3. THE BEGINNINGS
The beginning of the Byzantine Empire
By the end of the 4th century, the roman empire had been divided in two different emperors:
WESTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE
EASTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE
- Roman legions could not
continue to defend its borders
against the Germanic
invasions.
- Last emperor of rome was
removed in 5th century.
- Survived a 1.000 years more as
Byzantine empire.
- Economy was succeeding in the
East, because there weren’t
abandoned.
- New capital Constantinople ,
originally Byzantium.
4. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE UNDER JUSTINIAN
➔ The peak of the Eastern roman or Byzantine empire was in the 6th century under
the rule of the emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora. He reconquered many
western territories.
➔ The city of Ravenna, Italy was the capital of Byzantine. It was full of the beautiful
churches.
➔ In Constantinople, the emperor built the great church of Hagia Sophia. It was used
for important religious ceremonies of the court.
5. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
European
invasions by the
Avars, Bulgarians
or Slavs were
reduced.
5th C 15th
C
13th C
7th C
6th to
7th C
Long war against
the Persian
Empire
Arabs attack Persian
and Byzantine
empires. Persian E.
fell. Byzantine E. lost
Syria, Palestine and
Egypt.
During the Fourth
Crusade, Western
crusaders put into
action for Byzantium.
They conquered
Constantinople, and
established the Latin E.
The Turks conquered
Constantinople and
the Byzantine
Empire fell.
6. SOCIETY: CHARACTERISTICS
-The Byzantine culture is the continuation of the East Roman Empire. It’s a blend of Christianity and Greek
cultural traditions.
-The Code of Justiciano is a set of laws of the Roman Empire that was created on 7th April 529. The code
still exists to our days and was very important in the medieval and early modern era.
-The architecture of Rome was modified to a Greek form. The walls
were covered with bright mosaics, sacred images and symbols
painted on the altars.
-On the other hand, the language spoken by the Byzantines was
Greek.
7. RELIGION
The Byzantine empire was able to adapt classic culture to that of christianity.
The emperors believed that society
worshiped the god with icons and
believed that this was idolatry, it is
seen that in the Old Testament
idolatry was prohibited and the
Roman and Byzantine churches did not
agree with the emperor and this
caused the relationship between the
two churches. will affect.
In the 11th century, the Roman and
Byzantine churches distanced
themselves because the Patriarch of
Constantinople only accepted the
authorities of the Byzantine Emperor,
which led to a separation within the
churches that still exist.
THE ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY EAST- WEST SCHISM
8. HERITAGE: ARTS & CULTURE
In the 6th century the Slavs left Russia to join the Byzantine Empire and slowly came to terms with
their cultures.
To translate the
Bible into Slavonic
some Byzantines
named Cyril
and Methodius
invented an
alphabet with
Greek letters. The
alphabet is called:
Cyrillic alphabet.
And today there
are some people
that use it.
By the 10th
century, many
slaves began to
follow the
Orthodox Church,
but the most
important thing
was when Prince
Vladimir del Kiev
let the Byzantine
influence enter
Russia, giving way
to linking the
History of Europe.
When
Constantinopl
e fall in the
15th century,
the Russian
monarchs took
the name Czar
meaning
Caesar.
Because they
felt they were
the heritors.
Byzantine art
last its
architecture
and paintings
in these
countries.
When
Constantinopla
fall
9. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
★ This empire is big and is near us.
★ We have the same religion.
★ They have a strong economy.
★ They had maritime dominance in the
Mediterranean Sea.
★ Byzantine empire survived from the attack of
Barbarians.
★ Byzantine empire speak in Greek language, as
the time was going they started to speak in
Latin.
11. Had his origins on the Arabian Peninsula, covered by a desert that was inhabited by
nomadic merchant tribes. These were polythesic religion.
THE BEGINNINGS
12. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
570 AD 8th
Century
10th
Century
11th
Century
13th
Century
Muhammad had
been born in
Mecca, At the
age of 40, the
archangel
Gabriel revealed
to him that he
had been chosen
to transmit a
divine message.
The supporters of
Umayyad family were
victorious.
They split Islam into
two branches that
continues today:
SUNNI and SHIA
Islam
The provincial
governors were
becoming powerful.
there were three
different caliphates:
One Bagdad,
another in Córdoba
and a third one in
Egypt.
Western
crusaders
conquered the
Holy Land
and stayed in
power for over a
century.
When the
Mongols
destroyed
Baghdad in the
13th century, the
Abbasids had lost
almost all of their
political power.
13. SOCIETY: CHARACTERISTICS
ARABS
They were a
minority that had
all the privileges.
SYRIANS AND BERBERS
Muslim society had a
large ethnic mix with
groups from many of
their conquered lands.
ISLAMIC
CONVERTS
These were the
inhabitants of
conquered
territories
that adopted the
religion, language
and customs of
Islam.
JEWS AND CHRISTIANS
Although people from
these religions had the
right to practice their
faith, their freedom
was limited and had
to pay a lot of taxes.
SLAVES
They carried out
farming and
housekeeping tasks
14. Alkazar Suburbs Medina Streets Madrasa Homes Mosque
Public
Bathrooms
Souks Alhondigas Tanneries
The alcazar was
the palace where
the authorities
lived. Sometimes
it was protected
by an alcazaba
fortress or
defensive wall.
The suburbs,
which
included
palaces and
working-class
neighbourhoo
ds,
surrounded
the medina.
Muslim
cities were
walled.
The medina
was the city
centre.
There were
narrow
streets
and an
irregular
layout.
the Muslims studied
the Quran and
sunnah, as well as
other disciplines
like languages,
history or
astronomy.
Most homes
were stark
and had very
few windows
to keep the
heat out.
The mosque
was
the most
important
part of the
city.
The cities
had public
bathrooms.
Commercial
activities
took place at
the souks,
or markets.
Wealthy
merchants
had their
shops here.
Alhondig
as were
public
storage
areas.
The
tanneries
were
where
they
prepared
and dyed
leather
to be sold
at the
souk.
Suburbs
Alkazar
Medina
Streets
Madrasa
Houses
Souks
Public Bathrooms
Alhondigas
Tanneries
Mosque
15. RELIGION
● Declaration of faith: There is only one god (Ala) and the prophete (Muhammad)
● Obligatory prayer: They must pray five times and they holy day are the Fidays
● Pilgrimage to Mecca: Every muslim has to go to the Mecca at least one time in his life
● Fasting during ramadan: In this month they forbidden eating and drinking from sunrise
to sunset
● Compulsory charity: Muslims pay a portion of their income, to help the poor
16. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 AD. At the age of 40. He said tha he had
the vision of the archangel Gabriel, that revealed to him tha he was been
chosed to convey a divine message.
17. They combined the art of different culture to make their own style
ARCHITECTURE
HERITAGE: ARTS & CULTURE
Mosques
Civic and military
buildings
Funeral buildings
These were places
of prayer These were
decorative tombs
Included buildings
like madrasas,
palaces and
fortresses
mezquita
madrasa
18. DECORATION: They prohibited religious images and because of that they put
decorative shapes with naturalistic art, geometric arabesques and calligraphy, this
calligraphy displayed verses from the Quran there were also some civic buildings that
were covered with stucco, tile or wood that had some of this verses. They also mastered
the art of ceramics.
GARDENS: It is one of the most characteristic elements of Islamic art. It have fountains,
canals and some trees; it represent the paradise on the Earth.
HERITAGE ARTS AND CULTURE
19. THE MOSQUE: It`s were the Muslims pray, it name means place to kneel the firsts were build in the
Arabian Peninsula, but now they exist in all the continents, obviously if they are built in different
places they are going to be different
HARAM:It’s in cordoba and it’s a big space by rows of arche
MINIBAR: is the pulpit from which the imam or religious authority leads followers.
ALQUIBLA OR QIBLA: It’s a wall for prie it’s oriented for Mecca
MINARET: is from where the muezzin's call the prayers
MIHRAB: is a niche on the qibla where the Quran is kept.
MAQSURA:is the area in the haram that is reserved for authorities.
HERITAGE ARTS AND CULTURE
20. ADVANTAGE
His empire is very good. Because it has a powerful army and a very wide territorial
expansion. Other than that he has great resources (money, because they made a lot of
wonderful buildings for example)
Here is an example of the
expansion
21. DISADVANTAGE
The bad things are that you would have to learn a new religion, its traditions, etc. You
would also have to learn Arabic and that is quite complicated. Also their thoughts are
very different from ours.
23. THE BEGINNINGS
In 732 Charles Martel stopped the Muslim
conquest in Europe. By the death of Martel in
741 most of Western Europe was under
Frankish rule. Pepin was consecrated by the
Pope of Rome in 751.
The pope crowned Charles I as the Holy Roman
Emperor on Christmas Day in the year 800.
Upon the death of Louis, the sons fought a civil
war, which ended in 843 with the Treaty of
Verdun.
24. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Charles Marlel, founder
of an Empire
Pepin the short, first
frankish king
01 02
Frankish kings were so weak that the
responsability of running the kingdom
was placed upon the shoulders of the
Mayors of the Palace. He reunited the
realm in 732, he stopped the Muslim
conquests in Europe.
715-741 AC
Pepin´s regin officially established
the Carolingian dynasty as the
ruling family and began a alliance
between the Frankish Kings and
the Roman Church.
751-768 AC
25. Charlemagne, holy
Roman Emperor.
768-814 ac
The alliance with the papacy initiated by Pepin
was strengthened during the reign of his son and
successor, Emperor on Christmas Day 800. His
descendants were called Carolingians and their
kingdom became the Carolingian Empire.
It also ensured the survival of Christianity in
03 04
The division of the
Empire
840-843 ac
The unity of the Empire did not last long. At his
death, the sons engaged in a civil war that ended in
843 with the Treaty of Verdun. The central kingdom,
however, was eventually taken over by the eastern
and western kingdoms.
26. SOCIETY
● Its highest authority figure was the emperor or king.
● The predominant language was Francican, although Gallic-
Italian, Saxon and other Germanic languages were also spoken.
● The capital was Aachen, today's Aachen, located in the west of
present-day Germany, near the border with Belgium and the
Netherlands.
● Their form of government was centralized monarchy and
their official religion was Christianity.
27. RELIGION
Pepin's reign officially
established the Carolingian
dynasty as the ruling family
of the Franks and began a
long-lasting alliance between
the Frankish Kings and the
Roman Church
Charlemagne was a skilled
military strategist. He sought to
unite all Europe's Germanic
peoples into one kingdom and
to extend Christianity
throughout.
29. Advantages Disadvantages
The empire have a lot of expansion and is
near of Spain
The empire divide in two parts after the
Treaty of Verdun
Their religion was Christianity
They spoke in Latin
30. With whom would we ally ourselves?
We believe that our best ally could be the Byzantines. Because with them we have more
advantages than disadvantages, for example, we have the same religions, they have a good
economy and they are close to us.
So we believe it would be the best for us to be a partner with.
