
its national flag, and it is the country's prime
attraction for visitors.

Pinagdidiwang ng mga
Cambodian ang Bon Om Tuuk
Festival, isang karera ng mga
bangka. Nagpapasalamat sila sa
buwan gamit ang mga paputok at
nagdadaos ng palaro katulad ng
paglalaban sa tandang at paglalaro
ng soccer.
Bon Om Tuuk Festival

Isa ring pinagdiriwang
sa bansa ay ang Cambodian
New Year sa Abril na binase
sa dalawang relihiyon.
Cambodian New Year

Chest Level:
Greeting to
friend, equal
position or
the same
age.

Mouth Level:
To respect
someone older
or higher
position.

Nose Level:
To respect
parents,
grandparents,
or teacher

Eyebrow Level:
To respect king,
queen, monk or
respected
statue.

Forehead
Level: To pray
for god, spirit,
angel, divinity,
celestial.

• Aside from monks, elders are given the highest level
of respect in Cambodia. Always acknowledge an
elder's status by allowing them to control the
conversation, walk first, and take the lead.
• When seated, never sit higher than the eldest person
in the room.
• Women should never touch a monk or hand anything
to them
• If a monk is seated, you should also sit before
starting a conversation
• Monks are not allowed to eat after noon, so try to be
considerate and not to eat in front of them
Respect for Elders & Monks

• Remove shoes and hats before entering
the worship area
• Turn off mobile phones and MP3
players
• Avoid loud or disrespectful conversation
inside of temples
• Dress modestly
• Avoid sitting higher than the seated
monks
• Do not touch a Buddha statue
Temple Etiquette

• Always remove your shoes upon entering
• Remove your hat while indoors
• To be polite, bring a small gift such as
fruit, flowers, or candy to your host, and
remember to hand them with both hands
• Always wait for the eldest to sit and eat
first
• Avoid conversation about business or war
when at the table
Visiting Local Home

Cambodian Literature
• Cambodian or Khmer literature has a very ancient
origin. Like most Southeast Asian national
literatures its traditional corpus has two distinct
aspects or levels:
• The written literature, mostly restricted to the
royal courts or the Buddhist monasteries.
• The oral literature, which is based on local
folklore. It is heavily influenced by Buddhism, the
predominant religion, as well as by the Hindu
epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Ancient Stone Inscriptions
• A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer
language are the multitude of epigraphic
inscriptions on stone. The first written proof that
has allowed the history of the Khmer empire to
be reconstructed are those inscriptions.
• These writings on columns, stelae and walls
throw light on the royal lineages, religious edicts,
territorial conquests and internal organization of
the kingdom.

Buddhist Texts
• Following the stone inscriptions, some of the
oldest Khmer documents are translations and
commentaries of the Pali Buddhist texts of the
Tripitaka written in the Khmer script.
• These texts were written with stencils by the
monks on palmyra palm leaves. They were kept in
various monasteries throughout the country and
many did not escape the destruction of the
Khmer Rouge.

REAMKER
• The Reamker or Ram Ker (Rama's fame) is the
Cambodian version of the Ramayana, the famous
Indian epic. The Reamker comes in rhymed verses and
is staged in sections that are adapted to Cambodian
dance movements interpreted by local artists.
• The Reamker is the oldest form of Cambodian theatre.
The Robam Sovann Maccha - a certain dance from the
Reamker about Hanuman and Suvannamaccha, the
golden mermaid, is one of the most renowned pieces
of classical dance in Cambodia.

Court Literature
• King Thommaracha II (1629–1634) wrote a poem directed
to the Khmer young generation which is still a well loved
traditional piece of poetry.
• King Ang Duong (1841–1860) is known in Khmer literature
for being not only a king but a famous classical writer in
prose. His novel Kakey or Ka key (from the Sanskrit word for
a "female crow"), is inspired in a Jataka tale and has
elements of regional folktales.
• Another work by Ang Duong, also probably inspired in an
ancient legend, is Puthisen Neang Kong Rey, a novel about
a faithful wife ready to sacrifice her life for her husband.
Khmer poets and songwriters have used the words "Kakey"
for a woman who is unfaithful to her man and "Neang Kong
Rey" for a very faithful woman.

Popular Legends
• One of the most representative of these tales was
the story of Vorvong and Sorvong, a long story of
the Khmer oral tradition about two Khmer
princes that fell into disgrace, but after a series of
ordeals regained their status. Vorvong and
Sorvong was first put into writing by Auguste
Pavie as "Vorvong and Saurivong"; this French
civil servant claimed that he had obtained the
folk legend version he wrote down from a certain
"Old Uncle Nip" in Somrontong District. This story
was put into writing in Battambang.

Popular Legends
• Tum Teav is a classic tragic love story set in
Kampong Cham that has been told throughout
the country since at least mid 19th century. It
is based on 17th or 18th century poem of
uncertain origin, probably having originated in
a more ancient Cambodian folk legend.
Nowadays Tum Teav has oral, literary, theatre,
and film versions in Khmer.

Modern Literature
• The era of French domination brought about a
requestioning of the role of the literature in
Cambodia. The first book in the Khmer script
in a modern printing press was printed in
Phnom Penh in 1908. It was a classical text on
wisdom, "The Recommendations of Old
Mas", published under the auspices of
Adhémard Leclère.

Modern Literature
• Some of the first modern Cambodian literary
works keep the influences of the versified
traditional literature, like the 1911 novel Dik
ram phka ram (The Dancing Water and the
Dancing Flower), Tum Teav (1915) by the
venerable Som, the 1900 work Bimba bilap
(Bimba's Lamentation) by female novelist Sou
Seth, or even Dav Ek by Nou Kan, which
appeared in 1942.

Ankur Patel
Kabuuan ng
Panitikang
Cambodia

Ang sentro ng Panitikang Cambodia ay
ang mga mito at alamat na naipasa sa
pamamagitan ng salindila. Karamihan nito ay
mga kuwento ukol sa mga naunang buhay ni
Buddha at mga epiko mula sa India. Nang
maipakilala ng mga Pranses sa Cambodia ang
limbagan noong mga 1930s, sumulpot na rin
ang mga nobela. Nagsimula muna ang mga
nobela sa anyo ng mga serye sa pahayagan
hanggang sa tuluyang ginamit ang mga ito sa
mga paaralan at nagawan pa ng bersyon ng
mga ito sa pelikula.

Noong simula ng dekada 70, limampung
nobela isang taon ang nailathala sa Cambodia.
Sa panahon ng Khmer Rouge noong 1975-
1979, nalimitihan ang mga panitikan sa mga
tula ukol sa agrikultura, mga magsasaka, at
mga rebolusyonaryong awit. Walang mga
nobelang naisulat sa Cambodia. Ang ilang
mahahalagang akda ay nasulat ng mga refugee
sa Pransya at Thailand. Sinira rin ang mga
kagimbal-gimbal na mga taong iyon ang
sinaunang panitikan ng Cambodia.

May dalawa hanggang apat na milyong
Cambodian ang namatay sa ilalim ng
kalupitan ng rehimeng Khmer Rouge na
pinamumunuan ni Pol Pot. Daan-daang libo
ang tumakas sa Thailand at iba pang bansa. Sa
pagsisikap na magtatag ng isang komunistang
lipunang pantay-pantay, malupit na pinatay ng
Khmer Rouge ang mga nasa panggitna at
mataas na uri. Kabilang dito ang mga opisyal,
negosyante, at edukadong propesyonal.

Pilit na pinagtrabaho sa mga komyun
(commune) sa lalawigan ng mga tagalungsod.
Nahati ang mga pamilya. Ipinasara ang mga
paaralan, monasteryo, bangko, tanggapan at
aklatan. Kinumpiskang lahat ng mga
pribadong pag-aari. Pinawi ng Khmer Rouge
ang lahat ng makapagpapaalala sa nakaraan
ng Cambodia kabilang na ang mga libro at
panitikan at kung tutuusin, gayon na rin ang
dalawang libong taon na kasaysayan ng
Cambodia.

Matapos ang 1979, unti-unti nang
muling binuhay ang panitikang Cambodia.
Bagaman noong dekada 80, pawang mga
propaganda lamang ito ng estado, may mga
refugee na rin na nagsikap na muling ilimbag
ang mga klasikong akdang pampanitikan
tulad ng mga kuwentong-bayan.

N
Tandaan:
Panoorin ang
nobelang Mabuhay
ka, Anak ko!

Chhor Loan
KengSarun
Thay TharyAny
Theng Vouch Theoun
Staud Nawath
Sudath
Srey Rath
Mr. Khem
TharyAnyAnyung
Any

Huot Tat
Sim
Oan
Prinsepe
Sihanouk
Lon Nol
Long
Boret
Hen.
Mey
Sichan
Iba
ng
MgaKhmer
Rouge

•- ama ni Thay
•- isang maliit na negosyante
•- hindi siya mayaman
•- mataas ang pangarap kay
Thay
•- hindi masalita at inirerespeto
siya sa kaniyang paniniwala
•- may limang anak

Loan
•- ina ni Thay
•- Buong buhay niya'y nagugol sa
pag-aalaga sa pamilya sa nayon
•- may limang anak

•Asawa niya si Any
•Kumakampi sa Khmer Rouge
•Ang una niyang asawa ay si
Thary.

•- kapatid na lalaki ni Thay na
dalawang taon lang ang kabataan
sa kanya
•- may asawa at tatlong anak
(dalawang lalaki at isang sanggol
na babae)
•- titser sa primarya at nakatira sa
mga magulang
•-mas interesado sa basketbol
kaysa pulitika

•- Dalawampu't isang taon na
•- ang intelektwal ng pamilya
•- nasa ikatlong taon na sa unibersidad
•- nag-aaral ng inheneriya na
pambihira para sa isang babaeng
Cambodian
•- nakahiligan niya ang simpleng
pananamit at mabigat na pagsasalita,
wari'y determinadong takasan ang
tradisyunal na papel ng babae at igiit
ang sarili sa daigidig ng mga lalaki

•- nakatatandang kapatid na
babae ni Thay
•- madaling mapako ang
atensyon niya sa mga usapang
pampulitika
•- magiliw na asawa ni Sarun at
ina ni Srey Rath
•-Laging nasa isip niya ang
kabutihan ng kanyang mag-
ama.

Asawa ni Keng. Siya ay isang guro noon bago
maaksidente sa isang motorsiklo na ikinabagok
ng kanyang ulo. Dati siyang masayahin at
mapaglaro ngunit ngayon ay lagi nang
malungkitin at mainisin. Kadalasan, siya ay
mahiyain parang bata, pero minsan nama’y galit
nag alit o nagsasalita ng mga bagay na walang
kaugnayan sa pinag-uusapan.
Ngunit kahit siya ay naaksidente, hindi nagbago
ang kanyang pagmamahal sa asawa at sa
anak.
Siya ay optimistiko na kung maibabalik si
Sihanouk, marahil ay makukuha niya ang
kanyang dating trabaho.

•Kasalukuyang asawa ni
Thay.
•Ina nila Staud at
Nawath

•Ang unang asawa ni Thay.
•Namatay siya dahil sa
Hepatitis.
•Ina ni Sudath

•Anak ni Thay sa una
niyang asawa na si
Thary

•Kapatid ni Staud
•Anak nila Any at Thay

•Kapatid ni Nawath,
anak nila Any at Thay.

Limang taong anak na
babae ni Sarun at
Keng.

•Patriarkong Budistang may
pinakamataas na awtoridad
panrelihiyon, simbolo ng
katatagan at miyembro ng
pamilya ni Thay. Siya ay amain
ng ama ni Thay. Malaki ang
kanyang naging impluwensya sa
paglaki ni Thay.

•Disiotso anyos na pinsan ni
Thay na nagaaral sa haiskul,
hindi katalinuhan at mahilag
maglakwatsa kasama ang
mga kaibigan.

•Pinsan ni Thay na nakatira sa
isang malaking bahay sa Psar
Silep

Tinuturing niya ang sarili
niyang ama ng bansa. nais
niyang mapanatili ang
pakikipag-ugnayan sa
Vietnam. sinuportahan ang
Khmer Rouge nang mawalan
siya ng pusisyon sa
pamahalaan.

Ang nagpabagsak
kay Sihanouk.
Punong Ministro at
pinuno ng armi.

Ang pinag-iwanan ang
pamumuno ng gobyerno
sa pag-alis ni Lon Nol

Ang puno ng
Sandatahang lakas
ng Republikano

Ang mga gerilyang
kalaban ng pamahalaan
ng Cambodia. Karamihay
pinangungunahan ng mga
intelektwal na nag-aaral sa
France.

•Mayamang opisyal sa
Ministry of Finance
•papa ni Thary, Any at
Anyung

•Hindi lumaki kasama sina
Thay dahil sumama sa
kanyang mga biyenan
•Malayo ang loob sa pamilya.

Si Pin Yathay ay ipinanganak sa
Phnom Penh, Cambodia noong ika-1 ng
Enero 1944. Si Yathay ang panganay sa
limang magkakapatid. Si Yathay ay isang
magaling na estudyante. Siya ay
nakatanggap ng scholarship pagkatapos sa
sekondarya. Noong 1965, nagtapos siya ng
Civil Engineering sa Polytechnic Institute
sa Montreal.
Pin Yathay

Si Ruth ay ipinanganak sa Manila
noong ika-30 ng Marso, 1949.Si Ruth ay
isang professor sa Center for Southeast Asian
Studies sa Unibersidad ng Hawaii. Siya ay
isang coordinator ng Department of
Hawaiian at Indo-Pacific languages and
literatures. Ang kanyang mga bagong
nailathala ay ang "Balada ni Lola Amonita"
at ang "The Ballad of Lola Amonita".
Ruth Elynia Mabanglo

Unang Pangyayari
Inilarawan ng nagsasalay na si Thay
ang mga pangyayari sa paligid ng tagpuan
at inilarawan din niya ang mga tauhan.

Pangalawang Pangyayari
Naharangan sila ng mga
bumbero at ambulansyang dumating
dahil sa pagsabog. Bumalik sa
kanyang alaala ang nakaraan.

Ikatlong Pangyayari
Dumami ang mga North Vietnamese.
Pinabagsak si Lon Nol.
Nakarating sila Thay sa bahay ni
Oan.

Ikaapat na Pangyayari
Pumunta ang mga mag-anak ni Thay sa
bahay ng pinsan niyang si Oan at nagkita-
kita sila ng kanyang mga kamag-anak. Nag
usap-usap ang magkakapamilya tungkol sa
usaping pampulitika at nagbigay ng kani-
kanilang opinyon.

Ikalimang Pangyayari
Matapos na makipagtalo si Thay sa
kanyang ama't ina tungkol sa babala ng
mga ito na komunista ang Khmer Rouge
ay narinig nila ang boses ni Huot Tat sa
radyo at sunod naman nilang narinig si
Heneral Mey Sichan ngunit natabunan
ang boses ng heneral ng di maunawaang
ingay.

Ikaanim na Pangyayari
Isang prusisyon ang wari'y pinanood
nila, may nakabitin na mga puting tuwalya,
kumot at damit at mga sundalong
naglalakad sa gitna ng kalsada at masaya
silang bumalik sa bahay ni Oan ngunit
biglang dumating ang isang lalaking
nagsasabing pinalayas sila ng mga Khmer
Rouge sa kanilang bahay.

Ikapitong Pangyayari
Pumunta ang pamilya ni Thay
sa patriarka, ngunit wala rin silang
ibang nagawa kundi maghintay ng
susunod na balita o anunsyo.

Ikawalong Pangyayari
Bumalik ang kinatawan ng Patriarka.
Ibinalita niya na ang nangyayaring pagpapaalis
sa mga bahay ay para lamang makapanakot,
ngunit nakikita nilang patuloy ang
ebakwasyon. Dumating din ang mga opisyal ng
Khmer Rouge at kinuha ang mga motorsiklo
doon. Bago muling makatulog, tinanong ni
Sudath kung kailan sila uuwi.

Ang Mabuhay Ka Anak Ko ay tunay na
salamin ng ating mga buhay at ng kung ano
ang tunay na nangyayari sa ating
kapanahunan. Pinatutunayan lamang nito na
ang literatura ang siyang mainam na susi
upang ating maisiwalat ang mga
pangyayaring nagaganap sa ating lipunan,
pamahalaan, pulitika at maging ang mga
natatanging kababalaghan sa ating
sistema.tunay ngang Ang digmaan ay walang
idudulot na buti bagkus ay pighati't kasalatan.

Ang kawalan ng pagkakaisa ang
siyang dahilan ng pagkakaroon ng di
pagkakaunawaan na nagbubunga ng
sigalutan sa pagitan ng dalawang di
magkasundong pilosopiya. Dapat
tandaan ng sinuman na ang
pagbabago ay di nagsisimula nang
malakihan kundi nang dahan-dahan.

Sa kasagsagan ng digmaan ay ginawa nila
ang lahat ng paraan upang mabuhay. Sa
pamilya ng may akda ang natira lamang ay
ang kanyang asawa, siya, at ang natitirang
anak, si Nawath.Nagkaroon ng malubhang
sakit si Nawath at dinala sa Hospital. Nasabi
ng may akda sa kanyang anak, si Nawath
na "Stay alive my son"(Mabuhay ka anak
ko) bago tumakas upang tumungo sa
hangganan ng Thailand.

Nabatid kong………………………
Napatunayan kong…………………
Ikinalulungkot kong……………….
Ikinatuwa ko ang …………………
Naniniwala akong…………………

Panitikan ng Umuunlad na Bansa: Kaligiran ng Cambodia

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