The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal organs. The external organs are the penis and scrotum. The internal organs include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis, a process involving mitosis and meiosis. Mature sperm are then stored in the epididymis until ejaculation, when they are propelled through the vas deferens and other structures.
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
4. The Reproductive System
Male and female reproductive
systems develop from similar
embryonic tissue.
First few weeks of development,
male and female embryos are
indistinguishable.
Adult reproductive systems
share some functional
similarities.
5. Descent of the Testes
Ovoid structures about 5 cm
long and 3 cm wide.
Located within the scrotal sac
(scrotum)
During fetal development they
are near the kidneys and slowly
move inferiorly in the abdominal
cavity.
During the 7th month they
descend through the inguinal
canals
6. Scrotum
• Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs
outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of
the penis
• Contains paired testicles separated by a midline
septum
• Its external positioning keeps the testes 3C
lower than core body temperature
6
7. Wall of the Scrotum
In the dermis, there is a thin
layer of smooth muscle known
as the dartos muscle.
Contractions of this muscle
causes wrinkling of the skin.
The cremaster muscle is a
thicker layer of skeletal muscle
that lowers and raises the testes
based on temperature.
8. Inside the Scrotum
• Each testes is enclosed by the
tunica vaginalis, a continuation
of the peritoneum that lines the
abdominopelvic cavity.
• A fibrous capsule covers each
testis called the tunica
albuginea.
9. Testicle
The tunica albuginea
gives rise to septa
(partitions) that divide
the testis into lobules
(about 250)
Each lobule contains 3
or 4 highly coiled
seminiferous tubules
These converge to
become rete testis
which transport sperm
to the epididymis
9
11. Spermatic Cord
• Contains the structures
running from the
testicles to the pelvic
cavity.
• Passes through the
inguinal canal
• Contents:
• Vas Deferens
• Nerves
• Blood Vessels
11
12. Accessory Glands:
Seminal Vesicles
• Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder and
secrete 60% of the volume of semen
• Seminal fluid:
• Fructose: provides energy for the sperm.
• Fibrinogen: helps turn semen into a bolus that can be readily
propelled into the vagina.
• Prostaglandins: decrease cervical mucus viscosity and
stimulate reverse peristalsis of the uterus.
• Join the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory
duct
12
14. Accessory Glands: Prostate Gland
Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the
urethra inferior to the bladder
Plays a role in the activation of sperm
Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation
Prostatic secretions include:
Citrate: is a food source (TCA cycle)
Proteolytic enzymes: acts to "decoagulate" the
semen that was coagulated by seminal vesicle
secretions, which helps the sperm begin their
journey once inside the vagina
14
15. Bulbourethral Glands
(Cowper’s Glands)
• Pea-sized glands inferior to
the prostate
• Produce alkaline mucus
prior to ejaculation that
neutralizes traces of acidic
urine in the urethra
15
19. Epididymis
Epididymis: Storage and maturation area for
sperm
Its head joins the efferent ductules and caps the
superior aspect of the testis
The duct of the epididymis has stereocilia that:
Absorb testicular fluid
Pass nutrients to the sperm
Nonmotile sperm enter, pass through its tubes
and become motile (propelled by peristalsis)
Upon ejaculation the epididymis contracts,
expelling sperm into the ductus deferens
19
20. Review questions
• What is the difference between mitosis and
meiosis?
• What are the results of meiosis?
21. Spermatogenesis
• Spermatogenic stem cells of the seminiferous tubules
give rise to sperm in a series of events
• Mitosis of spermatogonia, forming spermatocytes
• Meiosis forms spermatids from spermatocytes
• Spermiogenesis: spermatids form sperm
21
24. Sperm
• Sperm have three major regions
1. Head :contains DNA and has a helmet-like acrosome
containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm
to penetrate and enter the egg
2. Midpiece: contains mitochondria spiraled around the
tail filaments
3. Tail :a typical flagellum produced by a centriole
24
25. Sperm Summary
• Produced: Seminiferous tubules
• Stored: Epididymis
• Transported through epididymis by rhythmic
peristaltic contractions as they mature
• Epididymis Vas Deferens Ejaculatory duct
(ampulla of vas deferens fuses with duct of seminal
vesicle “ejaculatory duct”) prostate prostatic
urethra (then passes the bulbourethral gland)
membranous urethra penile urethra
25