Anesthesia
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General anesthesia involves inducing a reversible state of unconsciousness through various stages of sedation. There are 4 stages of anesthesia ranging from analgesia and conscious sedation to respiratory paralysis. Different concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O) produce varying levels of sedation and analgesia. Patient position after general anesthesia depends on their condition, with lateral, reclined, or supine positions used depending on needs like recovery from syncope or cervical spine injury.
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This document provides a detailed overview of fetal development from conception through the third trimester of pregnancy. It describes the physical changes that occur each week as well as the abortion methods used during each stage of development, including suction and dilation procedures in the first trimester and more complex surgical and chemical procedures later in pregnancy. The purpose is to inform about prenatal life and the impact of various abortion techniques.
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The document defines and describes different types of abortion including spontaneous, induced, threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed, and septic abortion. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, management, and potential complications of each type of abortion. Key points include:
- Abortion is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus weighing 500g or less before viability.
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The document discusses neonatal resuscitation. It begins by defining spontaneous breathing and noting that oxygen should be prescribed with a target saturation range. It then outlines the 4 phases of emergency assessment and introduces neonatal resuscitation as intervention to help babies breathe and for their hearts to beat after birth, as the placenta no longer provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The goals of resuscitation are to minimize heat loss, establish normal respiration and lung expansion, increase oxygen saturation, and support adequate cardiac output. WHO guidelines on preparation and responsibilities during resuscitation are also presented.
Types of delivery
There are several types of childbirth delivery methods: caesarian or surgical delivery where the baby is removed through an abdominal incision; induced birth labor which uses oxytocin to stimulate contractions; forceps delivery where forceps are used to assist the baby's head during delivery under certain circumstances like slowed progress or fetal distress; Lamaze method which uses breathing techniques to relax the mother's muscles and distract from pain; and normal delivery which is the most common type sometimes done at home without medical intervention.
Management of Labor
This document discusses the management of the first stage of labor. It recommends evaluating the patient's condition and reviewing records before beginning management. Management includes ensuring comfort, monitoring vital signs and fetal heart rate, and allowing rest and ambulation. Non-pharmacological pain relief methods like labor support, baths, sterile water injections, and positions are encouraged initially. Pharmacological methods like epidurals may be considered if needed but can prolong labor. The status of the cervix and membranes is assessed through vaginal exams to monitor labor progress.
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The document discusses the role of nurses in managing labor. It describes the four stages of labor and the nurse's responsibilities in each stage. The first stage involves cervical dilation and has three phases. The second stage is the birth of the baby. The third stage involves delivery of the placenta. The fourth stage involves recovery after birth. The nurse monitors progression, provides comfort, maintains safety, and documents the process.
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This document discusses fetal distress and prolapsed umbilical cord, which can both result from decreased oxygen delivery to the fetus. It defines fetal distress as changes in the fetal heart rate indicating hypoxia. Causes include acute issues like prolonged compression or chronic issues like infection. A prolapsed cord occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal before the baby. Immediate delivery is usually needed to prevent fetal death from cord compression. The document provides guidance on diagnosing and managing both conditions to optimize fetal outcomes.
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Placenta previa (pluh-SEN-tuh PREH-vee-uh) occurs when a baby's placenta partially or totally covers the mother's cervix — the outlet for the uterus. Placenta previa can cause severe bleeding during pregnancy and delivery. Some of the possible causes and risk factors of placenta previa include: Low implantation of the fertilised egg. Abnormalities of the uterine lining, such as fibroids. Scarring of the uterine lining (endometrium)
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The document defines and describes different types of abortion including spontaneous, induced, threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed, and septic abortion. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, management, and potential complications of each type of abortion. Key points include:
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The document discusses the role of nurses in managing labor. It describes the four stages of labor and the nurse's responsibilities in each stage. The first stage involves cervical dilation and has three phases. The second stage is the birth of the baby. The third stage involves delivery of the placenta. The fourth stage involves recovery after birth. The nurse monitors progression, provides comfort, maintains safety, and documents the process.
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This document discusses fetal distress and prolapsed umbilical cord, which can both result from decreased oxygen delivery to the fetus. It defines fetal distress as changes in the fetal heart rate indicating hypoxia. Causes include acute issues like prolonged compression or chronic issues like infection. A prolapsed cord occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the birth canal before the baby. Immediate delivery is usually needed to prevent fetal death from cord compression. The document provides guidance on diagnosing and managing both conditions to optimize fetal outcomes.
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Placenta previa (pluh-SEN-tuh PREH-vee-uh) occurs when a baby's placenta partially or totally covers the mother's cervix — the outlet for the uterus. Placenta previa can cause severe bleeding during pregnancy and delivery. Some of the possible causes and risk factors of placenta previa include: Low implantation of the fertilised egg. Abnormalities of the uterine lining, such as fibroids. Scarring of the uterine lining (endometrium)
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The document outlines the 4 stages of labor:
1) First stage from 0-10cm dilation with early, active, and transition phases. Nursing care includes assessments, comfort measures, and pain management.
2) Second stage from 10cm dilation until birth. Nursing focuses on support during pushing and preparing for delivery.
3) Third stage is from birth until delivery of placenta. Care includes newborn assessments and supporting breastfeeding.
4) Fourth stage is the recovery period for 4 hours postpartum with assessments and comfort measures.
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This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching nursing students about the physiological changes during pregnancy. The lesson plan covers changes to the reproductive, cutaneous, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems as well as psychological changes. The teaching methods include a lecture and discussion. The objectives are for students to understand and be able to explain the various physiological changes that occur throughout pregnancy in each body system.
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The document discusses polyhydramnios, a condition where there is excess amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac during pregnancy. It occurs in about 1% of pregnancies and is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index is greater than 24 cm. The document outlines causes of polyhydramnios like diabetes, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, and fetal abnormalities. It also discusses symptoms, diagnosis via ultrasound, and potential management strategies like monitoring, inducing early labor, or draining excess fluid in severe cases. The goal is to monitor the condition and prevent complications for the health of the mother and baby.
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Birth is a normal, healthy part of a woman’s life. This unexplainable happiness is usually accompanied by severe pain due to contractions.
Labour is a health state that most women aspire to, at some point in their lives. The first thought that comes to the mind of an expecting woman regarding her delivery is the pain of labour.
Labour is a normal physiological process, which while should be an occasion for rejoicing
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The word puerperium is originated from the Latin words ‘puer’ – child and ‘pams’ – bringing forth.
Also known as the post-partum, post-natal, or post-delivery period.
The mother during puerperium is termed as puerpera.
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This document discusses stages of labor and labor analgesia. It defines labor and outlines the normal parameters of labor including 4 stages - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. It describes the stages in detail including cervical dilation, descent of the baby, and delivery of the placenta. It discusses pain mechanisms in each stage. It then summarizes various techniques for labor analgesia including non-pharmacological methods like hypnosis, acupuncture, and TENS as well as pharmacological methods like systemic opioids, inhalational gases, and regional techniques like epidural analgesia.
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This document provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy presented by Nidhi Maurya. It begins with objectives to define pregnancy and explain signs and symptoms in each trimester. Common early signs include missed period, nausea, frequent urination and breast changes. Objective signs assessed include uterine size and fetal heart sound detectable after 18 weeks. Signs in the second trimester include quickening and skin changes. Third trimester brings prominent fetal movement and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height increases throughout pregnancy.
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The document discusses postpartum care and the postpartum period, which refers to the six weeks following childbirth. The key principles of postpartum care are to promote healing of the body, provide emotional support, establish successful lactation, and prevent complications. Genital changes include involution of the uterus and vagina. Lochia is present and changes color and consistency over time. Vital signs and weight change in the postpartum period. Establishing breastfeeding involves understanding milk production and providing instructions to the mother. The document also discusses newborn care including maintaining temperature and airway, assessment, identification, and nursery care procedures.
First stage management of labour
The document provides guidelines for managing the first stage of normal labor, including objectives like maintaining normalcy and detecting deviations, and principles like noninterference and careful monitoring. It outlines assessments and observations of the mother like vital signs and urine, and of the fetus like heart rate. Guidelines are given for supportive care during labor like positioning, mobility, nutrition, and pain relief.
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True labor produces regular contractions, progressive fetal descent, bloody show, and cervical changes. Administering high oxygen levels to premature infants can cause blindness. Rubella infection in the first trimester poses risks to the fetus like abnormalities in up to 40% of cases. A nonstress test is considered reactive if two or more fetal heart rate accelerations of 15 beats/minute occur in 20 minutes, assessing fetal well-being. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.
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The document discusses the fetal skull, its areas and diameters, sutures, fontanelles, and screening and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregestational/overt diabetes in pregnancy. It describes that the fetal skull is compressible and made of thin, flat bones. It is divided into the vertex, brow, and face. It discusses the diameters and sutures of the skull. For GDM screening, it recommends testing based on risk factors. It outlines management of GDM including diet, exercise and insulin therapy if needed. For pregestational diabetes, it discusses increased risks and the need for tight glycemic control before and during pregnancy.
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The document discusses the stages of labor, including:
1) The first stage of labor involves cervical dilation from 0-10 cm over 12 hours for first-time mothers and 6-7 hours for mothers who have given birth before. This stage includes early, active, and transition phases.
2) The second stage involves pushing and lasts approximately 2 hours for first-time mothers and 30 minutes for others.
3) The third stage involves delivery of the placenta, which usually takes 10-15 minutes.
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The document provides an overview of physiological changes during pregnancy presented by Alemyehu T. It describes changes in various body systems including increased blood volume, cardiac output and relaxed smooth muscles. Key stages of development are defined, from fertilization to implantation of the embryo. Major organ changes are also summarized such as uterine enlargement and breast development in preparation for lactation.
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A woman's gestational period typically lasts 40 weeks. Common first trimester symptoms include morning sickness and mood swings. Another major risk in the first trimester besides miscarriage is an ectopic pregnancy where the embryo attaches outside the uterus. A pregnant woman's plasma and blood volume typically increases by 20% during pregnancy. Labor may be induced if a woman has not given birth by 40-41 weeks.
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The document discusses the importance of recording labor progress using a partogram, which is a graphical tool to track key information about the mother, fetus, and labor progression over time. A partogram allows clinicians to monitor labor, identify issues early, make informed decisions, and defend their actions. It outlines the components recorded on a partogram, including maternal and fetal vital signs, cervical dilation, descent of the fetus, uterine contractions, and other metrics. Tracking labor accurately on a partogram can reveal normal progress or potential complications.
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This document provides guidance on assessing and managing pediatric respiratory emergencies. It defines respiratory distress, failure, and arrest and outlines how to use the Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) including examining the child's appearance, work of breathing, and circulation. Specific conditions discussed include croup, epiglottitis, foreign body aspiration, asthma, and bronchiolitis. Treatment recommendations are provided for different severity levels. The document stresses the importance of proper assessment to determine if a child needs on-scene treatment or rapid transport to definitive care.
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- The document describes a case of a 6 day old female infant admitted to the NICU with respiratory distress since birth. On examination, the infant had subcostal and intercostal recessions. Investigations revealed meconium staining. A diagnosis of meconium aspiration syndrome was made. The infant was managed with IV antibiotics, IV fluids, bubble CPAP and later shifted to room air with improved respiratory distress.
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The document outlines the 4 stages of labor:
1) First stage from 0-10cm dilation with early, active, and transition phases. Nursing care includes assessments, comfort measures, and pain management.
2) Second stage from 10cm dilation until birth. Nursing focuses on support during pushing and preparing for delivery.
3) Third stage is from birth until delivery of placenta. Care includes newborn assessments and supporting breastfeeding.
4) Fourth stage is the recovery period for 4 hours postpartum with assessments and comfort measures.
Lesson plan suhani
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching nursing students about the physiological changes during pregnancy. The lesson plan covers changes to the reproductive, cutaneous, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems as well as psychological changes. The teaching methods include a lecture and discussion. The objectives are for students to understand and be able to explain the various physiological changes that occur throughout pregnancy in each body system.
85315206 case-study-1
The document discusses polyhydramnios, a condition where there is excess amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac during pregnancy. It occurs in about 1% of pregnancies and is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index is greater than 24 cm. The document outlines causes of polyhydramnios like diabetes, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, and fetal abnormalities. It also discusses symptoms, diagnosis via ultrasound, and potential management strategies like monitoring, inducing early labor, or draining excess fluid in severe cases. The goal is to monitor the condition and prevent complications for the health of the mother and baby.
Stages of labour and alternative therapies
Birth is a normal, healthy part of a woman’s life. This unexplainable happiness is usually accompanied by severe pain due to contractions.
Labour is a health state that most women aspire to, at some point in their lives. The first thought that comes to the mind of an expecting woman regarding her delivery is the pain of labour.
Labour is a normal physiological process, which while should be an occasion for rejoicing
Normal puerperium - Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing
The word puerperium is originated from the Latin words ‘puer’ – child and ‘pams’ – bringing forth.
Also known as the post-partum, post-natal, or post-delivery period.
The mother during puerperium is termed as puerpera.
normal New born case sheet Dr.Shanmugasundaram
its an undergraduate level case sheet for normal new born without any complications we can alter the history and examination according to findings
Assessment of the abdomen
This document provides guidance on assessing the abdomen through inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. It describes the key steps in examining the abdomen, including inspecting the skin, contour, visible organs, and peristalsis. Auscultation involves listening for bowel sounds in all four quadrants. Percussion helps assess gas distribution and identify masses or organ enlargement. Palpation should start with light palpation to identify superficial organs before deeper palpation to check for tenderness.
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Medical termination of pregnancy can be performed for indications such as risk to the life or health of the pregnant woman, fetal abnormalities, or pregnancy due to rape or contraceptive failure. Termination can be done by registered medical practitioners up to 20 weeks gestation with the woman's consent. First trimester abortions involve medical methods using mifepristone and misoprostol or surgical vacuum aspiration. Midtrimester termination from 13-15 weeks uses misoprostol or dilation and evacuation, while from 16-20 weeks involves hypertonic solutions or hysterotomy. Complications can include infection, bleeding, and injury.
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This document discusses stages of labor and labor analgesia. It defines labor and outlines the normal parameters of labor including 4 stages - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. It describes the stages in detail including cervical dilation, descent of the baby, and delivery of the placenta. It discusses pain mechanisms in each stage. It then summarizes various techniques for labor analgesia including non-pharmacological methods like hypnosis, acupuncture, and TENS as well as pharmacological methods like systemic opioids, inhalational gases, and regional techniques like epidural analgesia.
Postpartum care
Postpartum care involves monitoring for common medical complications like headaches, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and vulvar edema. It also addresses mental health issues such as postpartum blues, depression, and psychosis. Counseling is provided on breastfeeding, sexuality, and contraception. The routine postpartum visit at 4-6 weeks involves patient education, maternal monitoring, laboratory tests, breastfeeding support, perineal care, and prevention of complications like venous thrombosis.
Sign and symptoms of pregnancy
This document provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy presented by Nidhi Maurya. It begins with objectives to define pregnancy and explain signs and symptoms in each trimester. Common early signs include missed period, nausea, frequent urination and breast changes. Objective signs assessed include uterine size and fetal heart sound detectable after 18 weeks. Signs in the second trimester include quickening and skin changes. Third trimester brings prominent fetal movement and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height increases throughout pregnancy.
Postpartum slides finals for the students
The document discusses postpartum care and the postpartum period, which refers to the six weeks following childbirth. The key principles of postpartum care are to promote healing of the body, provide emotional support, establish successful lactation, and prevent complications. Genital changes include involution of the uterus and vagina. Lochia is present and changes color and consistency over time. Vital signs and weight change in the postpartum period. Establishing breastfeeding involves understanding milk production and providing instructions to the mother. The document also discusses newborn care including maintaining temperature and airway, assessment, identification, and nursery care procedures.
First stage management of labour
The document provides guidelines for managing the first stage of normal labor, including objectives like maintaining normalcy and detecting deviations, and principles like noninterference and careful monitoring. It outlines assessments and observations of the mother like vital signs and urine, and of the fetus like heart rate. Guidelines are given for supportive care during labor like positioning, mobility, nutrition, and pain relief.
MCN For Local Board Exam! Best source
True labor produces regular contractions, progressive fetal descent, bloody show, and cervical changes. Administering high oxygen levels to premature infants can cause blindness. Rubella infection in the first trimester poses risks to the fetus like abnormalities in up to 40% of cases. A nonstress test is considered reactive if two or more fetal heart rate accelerations of 15 beats/minute occur in 20 minutes, assessing fetal well-being. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.
Fetal skull
The document discusses the fetal skull, its areas and diameters, sutures, fontanelles, and screening and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregestational/overt diabetes in pregnancy. It describes that the fetal skull is compressible and made of thin, flat bones. It is divided into the vertex, brow, and face. It discusses the diameters and sutures of the skull. For GDM screening, it recommends testing based on risk factors. It outlines management of GDM including diet, exercise and insulin therapy if needed. For pregestational diabetes, it discusses increased risks and the need for tight glycemic control before and during pregnancy.
Stages of labor antenatal workshop
The document discusses the stages of labor, including:
1) The first stage of labor involves cervical dilation from 0-10 cm over 12 hours for first-time mothers and 6-7 hours for mothers who have given birth before. This stage includes early, active, and transition phases.
2) The second stage involves pushing and lasts approximately 2 hours for first-time mothers and 30 minutes for others.
3) The third stage involves delivery of the placenta, which usually takes 10-15 minutes.
Ob
The document provides an overview of physiological changes during pregnancy presented by Alemyehu T. It describes changes in various body systems including increased blood volume, cardiac output and relaxed smooth muscles. Key stages of development are defined, from fertilization to implantation of the embryo. Major organ changes are also summarized such as uterine enlargement and breast development in preparation for lactation.
Obstetrics Quiz
A woman's gestational period typically lasts 40 weeks. Common first trimester symptoms include morning sickness and mood swings. Another major risk in the first trimester besides miscarriage is an ectopic pregnancy where the embryo attaches outside the uterus. A pregnant woman's plasma and blood volume typically increases by 20% during pregnancy. Labor may be induced if a woman has not given birth by 40-41 weeks.
13 partogram
The document discusses the importance of recording labor progress using a partogram, which is a graphical tool to track key information about the mother, fetus, and labor progression over time. A partogram allows clinicians to monitor labor, identify issues early, make informed decisions, and defend their actions. It outlines the components recorded on a partogram, including maternal and fetal vital signs, cervical dilation, descent of the fetus, uterine contractions, and other metrics. Tracking labor accurately on a partogram can reveal normal progress or potential complications.
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Normal puerperium - Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing
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- The document describes a case of a 6 day old female infant admitted to the NICU with respiratory distress since birth. On examination, the infant had subcostal and intercostal recessions. Investigations revealed meconium staining. A diagnosis of meconium aspiration syndrome was made. The infant was managed with IV antibiotics, IV fluids, bubble CPAP and later shifted to room air with improved respiratory distress.
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the common type of respiratory distress in newborn. To be in paeds, we have to understand these properly.
I tried my best to make proper presentation.
Birth asphyxia (2).ppt
This document discusses birth asphyxia, which accounts for approximately 19% of annual newborn deaths worldwide. It defines birth asphyxia as the inability to initiate breathing requiring resuscitation and a cord arterial pH <7.0. The document outlines the approach to newborns not breathing in the delivery room, including steps to take if they do not respond to initial resuscitation measures. It also discusses managing newborns at risk for hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury in the delivery room and beyond through measures like ventilation, fluid status, glucose levels, and seizures. Phenobarbital is mentioned as a potential treatment to reduce long-term neurodevelopmental effects in some asphyxiated infants.
Airway obstruction
An airway obstruction is a blockage in any part of the airway.
The airway is a complex system of tubes that conveys inhaled air from nose and mouth into the lungs.
An obstruction may partially or totally prevent air from getting into lungs.
Acute upper airway obstruction is a life-threatening medical emergency.
Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia
This document provides an overview of obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia. It describes the pain pathways of labour and delivery, including that the first stage is visceral pain conducted by C fibers, while the second stage is somatic pain conducted by A-delta fibers. It discusses various techniques for labour analgesia including non-pharmacological methods, pharmacological methods like nitrous oxide and narcotics, and regional techniques like epidural, spinal, combined spinal-epidural and continuous spinal analgesia. The advantages, disadvantages and complications of different analgesic methods are outlined.
Management of status epilepticus in children
Status epilepticus is defined as continuous seizure activity lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures. It can be convulsive or nonconvulsive and is a medical emergency requiring rapid treatment to prevent neurological injury. Initial treatment involves maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation while administering benzodiazepines like diazepam or midazolam. If seizures continue, additional anti-seizure medications are given in the hospital along with diagnostic testing and treatment of any underlying causes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with prolonged seizure activity.
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This document summarizes the NALS algorithm for neonatal resuscitation presented by Dr. Kiran Dyavanagoudar. The algorithm is divided into 5 blocks beginning with birth and initial assessment. It describes the steps of positive pressure ventilation, indications for endotracheal intubation and chest compressions, and medications used in neonatal resuscitation such as epinephrine. Anticipation and preparation by the resuscitation team is important. Ventilation of the newborn's lungs is the most important step, and an increase in heart rate indicates effective resuscitation.
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Local anesthesia
Local anesthesia works by reversibly blocking nerve conduction in a localized area of the body. There are several theories that aim to explain its mechanisms of action and effects on nerve fibers. It is classified according to its biological site of action and chemical properties. Commonly used local anesthetics like lidocaine are thought to work by displacing calcium ions inside nerves, which controls sodium channels and nerve impulse transmission. Local anesthetics are formulated with additional ingredients like vasoconstrictors and preservatives for clinical applications like nerve blocks and infiltration anesthesia.
Inferior alveolar nerve block
The inferior alveolar nerve block anesthetizes the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches, providing anesthesia to the mandibular teeth, chin, lower lip, and parts of the tongue. A long needle is inserted into the mucosa on the lingual side of the ramus to anesthetize the inferior alveolar nerve as it passes downward. When bone is contacted, local anesthetic is slowly deposited over 60 seconds while aspirating. Successful anesthesia is confirmed through subjective symptoms like lip tingling and objective tests showing no response to pulp stimulation. Complications can include hematoma, trismus, or transient facial paralysis if the facial nerve is contacted.
Techniques of local anesthesia [autosaved]
This document discusses various techniques for local anesthesia in dentistry. It describes different nerve blocks for anesthetizing specific regions of the maxilla and mandible, including the posterior superior alveolar nerve block, middle superior alveolar nerve block, and anterior superior alveolar (infraorbital) nerve block. It also covers maxillary injection techniques such as supraperiosteal injections and palatal anesthesia techniques like the greater palatine nerve block.
Maxillary nerve block
The maxillary nerve block is an effective method of achieving profound anesthesia of the hemimaxilla. It involves injecting local anesthetic near the maxillary nerve as it passes through the pterygopalatine fossa using either the high-tuberosity or greater palatine canal approach. When performed correctly with aspiration, it has a high success rate of over 95% and minimizes the volume of local anesthetic needed to anesthetize the entire maxillary division.
Buccal nerve block
The buccal nerve block anesthetizes the buccal nerve, a branch of the anterior division of the trigeminal nerve (V3), providing anesthesia to the soft tissues and periosteum buccal to the mandibular molar teeth. It has a high success rate and is technically easy to perform. Potential disadvantages include pain upon needle contact with the periosteum during injection. Proper technique involves inserting a long needle through the mucosa distal and buccal to the most distal mandibular molar, aiming for the buccal nerve as it passes over the anterior border of the ramus.
Anterior middle superior alveolar nerve
This document summarizes the anterior middle superior alveolar nerve block and palatal approach anterior superior alveolar nerve block techniques. It describes the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, techniques, and signs of successful anesthesia for each block. Both techniques anesthetize the anterior maxillary teeth using a single injection site in the palate and have advantages of minimizing anesthetic volume and needle punctures compared to individual injections.
Oral surgery
This document contains classifications and tables related to oral surgery. It includes the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of patient physical status, normal values for screening tests related to bleeding detection, factor VIII levels in blood, instrument mechanisms and uses, suture types and absorption rates, cardiac conditions for endocarditis prophylaxis recommendations, dental procedures requiring or not requiring endocarditis prophylaxis.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Anesthesia
- 1. ANESTHESIA
- 2. GENERAL ANESTHESIA •It is a reversible state of unconsciousness with inability to respond to a standardized surgical stimulus.
- 3. STAGES OF ANESTHESIA DESCRIBING THE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUS SEDATION. • Stage 1 – analgesia and conscious sedation • Stage 2 – stage of delirium • Stage 3- stage of surgical anesthesia Plane 1 – pupils dilate progressively with the depth of anesthesia . Lid reflex, swallowing , retching and vomiting get abolished. Corneal reflex present. Conjuctival reflex is absent . Pharyngeal reflex lost. Plane 2 – eye balls fixed, reflexes arising from the larynx also abolished. Plane 3 – asynchrony between thoracic and abdominal movements . Progressive paralysis of intercostal muscles, pupillary light reflex and the corneal reflex lost. • Stage 4 – stage of respiratory paralysis.
- 4. IN CONSCIOUS SEDATION For a 6 months old -3 years old children Nothing by mouth (nil as per os (NPO) • Clear liquids – upto 2-3 hours before surgery • Breast milk – upto 4 hours before surgery • Infant formula and non human milk – upto 6 hours before surgery • Light meal – upto 6-8 hours befre surgery.
- 5. CONCENTRATION OF N20 WITH EFFECTS 5-25% N2O causes- Moderate sedation Diminution of fear and anxiety Marked relaxation 25-45%N2O causes - Dissociation sedation and analgesia Floating sensation Reducing blinking rate Euphoric state (laughing gas) 45-65% N2O causes Total anesthesia Analgesia is complete Marked amnesia
- 6. COLOR OF NITROUS OXIDE CYLINDER Gas Colour of cylinder oxygen Black body,black and white shouder air Grey body, black and white shoulder N2O Blue Entonox (50% O2 +50%N2O) Blue body ,white and blue quartered shoulder. Cyclopropane orange carbondioxide grey Thiopentone Halothne Yellow amber (purple and red)
- 7. PATIENT PREFERABLE POSITION IN RECOVERY ROOM AGTER AMBULATORY GENERAL ANESTHESIA condition Position of patient Preferable position lateral Pregnant + syncope Left lateral position Recovery from syncope Semireclined and Trendelenburg positions During CPR Supine position Orthostatic hypertension Reclined position Congestive heart failure Upright position, supine avoided. Trauma without cervical spine injury lateral Trauma with cervical spine injury suspected supine