History of Architecture 3 Report by: Sim DLS-College of St. Benilde School of Architecture 3rd Term S.Y. 2015-16 May 2016

1. Korea

2. • Korean traditional architecture exists within the context of Asian
traditional architecture. Nonetheless, it has developed according to
its own particular set of characteristics—its flexible responses to
topography and surrounding mountains, the organic layout of its
buildings, its reiteration and metastasis of space—that distinguish it
from the architecture of China and Japan.

3. Temples of the 3 Different Kingdoms
• Goguryeo

4. • Goguryeo temples were built with three sanctums arranged to the
north, east and west of a central wooden octagonal pagoda. This
layout corresponds to that of Japan’s Asuka-dera and Horyuji temples,
indicating that Goguryeo’s architectural culture was transmitted to
Japan.

6. Kingdom of Silla
• Silla differed from the other two
kingdoms in its frequent use of
brick-like patterns in the
construction of pagodas. The
pagoda at Bunhwangsa Temple,
for example, consists of stone
cut into the shapes of bricks and
was built using a bricklaying
technique.

7. Pagoda / Tap

9. a small stone
tower built to
enshrine the sarira

10. Goryeo Period
• The construction of stone pagodas and stupas continued in the
Goryeo period. The number of stone pagodas greatly increased, with
strong expressions of regional character. This led to a diversification of
forms and heights, with some pagodas reaching 11 stories.

11. Wooden Architecture: Types of Brackets
jusimpo (column-head bracket) dapo (multi-bracket)

13. baeheullim

15. Types of Roofs
matbae (gable) roof ujingak (hipped) roof paljak (hip-and-gable) roof

16. Joseon Period
• The most important and formal buildings in royal palaces and
Buddhist temples used multi-bracket designs. Other important
buildings of lower status, featured columnhead bracket designs.
Normal houses were usually built without the use of brackets, which
is called mindori style.

17. Ikgong Style
The ikgong is a simplified
version of the bracket found
in column-head and multi-
bracket designs, featuring a
bird beak-like protrusion as its
main decorative element.

19. Structure & layout of Hanok

27. Maru & Ondol: the perfection of Korean Traditional House
Examples of maru (left) and ondol (right)

29. JAPAN
© Camille Co

30. • The distinctive feature of a traditional Japanese building is the way in
which the house is open to nature. The main materials used are
wood, earth, and paper, and the construction spreads out sideways
rather than upwards.

31. Prehistoric Period (Jomon, Yayoi, & Kofun)
• Jomon Period
Dwellings were built directly over an earth floor with a wood foundation and
a thatched straw roof
Inside the house, their floors are hollowed in that’s why they’re often called
“pit dwellings”
• Yayoi Period
Yayoi architecture is similar to Southeast Asia where buildings were raised up
from the ground
Used gable roof
Houses were built on stilts to keep away pests

32. • Kofun period
marked the appearance of many-chambered burial mounds or tumuli (kofun
literally means "old mounds"). similar mounds in Korean Peninsula are
thought to have been influenced by Japan.

33. Buddhist Architecture
• The main hall contained the most prominent object of worship
• The lecture hall, which in early temples was most often the largest
structure, was used by monks as a place for study, instruction, and
performing rituals
• Two types of towers predominated: one with bells that announced
the times of religious observance each day and another in which
canonical texts were stored (the sutra repository)

36. • most important buildings in the temple are the main hall (Hondô,
Kondô or Butsuden) and the pagoda.
• Worshippers stand in the outer chamber facing the inner sanctuary,
with its images of the Buddha, to pray, pressing their palms together.

38. Pagodas
• Square Plans
• Five-Storey High (45m)
• In Construction, they are
virtually suspended around a
central timber to provide
stability to earthquakes
• Ground storey contains images
and shrines

40. Shinto Architecture
• shrine buildings are situated according to the environment
• Komainu, pairs of lionlike figures placed in front of the gates or main
halls of many shrines, serve as shrine guardians.
• The nature of Shinto worship changed, following the introduction of
Buddhism, and shrine buildings borrowed certain elements from
Buddhist architecture. For example, many shrines were painted in the
Chinese style: red columns and white walls.

41. • The jinja, or shrine, is where believers in Japan's indigenous religion,
Shintô, go to worship. Shintô originated in ancient peoples' fears of
demons and supernatural powers, and their worship of these. It has
no written body of doctrine, but it is Japan's main religion and is
practised widely through ceremonies and festivals.

45. Shrine Architecture
• The main sanctuary of a shrine is called the Shinden or Honden. There
are also ancillary buildings such as the Haiden, or outer hall, and the
Hômotsuden, or treasury, but these are not arranged according to
any particular specified layout.

47. Castles
• Castles in Japan underwent their most intensive phase of
development in the Sengoku (Warring States) era from the 15th to
the 16th century

52. Construction & Materials

56. Construction Method of Japanese Traditional Houses

57. Ken: The Japanese Traditional Unit of Length
• equal to six Japanese feet (shaku).
• exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a
little shorter than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in).
• now standardized as 1 9/11 meter.
• used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of
traditional-style buildings
• floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but
in "tatami" which are equivalent to half of a square ken.