Basic anatomy and physiology of skeletal system.

1. Integumentary System
and Skeletal System
by: Herna Grace H. Demegilio, RMT, MEd

2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
• DIVISION OF HUMAN SKELETON
• 1. Axial Skeleton (80) bones 2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
a. Skull (22) a. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle (4)
b. Hyoid (1) b. Upper limbs (extremities) (60)
c. Auditory ossicles (6) c. Pelvic (hip) Girdle (2)
d. Vertebral (26) d. Lower limbs (extremities) (60)
e. Bony Thorax (25)

3. Axial & Appendicular Skeleton

4. AXIAL SKELETON
A. Skull Cranium (8 bones)
Facial (14 bones)

5. AXIAL SKELETON A. Skull (22 bones)
Cranium
& Sutures

7. AXIAL SKELETON
Hyoid Bone (1)

8. AXIAL SKELETON
Vertebral Column (26 bones)

9. Cervical Vertebra (7 bones)

10. Thoracic Vertebra ( 12 bones )

11. Lumbar Vertebra ( 5 bones )

12. Sacrum ( 1 bone ) and Coccyx ( 1 bone )

13. Bony Thorax (25 bones)
AXIAL SKELETON

14. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
➢ Scapula ( 2 bones )
A. Pectoral Girdle ( 4 bones )

15. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Upper Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Humerus ( 2 bones )

16. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Upper Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Ulna ( 2 bones )
➢ Radius ( 2 bones )

17. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Upper Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Carpal ( 16 bones )

18. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Upper Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Metacarpal ( 10 bones )
➢ Phalanges (28 bones )

19. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
C. Pelvic Girdle ( 2 bones )

20. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
D. Lower Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Femur ( 2 bones )

21. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
D. Lower Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Tibia ( 2 bones )
➢ Fibula ( 2 bones)

22. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
D. Lower Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Patella( 2 bones )

23. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
D. Lower Limbs ( 60 bones )
➢ Tarsal ( 14 bones )
✓ Talus
✓ Calcaneus
✓ Cuboid
✓ Navicular
✓ 3 Cuneiform
➢ Metatarsal (10 bones)
➢ Phalanges (28 bones)

24. MUSCULAR
SYSTEM

25. 1.Produces body movements
2.Stabilizes body positions
3.Stores and moves substances within
the body
4.Generates heat

28. TYPES OF MUSCLES
According to function:
1. Voluntary Muscles
Muscles whose contractions are under the conscious will of the
individual
2. Involuntary Muscles
Muscles whose contractions are not under the conscious will of the
individual
According to Structure:
1. Skeletal Muscles
2. Cardiac Muscles
3. Smooth Muscles

30. SKELETAL MUSCLE
Microscopic Appearance:
☺ Long cylindrical fiber with many
peripherally located nuclei
☺ Striated
Location:
☺ Attached primarily to bones by
tendons
Nervous Control:
☺ Voluntary [ Somatic Nervous System ]
Function:
☺ Motion, posture, heat production

31. CARDIAC MUSCLES
Microscopic Appearance:
☺ Branched cylindrical fiber with one centrally located
nucleus,
☺ Intercalated discs join neighboring fibers
☺ Striated
Location:
☺ Heart
Function:
☺ Pumps blood to all parts of the body
Nervous Control:
☺ Involuntary [ Autonomic Nervous System ]

32. SMOOTH MUSCLES
Microscopic Appearance:
☺ Spindle – shaped, ( thickest at the middle and
tapering at both ends )
☺ Non striated fibers with one centrally located
nucleus
Location:
☺ Walls of hollow internal structures
Nervous Control:
☺ Involuntary [ Autonomic Nervous System ]
Function:
☺ Motion [ constriction of blood vessels and airways,
propulsion of foods through the GI tract, contraction of
urinary bladder and uterus

33. DIRECTION: Orientation of muscles relative
to the body’s midline
Rectus – parallel to the midline
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis
Transverse – perpendicular to
the midline
Oblique – diagonal to the midline
Rectus Abdominis

34. SIZE: Relative size of the muscle
Maximus – largest
Minimus – smallest
Major – larger
Minor - smaller
Magnus / Vastus – large or huge
Longus / Longissimus – longest
Brevis – shortest
Latissimus - widest

37. Muscles of the Head and Neck

38. Muscles of the Trunk

39. Muscles of the Upper Limb

40. Muscles of the Lower b