The implementation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology having image processing capabilities provides an alternative way to observe pineapple crowns captured from aerial images. In the majority of pineapple plantations, an agricultural officer will physically count the crop yield prior to harvesting the Ananas Comosus, also known as pineapple. This process is particularly evident in large plantation areas to accurately identify pineapple numbers. To alleviate this issue, given it is both time-consuming and arduous, automating the process using image processing is suggested. In this study, the possibilities and comparisons between two techniques associated with an image thresholding scheme known as HSV and L*A*B* colour space schemes were implemented. This was followed by determining the threshold by applying an automatic counting (AC) method to count the crop yield. The results of the study found that by applying colour thresholding for segmentation, it improved the low contrast image due to different heights and illumination levels on the acquired colour image. The images that were acquired using a UAV revealed that the best distance for capturing the images was at the height of three (3) metres above ground level. The results also confirm that the HSV colour space provides a more efficient approach with an average error increment of 47.6% when compared to the L*A*B*colour space.
Prediction of rainfall using improved deep learning with particle swarm optim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Rainfall is a natural factor that is very important for farmers or certain institutions to predict the planting period of a plant. The problem is that rainfall is very difficult to predict. Trials to get optimal rainfall prediction have been carried out by BMKG through research with variety of methods in various fields, including meteorology, climatology and geophysics. The results of the study unfortunately obtained a less optimal success rate in predicting rainfall. Today, there are many new methods for predicting events. These methods include Deep Learning (DL) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The use of the Deep Learning method is very susceptible to initial weights that are less than optimal, so it requires a process of optimization using a metaheuristic technique, which is the PSO algorithm, because this algorithm has a level of complexity that is much lower than genetic algorithms. In this study, this method is utilized to predict rainfall by determining the exact regression equation model according to the number of layers in hidden nodes based on the size of the kernel and the weight between the layers. This research is approved achieved get more optimal rainfall prediction results that those of previous research that without optimization with PSO.
Nowadays digital cameras are equipped with a
single sensor (CCD/CMOS), to reduce the size and cost of the
camera. The color filter array (CFA) is used to cover the sensor
and it consist of three primary colors such as red, green and blue
and it samples only one color component at each pixel location.
The process of estimating the other two missing color components
at each pixel location is known as demosaicing. The proposed
algorithm uses the directional color difference and multiscale
gradient method for green plane interpolation, this type of
interpolation method is used to reduce the artifacts and improve
the image quality. The red and blue plane are interpolated using
the estimated green plane, the bayer pattern is used for the
interpolation technique. The performance of the image is
measured using the CPSNR value
Image Analysis using Color Co-occurrence Matrix Textural Features for Predict...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to determine the nitrogen content of spinach leaves by using computer imaging
technology. The application of Color Co-occurrence Matrix (CCM) texture analysis was used to recognize
the pattern of nitrogen content in spinach leaves. The texture analysis consisted of 40 CCM textural
features constructed from RGB and grey colors. From the 40 textural features, the best features-subset
was selected by using features selection method. Features selection method can increase the accuracy of
image analysis using ANN model to predict nitrogen content of spinach leaves. The combination of ANN
with Ant Colony Optimization resulted in the most optimal modelling with mean square error validation
value of 0.0000083 and the R2 testing-set data = 0.99 by using 10 CCM textural features as the input of
ANN. The computer vision method using ANN model which has been developed can be used as
non-invasive sensing device to predict nitrogen content of spinach and for guiding farmers in the accurate
application of their nitrogen fertilization strategies using low cost computer imaging technology.
The Effects of Segmentation Techniques in Digital Image Based Identification ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the effects of segmentation techniques in the identification of Ethiopian
coffee variety. In Ethiopia, coffee varieties are classified based on their growing region. The most widely
coffee growing regions in Ethiopia are Bale, Harar, Jimma, Limu, Sidamo and Welega. Coffee beans of
these regions very in color shape and texture. We investigated various segmentation techniques for
efficient coffee beans variety identification system. Images of six different coffee beans varieties in Oromia
and Southern Ethiopia were acquired and analyzed. For this study Otsu, Fuzzy-C-Means (FCM) and Kmeans
segmentation techniques are considered. For classification of the varieties of Ethiopian coffee
beans back propagation neural network (BPNN) is used. From the experiment 94.54% accuracy is
achieved when BPNN is used on FCM segmentation technique.
Online video-based abnormal detection using highly motion techniques and stat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
At the essence of video surveillance, there are abnormal detection approaches, which have been proven to be substantially effective in detecting abnormal incidents without prior knowledge about these incidents. Based on the state-of-the-art research, it is evident that there is a trade-off between frame processing time and detection accuracy in abnormal detection approaches. Therefore, the primary challenge is to balance this trade-off suitably by utilizing few, but very descriptive features to fulfill online performance while maintaining a high accuracy rate. In this study, we propose a new framework, which achieves the balancing between detection accuracy and video processing time by employing two efficient motion techniques, specifically, foreground and optical flow energy. Moreover, we use different statistical analysis measures of motion features to get robust inference method to distinguish abnormal behavior incident from normal ones. The performance of this framework has been extensively evaluated in terms of the detection accuracy, the area under the curve (AUC) and frame processing time. Simulation results and comparisons with ten relevant online and non-online frameworks demonstrate that our framework efficiently achieves superior performance to those frameworks, in which it presents high values for the accuracy while attaining simultaneously low values for the processing time.
Identifying Citronella Plants From UAV Imagery Using Support Vector MachineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
High-resolution imagery taken from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is now often used as an
alternative in monitoring the agronomic plants compared to satellite imagery. This paper presents a
method to identify Citronella among other plants based on UAV imagery. The method utilizes Support
Vector Machine (SVM) to classify Citronella among other plants according to the extraction of texture
feature. The implementation of the method was evaluated using two group of datasets: 1) consists of
Citronella, Kaffir Lime, other green plants, vacant soil, and buildings, and 2) consists of Citronella and
paddy rice plants. The evaluation results show that the proposed method can identify Citronella on the first
group of datasets with an accuracy 94.23% and Kappa value 88.48%, whereas on the second group of
datasets with an accuracy 100% and Kappa value 100%.
Prediction of rainfall using improved deep learning with particle swarm optim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Rainfall is a natural factor that is very important for farmers or certain institutions to predict the planting period of a plant. The problem is that rainfall is very difficult to predict. Trials to get optimal rainfall prediction have been carried out by BMKG through research with variety of methods in various fields, including meteorology, climatology and geophysics. The results of the study unfortunately obtained a less optimal success rate in predicting rainfall. Today, there are many new methods for predicting events. These methods include Deep Learning (DL) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The use of the Deep Learning method is very susceptible to initial weights that are less than optimal, so it requires a process of optimization using a metaheuristic technique, which is the PSO algorithm, because this algorithm has a level of complexity that is much lower than genetic algorithms. In this study, this method is utilized to predict rainfall by determining the exact regression equation model according to the number of layers in hidden nodes based on the size of the kernel and the weight between the layers. This research is approved achieved get more optimal rainfall prediction results that those of previous research that without optimization with PSO.
Nowadays digital cameras are equipped with a
single sensor (CCD/CMOS), to reduce the size and cost of the
camera. The color filter array (CFA) is used to cover the sensor
and it consist of three primary colors such as red, green and blue
and it samples only one color component at each pixel location.
The process of estimating the other two missing color components
at each pixel location is known as demosaicing. The proposed
algorithm uses the directional color difference and multiscale
gradient method for green plane interpolation, this type of
interpolation method is used to reduce the artifacts and improve
the image quality. The red and blue plane are interpolated using
the estimated green plane, the bayer pattern is used for the
interpolation technique. The performance of the image is
measured using the CPSNR value
Image Analysis using Color Co-occurrence Matrix Textural Features for Predict...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to determine the nitrogen content of spinach leaves by using computer imaging
technology. The application of Color Co-occurrence Matrix (CCM) texture analysis was used to recognize
the pattern of nitrogen content in spinach leaves. The texture analysis consisted of 40 CCM textural
features constructed from RGB and grey colors. From the 40 textural features, the best features-subset
was selected by using features selection method. Features selection method can increase the accuracy of
image analysis using ANN model to predict nitrogen content of spinach leaves. The combination of ANN
with Ant Colony Optimization resulted in the most optimal modelling with mean square error validation
value of 0.0000083 and the R2 testing-set data = 0.99 by using 10 CCM textural features as the input of
ANN. The computer vision method using ANN model which has been developed can be used as
non-invasive sensing device to predict nitrogen content of spinach and for guiding farmers in the accurate
application of their nitrogen fertilization strategies using low cost computer imaging technology.
The Effects of Segmentation Techniques in Digital Image Based Identification ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the effects of segmentation techniques in the identification of Ethiopian
coffee variety. In Ethiopia, coffee varieties are classified based on their growing region. The most widely
coffee growing regions in Ethiopia are Bale, Harar, Jimma, Limu, Sidamo and Welega. Coffee beans of
these regions very in color shape and texture. We investigated various segmentation techniques for
efficient coffee beans variety identification system. Images of six different coffee beans varieties in Oromia
and Southern Ethiopia were acquired and analyzed. For this study Otsu, Fuzzy-C-Means (FCM) and Kmeans
segmentation techniques are considered. For classification of the varieties of Ethiopian coffee
beans back propagation neural network (BPNN) is used. From the experiment 94.54% accuracy is
achieved when BPNN is used on FCM segmentation technique.
Online video-based abnormal detection using highly motion techniques and stat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
At the essence of video surveillance, there are abnormal detection approaches, which have been proven to be substantially effective in detecting abnormal incidents without prior knowledge about these incidents. Based on the state-of-the-art research, it is evident that there is a trade-off between frame processing time and detection accuracy in abnormal detection approaches. Therefore, the primary challenge is to balance this trade-off suitably by utilizing few, but very descriptive features to fulfill online performance while maintaining a high accuracy rate. In this study, we propose a new framework, which achieves the balancing between detection accuracy and video processing time by employing two efficient motion techniques, specifically, foreground and optical flow energy. Moreover, we use different statistical analysis measures of motion features to get robust inference method to distinguish abnormal behavior incident from normal ones. The performance of this framework has been extensively evaluated in terms of the detection accuracy, the area under the curve (AUC) and frame processing time. Simulation results and comparisons with ten relevant online and non-online frameworks demonstrate that our framework efficiently achieves superior performance to those frameworks, in which it presents high values for the accuracy while attaining simultaneously low values for the processing time.
Identifying Citronella Plants From UAV Imagery Using Support Vector MachineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
High-resolution imagery taken from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is now often used as an
alternative in monitoring the agronomic plants compared to satellite imagery. This paper presents a
method to identify Citronella among other plants based on UAV imagery. The method utilizes Support
Vector Machine (SVM) to classify Citronella among other plants according to the extraction of texture
feature. The implementation of the method was evaluated using two group of datasets: 1) consists of
Citronella, Kaffir Lime, other green plants, vacant soil, and buildings, and 2) consists of Citronella and
paddy rice plants. The evaluation results show that the proposed method can identify Citronella on the first
group of datasets with an accuracy 94.23% and Kappa value 88.48%, whereas on the second group of
datasets with an accuracy 100% and Kappa value 100%.
The effects of multiple layers feed-forward neural network transfer function ...IJECEIAES
In the area of machine learning performance analysis is the major task in order to get a better performance both in training and testing model. In addition, performance analysis of machine learning techniques helps to identify how the machine is performing on the given input and also to find any improvements needed to make on the learning model. Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) has different area of applications, but the epoch convergences of the network differs from the usage of transfer function. In this study, to build the model for classification and moisture prediction of soil, rectified linear units (ReLU), Sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (Tanh) and Gaussian transfer function of feed-forward neural network had been analyzed to identify an appropriate transfer function. Color, texture, shape and brisk local feature descriptor are used as a feature vector of FFNN in the input layer and 4 hidden layers were considered in this study. In each hidden layer 26 neurons are used. From the experiment, Gaussian transfer function outperforms than ReLU, sigmoid and tanh transfer function. But the convergence rate of Gaussian transfer function took more epoch than ReLU, Sigmoid and tanh.
Optimization of Parallel K-means for Java Paddy Mapping Using Time-series Sat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Spatiotemporal analysis of MODIS Vegetation Index Imagery widely used for vegetation
seasonal mapping both on forest and agricultural site. In order to provide a long -terms of vegetation
characteristic maps, a wide time-series images analysis is needed which require high-performance
computer and also consumes a lot of energy resources. Meanwhile, for agriculture monitoring purpose in
Indonesia, that analysis has to be employed gradually and endlessly to provide the latest condition of
paddy field vegetation information. This research is aimed to develop a method to produce the optimized
solution in classifying vegetation of paddy fields that diverse both spatial and temporal characteristics. The
time-series EVI data from MODIS have been filtered using wavelet transform to reduce noise that caused
by cloud. Sequential K-means and Parallel K-means unsupervised classification method were used in both
CPU and GPU to find the efficient and the robust result. The developed method has been tested and
implemented using the sample case of paddy fields in Java Island. The best system which can
accommodate of the extend-ability, affordability, redundancy, energy-saving, maintainability indicators are
ARM-based processor (Raspberry Pi), with the highest speed up of 8 and the efficiency of 60%.
Digital image processing methods for estimating leaf area of cucumber plantsnooriasukmaningtyas
Increasingly emerging technologies in agriculture such as computer vision, artificial intelligence technology, not only make it possible to increase production. To minimize the negative impact on climate and the environment but also to conserve resources. A key task of these technologies is to monitor the growth of plants online with a high accuracy rate and in non-destructive manners. It is known that leaf area (LA) is one of the most important growth indexes in plant growth monitoring system. Unfortunately, to estimate the LA in natural outdoor scenes (the presence of occlusion or overlap area) with a high accuracy rate is not easy and it still remains a big challenge in eco-physiological studies. In this paper, two accurate and non-destructive approaches for estimating the LA were proposed with top-view and side-view images, respectively. The proposed approaches successfully extract the skeleton of cucumber plants in red, green, and blue (RGB) images and estimate the LA of cucumber plants with high precision. The results were validated by comparing with manual measurements. The experimental results of our proposed algorithms achieve 97.64% accuracy in leaf segmentation, and the relative error in LA estimation varies from 3.76% to 13.00%, which could meet the requirements of plant growth monitoring systems.
Crop yield prediction using data mining techniques.pdfssuserb22f5a
Agriculture is the main source of occupation which forms the backbone of our country. It involves the production of crops which may be either food crops or commercial crops. The productivity of crop yield is significantly influenced by various parameters such as rainfall, farm capacity, temperature, crop population density, humidity, irrigation, fertilizer application, solar radiation, type of soil, depth, tillage and soil organic matter. An accurate crop yield prediction support decision-makers in the agriculture sector to predict the yield effectively. Machine learning techniques and deep learning techniques play a significant role in the analysis of data for crop yield prediction. However, the selection of appropriate techniques from the pool of available techniques imposes challenges to the researchers concerning the chosen crop. In this paper, an analysis has been performed on various deep learning and machine learning techniques. To know the limitations of each technique, a comparative analysis is carried out in this paper. In addition to this, a suggestion is provided to further improve the performance of crop yield prediction.
Assessing the advancement of artificial intelligence and drones’ integration ...IJECEIAES
Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with drones has emerged as a promising paradigm for advancing agriculture. This bibliometric analysis investigates the current state of research in this transformative domain by comprehensively reviewing 234 pertinent articles from Scopus and Web of Science databases. The problem involves harnessing AI-driven drones' potential to address agricultural challenges effectively. To address this, we conducted a bibliometric review, looking at critical components, such as prominent journals, co-authorship patterns across countries, highly cited articles, and the co-citation network of keywords. Our findings underscore a growing interest in using AI-integrated drones to revolutionize various agricultural practices. Noteworthy applications include crop monitoring, precision agriculture, and environmental sensing, indicative of the field’s transformative capacity. This pioneering bibliometric study presents a comprehensive synthesis of the dynamic research landscape, signifying the first extensive exploration of AI and drones in agriculture. The identified knowledge gaps point to future research opportunities, fostering the adoption and implementation of these technologies for sustainable farming practices and resource optimization. Our analysis provides essential insights for researchers and practitioners, laying the groundwork for steering agricultural advancements toward an enhanced efficiency and innovation era.
An Image Enhancement Approach to Achieve High Speed using Adaptive Modified B...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For real time application scenarios of image processing, satellite imaginary has grown more interest by researches due to the informative nature of image. Satellite images are captured using high quality cameras. These images are captured from space using on-board cameras. Wrong ISO setting, camera vibrations or wrong sensory setting causes noise. The degraded image can cause less efficient results during visual perception which is a challenging issue for researchers. Another reason is that noise corrupts the image during acquisition, transmission, interference or dust particles on the scanner screen of image from satellite to the earth stations. If quality degraded images are used for further processing then it may result in wrong information extraction. In order to cater this issue, image filtering or denoising approach is required.
Since remote sensing images are captured from space using on-board camera which requires high speed operating device which can provide better reconstruction quality by utilizing lesser power consumption. Recently various approaches have been proposed for image filtering. Key challenges with these approaches are reconstruction quality, operating speed, image quality by preserving information at edges on image.
Proposed approach is named as modified bilateral filter. In this approach bilateral filter and kernel schemes are combined. In order to overcome the drawbacks, modified bilateral filtering by using FPGA to perform the parallelism process for denoising is implemented.
Comparing canopy density measurement from UAV and hemispherical photography: ...IJECEIAES
UAV and hemispherical photography are common methods used in canopy density measurement. These two methods have opposite viewing angles where hemispherical photography measures canopy density upwardly, while UAV captures images downwardly. This study aims to analyze and compare both methods to be used as the input data for canopy density estimation when linked with a lower spatial resolution of remote sensing data i.e. Landsat image. We correlated the field data of canopy density with vegetation indices (NDVI, MSAVI, and AFRI) from Landsat-8. The canopy density values measured from UAV and hemispherical photography displayed a strong relationship with 0.706 coefficient of correlation. Further results showed that both measurements can be used in canopy density estimation using satellite imagery based on their high correlations with Landsat-based vegetation indices. The highest correlation from downward and upward measurement appeared when linked with NDVI with a correlation of 0.962 and 0.652, respectively. Downward measurement using UAV exhibited a higher relationship compared to hemispherical photography. The strong correlation between UAV data and Landsat data is because both are captured from the vertical direction, and 30 m pixel of Landsat is a downscaled image of the aerial photograph. Moreover, field data collection can be easily conducted by deploying drone to cover inaccessible sample plots.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Advertisement billboard detection and geotagging system with inductive transf...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we propose an approach to detect and geotag advertisement billboard in real-time
condition. Our approach is using AlexNet’s Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) as a pre-trained
neural network with 1000 categories for image classification. To improve the performance of
the pre-trained neural network, we retrain the network by adding more advertisement billboard images
using inductive transfer learning approach. Then, we fine-tuned the output layer into advertisement
billboard related categories. Furthermore, the detected advertisement billboard images will be geotagged
by inserting Exif metadata into the image file. Experimental results show that the approach achieves
92.7% training accuracy for advertisement billboard detection, while for overall testing results it will give
71.86% testing accuracy.
FEED FORWARD BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK COUPLED WITH RICE DATA SIMULATOR...ijcseit
This paper is the continuation of the paper published by the authors Arun Balaji and Baskaran [2].
Multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were developed between the years of rice cultivation and Feed
Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) method of predicted area of rice cultivation / rice
production for different districts pertaining to Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons in Tamilnadu. The
average r
2
value in area of cultivation is 0.40 in Kuruvai season, 0.42 in Samba season and 0.46 in Kodai
season, where as the r2
value in rice production is 0.31 in Kuruvai season, 0.23 in Samba season and
0.42 in Kodai season. The Rice Data Simulator (RDS) predicted the area of rice cultivation and rice
production using the MLR equations developed in this research. The range of average predicted area for
Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons varies from 12052.52 ha to 13595.32 ha, 48998.96 ha to 53324.54 ha
and 4241.23 ha to 6449.88 ha respectively whereas the range of average predicted rice production varies
from 45132.88 tonnes to 46074.48 tonnes in Kuruvai, 128619 tonnes to 139693.29 tonnes in Samba and
15446.07 to 20573.50 tonnes in Kodai seasons. The mean absolute relative error (ARE) between the
FFBPNN and multiple regression methods of prediction of area of rice cultivation was found to be 15.58%,
8.04% and 26.34% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons respectively. The ARE for the rice
production was found to be 17%, 11.80% and 24.60% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons
respectively. The paired t test between the FFBPNN and MLR methods of predicted area of cultivation in
Kuruvai shows that there is no significant difference between the two types of prediction for certain
districts.
FEED FORWARD BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK COUPLED WITH RICE DATA SIMULATOR...ijcseit
This paper is the continuation of the paper published by the authors Arun Balaji and Baskaran [2].
Multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were developed between the years of rice cultivation and Feed
Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) method of predicted area of rice cultivation / rice
production for different districts pertaining to Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons in Tamilnadu. The
average r
2
value in area of cultivation is 0.40 in Kuruvai season, 0.42 in Samba season and 0.46 in Kodai
season, where as the r2
value in rice production is 0.31 in Kuruvai season, 0.23 in Samba season and
0.42 in Kodai season. The Rice Data Simulator (RDS) predicted the area of rice cultivation and rice
production using the MLR equations developed in this research. The range of average predicted area for
Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons varies from 12052.52 ha to 13595.32 ha, 48998.96 ha to 53324.54 ha
and 4241.23 ha to 6449.88 ha respectively whereas the range of average predicted rice production varies
from 45132.88 tonnes to 46074.48 tonnes in Kuruvai, 128619 tonnes to 139693.29 tonnes in Samba and
15446.07 to 20573.50 tonnes in Kodai seasons. The mean absolute relative error (ARE) between the
FFBPNN and multiple regression methods of prediction of area of rice cultivation was found to be 15.58%,
8.04% and 26.34% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons respectively. The ARE for the rice
production was found to be 17%, 11.80% and 24.60% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons
respectively. The paired t test between the FFBPNN and MLR methods of predicted area of cultivation in
Kuruvai shows that there is no significant difference between the two types of prediction for certain
districts.
This paper is the continuation of the paper published by the authors Arun Balaji and Baskaran [2].
Multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were developed between the years of rice cultivation and Feed
Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) method of predicted area of rice cultivation / rice
production for different districts pertaining to Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons in Tamilnadu. The
average r2 value in area of cultivation is 0.40 in Kuruvai season, 0.42 in Samba season and 0.46 in Kodai
season, where as the r2 value in rice production is 0.31 in Kuruvai season, 0.23 in Samba season and
0.42 in Kodai season. The Rice Data Simulator (RDS) predicted the area of rice cultivation and rice
production using the MLR equations developed in this research. The range of average predicted area for
Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons varies from 12052.52 ha to 13595.32 ha, 48998.96 ha to 53324.54 ha
and 4241.23 ha to 6449.88 ha respectively whereas the range of average predicted rice production varies
from 45132.88 tonnes to 46074.48 tonnes in Kuruvai, 128619 tonnes to 139693.29 tonnes in Samba and
15446.07 to 20573.50 tonnes in Kodai seasons. The mean absolute relative error (ARE) between the
FFBPNN and multiple regression methods of prediction of area of rice cultivation was found to be 15.58%,
8.04% and 26.34% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons respectively. The ARE for the rice
production was found to be 17%, 11.80% and 24.60% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons
respectively. The paired t test between the FFBPNN and MLR methods of predicted area of cultivation in
Kuruvai shows that there is no significant difference between the two types of prediction for certain
districts.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
More Related Content
Similar to Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting using a colour space transformation scheme
The effects of multiple layers feed-forward neural network transfer function ...IJECEIAES
In the area of machine learning performance analysis is the major task in order to get a better performance both in training and testing model. In addition, performance analysis of machine learning techniques helps to identify how the machine is performing on the given input and also to find any improvements needed to make on the learning model. Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) has different area of applications, but the epoch convergences of the network differs from the usage of transfer function. In this study, to build the model for classification and moisture prediction of soil, rectified linear units (ReLU), Sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (Tanh) and Gaussian transfer function of feed-forward neural network had been analyzed to identify an appropriate transfer function. Color, texture, shape and brisk local feature descriptor are used as a feature vector of FFNN in the input layer and 4 hidden layers were considered in this study. In each hidden layer 26 neurons are used. From the experiment, Gaussian transfer function outperforms than ReLU, sigmoid and tanh transfer function. But the convergence rate of Gaussian transfer function took more epoch than ReLU, Sigmoid and tanh.
Optimization of Parallel K-means for Java Paddy Mapping Using Time-series Sat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Spatiotemporal analysis of MODIS Vegetation Index Imagery widely used for vegetation
seasonal mapping both on forest and agricultural site. In order to provide a long -terms of vegetation
characteristic maps, a wide time-series images analysis is needed which require high-performance
computer and also consumes a lot of energy resources. Meanwhile, for agriculture monitoring purpose in
Indonesia, that analysis has to be employed gradually and endlessly to provide the latest condition of
paddy field vegetation information. This research is aimed to develop a method to produce the optimized
solution in classifying vegetation of paddy fields that diverse both spatial and temporal characteristics. The
time-series EVI data from MODIS have been filtered using wavelet transform to reduce noise that caused
by cloud. Sequential K-means and Parallel K-means unsupervised classification method were used in both
CPU and GPU to find the efficient and the robust result. The developed method has been tested and
implemented using the sample case of paddy fields in Java Island. The best system which can
accommodate of the extend-ability, affordability, redundancy, energy-saving, maintainability indicators are
ARM-based processor (Raspberry Pi), with the highest speed up of 8 and the efficiency of 60%.
Digital image processing methods for estimating leaf area of cucumber plantsnooriasukmaningtyas
Increasingly emerging technologies in agriculture such as computer vision, artificial intelligence technology, not only make it possible to increase production. To minimize the negative impact on climate and the environment but also to conserve resources. A key task of these technologies is to monitor the growth of plants online with a high accuracy rate and in non-destructive manners. It is known that leaf area (LA) is one of the most important growth indexes in plant growth monitoring system. Unfortunately, to estimate the LA in natural outdoor scenes (the presence of occlusion or overlap area) with a high accuracy rate is not easy and it still remains a big challenge in eco-physiological studies. In this paper, two accurate and non-destructive approaches for estimating the LA were proposed with top-view and side-view images, respectively. The proposed approaches successfully extract the skeleton of cucumber plants in red, green, and blue (RGB) images and estimate the LA of cucumber plants with high precision. The results were validated by comparing with manual measurements. The experimental results of our proposed algorithms achieve 97.64% accuracy in leaf segmentation, and the relative error in LA estimation varies from 3.76% to 13.00%, which could meet the requirements of plant growth monitoring systems.
Crop yield prediction using data mining techniques.pdfssuserb22f5a
Agriculture is the main source of occupation which forms the backbone of our country. It involves the production of crops which may be either food crops or commercial crops. The productivity of crop yield is significantly influenced by various parameters such as rainfall, farm capacity, temperature, crop population density, humidity, irrigation, fertilizer application, solar radiation, type of soil, depth, tillage and soil organic matter. An accurate crop yield prediction support decision-makers in the agriculture sector to predict the yield effectively. Machine learning techniques and deep learning techniques play a significant role in the analysis of data for crop yield prediction. However, the selection of appropriate techniques from the pool of available techniques imposes challenges to the researchers concerning the chosen crop. In this paper, an analysis has been performed on various deep learning and machine learning techniques. To know the limitations of each technique, a comparative analysis is carried out in this paper. In addition to this, a suggestion is provided to further improve the performance of crop yield prediction.
Assessing the advancement of artificial intelligence and drones’ integration ...IJECEIAES
Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with drones has emerged as a promising paradigm for advancing agriculture. This bibliometric analysis investigates the current state of research in this transformative domain by comprehensively reviewing 234 pertinent articles from Scopus and Web of Science databases. The problem involves harnessing AI-driven drones' potential to address agricultural challenges effectively. To address this, we conducted a bibliometric review, looking at critical components, such as prominent journals, co-authorship patterns across countries, highly cited articles, and the co-citation network of keywords. Our findings underscore a growing interest in using AI-integrated drones to revolutionize various agricultural practices. Noteworthy applications include crop monitoring, precision agriculture, and environmental sensing, indicative of the field’s transformative capacity. This pioneering bibliometric study presents a comprehensive synthesis of the dynamic research landscape, signifying the first extensive exploration of AI and drones in agriculture. The identified knowledge gaps point to future research opportunities, fostering the adoption and implementation of these technologies for sustainable farming practices and resource optimization. Our analysis provides essential insights for researchers and practitioners, laying the groundwork for steering agricultural advancements toward an enhanced efficiency and innovation era.
An Image Enhancement Approach to Achieve High Speed using Adaptive Modified B...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For real time application scenarios of image processing, satellite imaginary has grown more interest by researches due to the informative nature of image. Satellite images are captured using high quality cameras. These images are captured from space using on-board cameras. Wrong ISO setting, camera vibrations or wrong sensory setting causes noise. The degraded image can cause less efficient results during visual perception which is a challenging issue for researchers. Another reason is that noise corrupts the image during acquisition, transmission, interference or dust particles on the scanner screen of image from satellite to the earth stations. If quality degraded images are used for further processing then it may result in wrong information extraction. In order to cater this issue, image filtering or denoising approach is required.
Since remote sensing images are captured from space using on-board camera which requires high speed operating device which can provide better reconstruction quality by utilizing lesser power consumption. Recently various approaches have been proposed for image filtering. Key challenges with these approaches are reconstruction quality, operating speed, image quality by preserving information at edges on image.
Proposed approach is named as modified bilateral filter. In this approach bilateral filter and kernel schemes are combined. In order to overcome the drawbacks, modified bilateral filtering by using FPGA to perform the parallelism process for denoising is implemented.
Comparing canopy density measurement from UAV and hemispherical photography: ...IJECEIAES
UAV and hemispherical photography are common methods used in canopy density measurement. These two methods have opposite viewing angles where hemispherical photography measures canopy density upwardly, while UAV captures images downwardly. This study aims to analyze and compare both methods to be used as the input data for canopy density estimation when linked with a lower spatial resolution of remote sensing data i.e. Landsat image. We correlated the field data of canopy density with vegetation indices (NDVI, MSAVI, and AFRI) from Landsat-8. The canopy density values measured from UAV and hemispherical photography displayed a strong relationship with 0.706 coefficient of correlation. Further results showed that both measurements can be used in canopy density estimation using satellite imagery based on their high correlations with Landsat-based vegetation indices. The highest correlation from downward and upward measurement appeared when linked with NDVI with a correlation of 0.962 and 0.652, respectively. Downward measurement using UAV exhibited a higher relationship compared to hemispherical photography. The strong correlation between UAV data and Landsat data is because both are captured from the vertical direction, and 30 m pixel of Landsat is a downscaled image of the aerial photograph. Moreover, field data collection can be easily conducted by deploying drone to cover inaccessible sample plots.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Advertisement billboard detection and geotagging system with inductive transf...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we propose an approach to detect and geotag advertisement billboard in real-time
condition. Our approach is using AlexNet’s Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) as a pre-trained
neural network with 1000 categories for image classification. To improve the performance of
the pre-trained neural network, we retrain the network by adding more advertisement billboard images
using inductive transfer learning approach. Then, we fine-tuned the output layer into advertisement
billboard related categories. Furthermore, the detected advertisement billboard images will be geotagged
by inserting Exif metadata into the image file. Experimental results show that the approach achieves
92.7% training accuracy for advertisement billboard detection, while for overall testing results it will give
71.86% testing accuracy.
FEED FORWARD BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK COUPLED WITH RICE DATA SIMULATOR...ijcseit
This paper is the continuation of the paper published by the authors Arun Balaji and Baskaran [2].
Multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were developed between the years of rice cultivation and Feed
Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) method of predicted area of rice cultivation / rice
production for different districts pertaining to Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons in Tamilnadu. The
average r
2
value in area of cultivation is 0.40 in Kuruvai season, 0.42 in Samba season and 0.46 in Kodai
season, where as the r2
value in rice production is 0.31 in Kuruvai season, 0.23 in Samba season and
0.42 in Kodai season. The Rice Data Simulator (RDS) predicted the area of rice cultivation and rice
production using the MLR equations developed in this research. The range of average predicted area for
Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons varies from 12052.52 ha to 13595.32 ha, 48998.96 ha to 53324.54 ha
and 4241.23 ha to 6449.88 ha respectively whereas the range of average predicted rice production varies
from 45132.88 tonnes to 46074.48 tonnes in Kuruvai, 128619 tonnes to 139693.29 tonnes in Samba and
15446.07 to 20573.50 tonnes in Kodai seasons. The mean absolute relative error (ARE) between the
FFBPNN and multiple regression methods of prediction of area of rice cultivation was found to be 15.58%,
8.04% and 26.34% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons respectively. The ARE for the rice
production was found to be 17%, 11.80% and 24.60% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons
respectively. The paired t test between the FFBPNN and MLR methods of predicted area of cultivation in
Kuruvai shows that there is no significant difference between the two types of prediction for certain
districts.
FEED FORWARD BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK COUPLED WITH RICE DATA SIMULATOR...ijcseit
This paper is the continuation of the paper published by the authors Arun Balaji and Baskaran [2].
Multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were developed between the years of rice cultivation and Feed
Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) method of predicted area of rice cultivation / rice
production for different districts pertaining to Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons in Tamilnadu. The
average r
2
value in area of cultivation is 0.40 in Kuruvai season, 0.42 in Samba season and 0.46 in Kodai
season, where as the r2
value in rice production is 0.31 in Kuruvai season, 0.23 in Samba season and
0.42 in Kodai season. The Rice Data Simulator (RDS) predicted the area of rice cultivation and rice
production using the MLR equations developed in this research. The range of average predicted area for
Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons varies from 12052.52 ha to 13595.32 ha, 48998.96 ha to 53324.54 ha
and 4241.23 ha to 6449.88 ha respectively whereas the range of average predicted rice production varies
from 45132.88 tonnes to 46074.48 tonnes in Kuruvai, 128619 tonnes to 139693.29 tonnes in Samba and
15446.07 to 20573.50 tonnes in Kodai seasons. The mean absolute relative error (ARE) between the
FFBPNN and multiple regression methods of prediction of area of rice cultivation was found to be 15.58%,
8.04% and 26.34% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons respectively. The ARE for the rice
production was found to be 17%, 11.80% and 24.60% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons
respectively. The paired t test between the FFBPNN and MLR methods of predicted area of cultivation in
Kuruvai shows that there is no significant difference between the two types of prediction for certain
districts.
This paper is the continuation of the paper published by the authors Arun Balaji and Baskaran [2].
Multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were developed between the years of rice cultivation and Feed
Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) method of predicted area of rice cultivation / rice
production for different districts pertaining to Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons in Tamilnadu. The
average r2 value in area of cultivation is 0.40 in Kuruvai season, 0.42 in Samba season and 0.46 in Kodai
season, where as the r2 value in rice production is 0.31 in Kuruvai season, 0.23 in Samba season and
0.42 in Kodai season. The Rice Data Simulator (RDS) predicted the area of rice cultivation and rice
production using the MLR equations developed in this research. The range of average predicted area for
Kuruvai, Samba and Kodai seasons varies from 12052.52 ha to 13595.32 ha, 48998.96 ha to 53324.54 ha
and 4241.23 ha to 6449.88 ha respectively whereas the range of average predicted rice production varies
from 45132.88 tonnes to 46074.48 tonnes in Kuruvai, 128619 tonnes to 139693.29 tonnes in Samba and
15446.07 to 20573.50 tonnes in Kodai seasons. The mean absolute relative error (ARE) between the
FFBPNN and multiple regression methods of prediction of area of rice cultivation was found to be 15.58%,
8.04% and 26.34% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons respectively. The ARE for the rice
production was found to be 17%, 11.80% and 24.60% for the Kuruvai, Samba and the Kodai seasons
respectively. The paired t test between the FFBPNN and MLR methods of predicted area of cultivation in
Kuruvai shows that there is no significant difference between the two types of prediction for certain
districts.
Similar to Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting using a colour space transformation scheme (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting using a colour space transformation scheme
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2020, pp. 2472~2479
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i5.13895 2472
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting
using a colour space transformation scheme
Wan Nurazwin Syazwani Rahimi1
, Muhammad Asraf H.2
, Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali3
1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus, Malaysia
3
Microwave Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 14, 2019
Revised Mar 31, 2020
Accepted Apr 10, 2020
The implementation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology having
image processing capabilities provides an alternative way to observe
pineapple crowns captured from aerial images. In the majority of pineapple
plantations, an agricultural officer will physically count the crop yield prior
to harvesting the Ananas Comosus, also known as pineapple. This process is
particularly evident in large plantation areas to accurately identify pineapple
numbers. To alleviate this issue, given it is both time-consuming and
arduous, automating the process using image processing is suggested. In this
study, the possibilities and comparisons between two techniques associated
with an image thresholding scheme known as HSV and L*A*B* colour
space schemes were implemented. This was followed by determining
the threshold by applying an automatic counting (AC) method to count
the crop yield. The results of the study found that by applying colour
thresholding for segmentation, it improved the low contrast image due to
different heights and illumination levels on the acquired colour image.
The images that were acquired using a UAV revealed that the best distance
for capturing the images was at the height of three (3) metres above ground
level. The results also confirm that the HSV colour space provides a more
efficient approach with an average error increment of 47.6% when compared
to the L*A*B*colour space.
Keywords:
Colour threshold
HSV
Image processing
L*A*B*
Pineapple
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Muhammad Asraf H.,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor Branch,
Pasir Gudang Campus,
Masai, Johor, Malaysia
Email: masraf@uitm.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
Remote sensing technologies, along with image processing methods, have allowed precision
engineering to be integrated and applied in the agricultural sector [1]. Among the most widely adopted
technologies in this sector are satellite imagery [2] and unmanned aerial vehicles or drones (UAV) [3]. Even
though the technology is capable of capturing large crop areas, satellite imagery is expensive, and the images
are useless under cloudy or low light conditions. In comparison, UAV provides a cost-effective approach for
acquiring an unobstructed view of a plantation area with acceptable image quality. Accordingly, this form of
technology could have a positive impact on estimating crop yield before the harvesting season. In Malaysia,
one agriculture commodity that would potentially benefit from this technology would be pineapples. In local
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting… (Wan Nurazwin Syazwani R.)
2473
and international markets, high-quality pineapples are in high demand and canned pineapple products are
exported overseas generating significant income, contributing to the Malaysian economy.
Conventional techniques applied for counting pineapple crop yield takes a considerable amount of
time and are labour-intensive which require an agriculture officer to physically count the number of crops
that can be harvested from a selected plot of land. Although in this case, the actual yield counted is normally
inaccurate since it is based on predefined assumptions regarding the selected block in the designated area [4].
The implementation of a UAV for alleviating this issue is anticipated to reduce the amount of time needed for
counting and provide a more accurate count of the fruit before the harvesting season. The application of this
method is ideal for pineapple plantations as the crown of the fruit is normally unobstructed and highly
exposed from above. While numerous studies have investigated the use of ground-level images to detect
the maturity of fruit [5-7], these approaches are impractical for crop yield estimation given it obstructs the
line of sight from one fruit to the next [8]. Consequently, this is one of the main reasons for adopting a UAV
to estimate the crop yield of pineapples.
In obtaining an effective crop yield count from aerial images, the pre-processing stage must be
robust, given the varying light conditions and heights in capturing these images. The application of the colour
component in the image segmentation process is also important, especially for detection [9], recognition [10],
identification [11, 12] and classification [13] of the objects. Previously, several colour spaces have been
proposed which include RGB [14], YCbCr [15], HSV [16] and L*A*B* [17]. From among these colour
spaces, HSV and L*A*B* have been highly effective for thresholding and to reduce noise [18, 19], and have
been applied to detect apples, oranges and bananas given their smooth background. HSV has also been
implemented to estimate the crop yield of oranges, and for successfully detecting partially obstructed
fruits [20, 21]. In other studies, the HSV colour space has been used along with texture and shape features to
discriminate between apples, oranges, bananas and cherries [22, 23]. Jednipat and Supawadee demonstrated
the estimation technique using colour thresholding of L*A*B* and the HSV colour space where the findings
revealed that the experiment yielded excellent results [24].
Despite the successful reporting of colour space implementation for fruit detection, image
processing experiments have been undertaken against well-contrasted and smooth backdrops [25]. However,
the estimation of pineapple yields from aerial images presents a new perspective in the pre-processing
method as the fruit is of similar colour tone to the surrounding background. Additionally, the presence of
the leafy structure surrounding the fruit adds to the texture-like element when viewed from above. Aside
from this, the challenge also arises from weather elements that influence the illumination level on the field or
crop area [26, 27]. Accordingly, a robust image processing algorithm is needed for the estimation of
pineapple yield from aerial images. This paper contributes in this field of study by proposing a novel
approach towards automatic counting (AC) of pineapple yield by employing high-quality image processing.
To the best of the author’s knowledge, this technique is the first of its kind to estimate crop yield by detecting
pineapple crowns since most researchers focus on pineapple bodies to detect maturity. The objective of this
paper presents a comparative study which focuses on HSV and L*A*B* in colour thresholding schemes to
improve image quality. The performance of the proposed algorithms is also assessed as errors in detecting
the crop count from image samples.
2. RESEARCH METHODS
The approach adopted in this study included data acquisition, extraction of the image samples from
the video, comparing the performance of colour thresholding using L*A*B and HSV colour spaces, and
lastly, measuring the performance using relative error and average error. A general overview of the research
method is illustrated in Figure 1.
2.1. Data acquisition and image extraction
Aerial views of the pineapples were acquired from coordinate 1º48’55.9” N,103º15’33.5” E
at the Simpang Renggam plantation in the state of Johor, Malaysia. Data were collected in March 2019.
The plantation covers a large area comprising of 14,826 acres which is further divided into approximately
644.16 blocks. Each block comprising of 23 acres is then partitioned into 16 divisions: each measuring
roughly 1.44 acres with each division consisting of around 110 lines of pineapples. The segregation of
the area into blocks, divisions and lines are illustrated in Figure 2. Cultivation of the pineapples for each
block is not undertaken simultaneously but is undertaken in phases which are then reflected in varying stages
of maturity during the harvesting season. For this study, the primary cultivar for the designated plantation
was N36 (Kaling Pineapple). The MD2 (Milie Dillard 2 Pineapple) is cultivated in a smaller area of
the plantation.
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2020: 2472- 2479
2474
Figure 1. Overview of the research method
Figure 2. Segregation of the plantation area into blocks, divisions and lines
Figure 3 illustrates the experimental setup used in this study. Data were acquired using a DJI
Phantom 3 Advanced quadcopter with a 4K resolution RGB camera and videos were recorded at the height
of 3 metres, line by line from the ground level. This research limited the area for the initial investigation.
The image of the pineapples was initially concentrated and evaluated on 110 lines but restricted to the case of
the proposed method. Here only 1 line of pineapple fruit was used to extract the video into an image, as
shown in Figure 2. The images were then extracted frame by frame using MATLAB software, resulting in
a total of 1,503 samples. The size of each image was 2,704 x 1,520 pixels. The focus of the pre-processing
algorithm was directed towards isolating the crown section of the pineapple and detecting the crop count.
These tasks were also performed using MATLAB.
Figure 3. An illustration in real-time of the experimental setup at the pineapple plantation
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting… (Wan Nurazwin Syazwani R.)
2475
2.2. Colour thresholding
Figure 4 (a), shows that the HSV colour space is represented as a conical coordinate of points in
a colour model [28, 29]. The original RGB model has ‘H’ as the hue, represented by the angle, ‘S’ as
the saturation corresponding to the radius, and ‘V’ as the brightness characterised by the height of the cone.
The hue is of a dominant colour as perceived by an observer. The value range of the hue varies from
T1 = 0.195 to T2 = 0.401, containing a green colour from the combination of yellow-green to green-cyan,
which signify the colour of the centre pineapple crown. For the saturation component, it is among the white
light that is mixed with a hue, resulting in varying levels of saturation. The minimum value is 0.245 while
the maximum value is 0.902 for the pineapple crown except for the backgrounds such as the ground, leaf and
grass. Brightness is a chromatic notion of intensity which varies from true colour to black. The brightness
component is used to remove the background area and the pineapple crown tip.
Figure 4 (b) illustrates the L*A*B* colour space consisting of a 3-axis colour system [30], and is
device-independent and of an efficient format for transferring between devices. Here, L* represents lightness
which can range from 0 (black) to 50 (mid-grey) to 100 (white). In this research, the value ranged from
36.759 (dark) to 58.381 (mid-bright) and was set as the brightness for the pineapple crown. For positive
A* values (from 1 to 100) it designates the amount of the red component, while negative A* values
(from –1 to –100) indicate the amount of green component. For the A* channel value ranging from -26.988
to -14.071 it indicates the green component which is set as the colour of the pineapple crown centre.
Meanwhile, positive B* values (from 1 to 100) signify the amount of the yellow component, while
negative B* values (from –1 to –100) indicate the blue component. The B* channel values range from 8.170
to 46.861 at the yellow axis, upon which yellow is the combination colour with green for the crown centre.
Other than the selected value, it will remove the background and the crown tip. This specific limit was set up
for both colour spaces as the best threshold value for detecting the central pineapple crown under
the influence of different height and levels of lighting on the image projections.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) HSV colour space and (b) L*A*B* colour space
Colour thresholding in the HSV and L*A*B* spaces was performed by creating the most efficient
mask for background removal. The threshold level is expressed by (1), where 𝑥 and 𝑦 signify the threshold
coordinate value points, while 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) are the grey level image pixels [31].
𝑇 = 𝑇[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] (1)
Subsequently, image 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) acquired through the thresholding operation can be defined using (2):
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = {
1 , if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) > 1
0 , if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 0
(2)
Following the thresholding process, the crown was rendered white while the surrounding
background was reduced to black. The background in the image included the ground, leaf and grass which
were depicted in a binary image. A morphological operation was then applied to remove any additional noise
in the image. Dilation expands the white region while allowing merging with smaller spots within
the proximity of the crown. Subsequently, the image was filled to erode further any speckles that remained.
A disc-shaped structuring element was then created to maintain the circular form of the object followed
by implementing the bounding box method to detect the crown of the pineapples.
In this study, the best colour space was determined based on the lower value of absolute (𝐴𝐸) and
relative error (𝑅𝐸) that detected the pineapple crown with less noise from the background image which was
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2020: 2472- 2479
2476
calculated after the bounding box was identified. The cumulative bounding box was calculated automatically
by the system in which 𝐴𝐸 is defined as the absolute magnitude of the difference between the actual and
computed value, which indicates a number of false detections. The actual value is manually counted, 𝑀𝑐
from the number of bounding boxes while the measured value is the real crop count, 𝐴𝑐 which is observable
from the unprocessed sample images. Thus, a smaller value of 𝐴𝐸 indicates a smaller error. The expression
for 𝐴𝐸 as given by (3) [32]:
𝐴𝐸 = |𝑀𝑐 − 𝐴𝑐| (3)
As shown in (4), 𝑅𝐸 is the ratio between 𝐴𝐸 and 𝑀𝑐. Similarly, a smaller 𝑅𝐸 would be the desirable attribute.
𝑅𝐸 =
|𝑀𝑐 − 𝐴𝑐|
𝑀𝑐
× 100% (4)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ten sample images were randomly selected from the video for demonstration purposes. The images
were used to evaluate the thresholding schemes based on both colour spaces. Figure 5 illustrates
the processes performed on one of the samples using the HSV space. Initially, the extracted image undergoes
background removal through a masking process that considers the hue, saturation and brightness
components. A binary image is then created after the thresholding procedure, which is then followed by
the morphological operation and the bounding box procedure. The final image in the sequence displays
the position of crown that is detected by the algorithm.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 5. (a) Extracted image; (b) background removal using HSV colour space; (c) binary image;
(d) morphological operation; (e) bounding box crown detection
Figure 6 shows the processes carried out on one of the samples applying the L*A*B* colour space.
Similarly, the extracted image undergoes background removal through a masking process that considers
the lightness, red, green, yellow and blue components and the thresholding produces the desired binary
image. Subsequently, this is followed by the morphological operation and the bounding box procedure.
The final image shows the position of the crown that is successfully detected by the algorithm. Here,
the performance of the suggested automated counting technique is compared by applying HSV and L*A*B*
colour thresholding for manual counting, which was performed by the observer. Other researchers have
applied automated detection and a counting system to other fruits such as apples, oranges, etc., resulting in
different performances being measured.
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting… (Wan Nurazwin Syazwani R.)
2477
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 6. (a) Extracted image; (b) background removal using L*A*B* colour space; (c) binary image;
(d) morphological operation; (e) bounding box crown detection
Table 1 shows the resultant AE and RE for pineapple yield estimation based on the HSV colour space.
Generally, RE ranges between 0 and 28.6% with an average error of 12.0%. Table 2 summarises the AE and RE
for crop yield estimation established based upon the L*A*B* colour space. The later scheme of processing
attained a higher RE, ranging between 12.0% and 114.3%, with an average error of 59.6%. Based on the results,
the HSV colour scheme demonstrated superior capability for crown detection. Compared to both colour
thresholding, the L*A*B* colour thresholding detected more false detections from the background such as
the leaves, grass and ground while using HSV detects the crown more accurately with less error.
Figure 7 illustrates the automated counting process via image processing; 𝐴𝑐 manual counting by
the observer, 𝑀𝑐 plot for the ten samples using both colour spaces. The bar graph represents 𝑀𝑐 for each
image sample. Meanwhile, the red line denotes 𝐴𝑐 for the HSV colour space, and the green light denotes 𝐴𝑐
for the L*A*B* colour space. As can be seen from the graph, it remains evident that 𝐴𝑐 for the L*A*B*
colour space deviates furthest from 𝑀𝑐.
The findings are also supported by the plot shown in Figure 8. Generally, 𝑅𝐸 of the crop count using
the L*A*B* colour space remains high. The error is contributed by the inability of the L*A*B* colour space to
provide contrasting elements between the crown and the surrounding leafy structures and is not sufficiently robust
enough to deal with the varying illumination levels on the images. From these experiments, it is evident that HSV
is more effective for the estimation of pineapple yield in comparison to the L*A*B* colour space.
Table 1. 𝐴𝐸 and 𝑅𝐸 for pineapple yield estimation using HSV colour space
Sample Manual Counting by
observer, 𝑀𝑐
Automated counting via image
processing, 𝐴𝑐
No. of false
detection, 𝐴𝐸
Relative error,
𝑅𝐸 (%)
Average Error
(%)
1 6 6 0 0
12.0
2 6 7 1 16.7
3 8 9 1 12.5
4 8 9 1 12.5
5 8 9 1 12.5
6 8 8 0 0
7 7 8 1 14.3
8 8 7 1 12.5
9 7 9 2 28.6
10 9 10 1 11.1
7. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2020: 2472- 2479
2478
Table 2. 𝐴𝐸 and 𝑅𝐸 for Pineapple yield estimation using L*A*B* colour space
Sample Manual Counting by
observer, 𝑀𝑐
Automated counting via image
processing, 𝐴𝑐
No. of false
detection, 𝐴𝐸
Relative error,
𝑅𝐸 (%)
Average Error
(%)
1 6 8 2 33.3
59.6
2 6 10 4 66.7
3 8 9 1 12.5
4 8 10 2 25.0
5 8 11 3 37.5
6 8 13 5 62.5
7 7 11 4 57.1
8 8 15 7 87.5
9 7 15 8 114.3
10 9 18 9 100.0
Figure 7. 𝐴𝑐 and 𝑀𝑐 plot for each sample
using both colour spaces
Figure 8. 𝑅𝐸 for each sample using HSV and
L*A*B* colour space
4. CONCLUSION
This paper focuses on the prospective application of HSV and L*A*B* spaces for estimating
pineapple yield captured from aerial images. Each sample underwent a similar image processing protocol such
as image extraction, colour thresholding, background removal, conversion to a binary image, and crown
detection using the bounding box method. For better performance, the average error for all samples should be
less. The HSV colour space, on the other hand, demonstrated a more efficient approach having an average error
of 12.0% compared to the L*A*B* space having an average error of 59.6%. However, it is important to note
that the images were captured at a height of 3 metres from the ground under varying light conditions. Therefore,
further work is required to improve detection accuracy at higher altitudes with enhanced robustness to
compensate for different weather conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work is endorsed by the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, and
the Ministry of Education, Malaysia (600-IRMI/FRGS 5/3 (056/2019)).
REFERENCES
[1] Pudumalar S., Ramanujam E., Rajashree R. H., Kavya C., Kiruthika T., Nisha J., "Crop Recommendation System for
Precision Agriculture," 2016 Eighth International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC), pp. 32-36, 2017.
[2] Awad M. M., "Toward Precision in Crop Yield Estimation using Remote Sensing and Optimization Techniques,"
Agriculture, vol. 9, no. 54, pp. 1-13, 2019.
[3] Ghebregziabher Y. T., "Monitoring Growth Development and Yield Estimation of Maize Using Very
High-Resolution Uav: Images in Gronau, Germany," MSc Thesis, Netherlands: Faculty of Geo-Information
Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente, 2017.
[4] Stein M., "Improving Image Based Fruit Count Estimates using Multiple View-points," MSc Thesis, Sweden:
Department of Elecrical Engineering Linkoping University, 2016.
[5] Nakaguro Y., Qureshi W. S., Dailey M. N., Ekpanyapong M., Bunnun P., Tungpimolrut K., "Volumetric 3D
Reconstruction and Parametric Shape Modelling from RGB-D Sequences," International Conference on Image
Analysis and Processing, Genoa, Italy, pp. 500-516, 2015.
[6] Moonrinta J., Chaivivatrakul S., Dailey M. N., Ekpanyapong M., "Fruit Detection, Tracking, and 3D
Reconstruction for Crop Mapping and Yield Estimation," 2010 11th International Conference on Control
Automation Robotics & Vision, pp. 1181-1186, 2010.
8. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Ananas comosus crown image thresholding and crop counting… (Wan Nurazwin Syazwani R.)
2479
[7] Nawawi M. A., Ismail F. S., Selamat H., "Comprehensive Pineapple Segmentation Techniques with Intelligent
Convolutional Neural Network," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 10,
no. 3, pp. 1098-1095, 2018.
[8] Payne A. B., Walsh K. B., Subedi P. P., Jarvis D., "Estimation of Mango Crop Yield using Image Analysis
Segmentation Method," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 91, pp. 57-64, 2013.
[9] Hosen I., Tabassum T., Akhter J., Islam I., "Detection of Fruits Defects Using Colour Segmentation Technique,"
International Journal of Computer Science & Information Security (IJCSIS), vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 215-223, 2018.
[10] Mustaffa M. R., Yee L. W., Abdullah L. N., Nasharuddin N. A., "A Colour-based Building Recognition Using
Support Vector Machine," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, vol. 17, no. 1,
pp. 473-480, 2019.
[11] Lionnie R., Agustina E., Sediono W., Alaydrus M., "Biometric Identification Using Augmented Database,"
TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 103-109, 2019.
[12] Laxmi G. F., Kusumah F. S. F., "Region of Interest and Color Moment Method for Freshwater
Fish Identification," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, vol. 17, no. 3,
pp. 1432-1438, 2019.
[13] Jaiswal V., Sharma V., Varma S., "An Implementation of Novel Genetic Based Clustering Algorithm for Color
Image Segmentation," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, vol. 17, no. 3,
pp. 1461-1467, 2019.
[14] Abu Bakar B. H., Ishak A. J., Shamsuddin R., Wan Hassan W. Z., "Ripeness Level Classification for Pineapple
Using RGB and HSI Colour Maps," Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 57, no. 3,
pp. 587-593, 2013.
[15] Prasetyo E., Adityo R. D., Suciati N., Fatichah C., "Mango Leaf Image Segmentation on HSV and YCbCr Color
Spaces using Otsu Thresholding," 2017 3rd International Conference on Science and Technology-Computer
(ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia. pp. 99-103, 2017.
[16] Li D., Shen M., Li D., Yu X., "Green Apple Recognition Method Based on the Combination of Texture and Shape
Features," IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), pp. 264-269, 2017.
[17] Meena N., Aggarwal N., Joshi S., Gupta S., "Development of Detection, Counting and Yield Estimation Algorithm for
Agricultural Products," International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 590-595, 2014.
[18] Bora D. J., Gupta A. K., Khan F. A., "Comparing the Performance of L*A*B* and HSV Color Spaces with Respect
to Color Image Segmentation," International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 5,
no. 2, pp. 192-203, 2015.
[19] Hendrawan Y., Widyaningtyas S., Sucipto S., "Computer Vision for Purity, Phenol, and pH Detection of
Luwak Coffee Green Bean," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, vol. 17,
no. 6, pp. 3073, 2019.
[20] Yaşar G. H., Akdemir B., "Estimating Yield for Fruit Trees Using Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network,"
International Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 8-11, 2017.
[21] Akin C., Kirci M., Gunes E. O., Cakir Y., "Detection of the Pomegranate Fruits on Tree Using Image Processing,"
2012 First International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics), Shanghai, China, pp. 1-4, 2012.
[22] Hossen M. S., Arefin M. S., Karim R., "Developing a Framework for Fruits Detection from Images,"
International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE). Cox's Bazar,
Bangladesh, pp. 951-954, 2017.
[23] Behera S. K., Mishra N., Sethy P. K., Rath A. K., "On-Tree Detection and Counting of Apple Using Color Thresholding
and CHT," International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), pp. 224-228, 2018.
[24] Fu L., Liu Z., Majeed Y., Cui Y., "Kiwifruit Yield Estimation Using Image Processing by an Android Mobile
Phone," IFAC International Federation of Automatic Control Conference, vol. 51, no. 17, pp. 185-190, 2018.
[25] Angel L., Lizcano S., Viola J., "Assessing the State of Maturation of the Pineapple in its Perolera Variety using
Computer Vision Techniques," 20th Symposium on Signal Processing, Images and Computer Vision, STSIVA 2015
- Conference Proceedings, United States, pp. 1-6, 2015.
[26] Bargoti S., Underwood J. P., "Image Segmentation for Fruit Detection and Yield Estimation in Apple Orchards,"
Journal of Field Robotic, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1039-1060, 2017.
[27] Payne A., Walsh K., Subedi P., Jarvis D., "Estimating Mango Crop Yield using Image Analysis using Fruit
at “Stone Hardening” Stage and Night Time Imaging," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 100,
pp. 160-167, 2014.
[28] Ghinmine S. V., Sapkal P. A., "Comparative Study of RGB, HSV & YCbCr Color Model Saliency Map,"
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, vol. 5, no. 6,
pp. 12529-12532, 2017.
[29] Nishad P. M., "Various Colour Spaces and Colour Space Conversion," Journal of Global Research in Computer
Science, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 44-48, 2013.
[30] Rathore V. S., Kumar M. S., Verma A., "Colour based Image Segmentation using L* a* b* Colour Space Based
on Genetic Algorithm," International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 2, no. 6,
pp. 156-162, 2012.
[31] Senthilkumaran N., Vaithegi S., "Image Segmentation by Using Thresholding Techniques for Medical Images,"
Computer Science & Engineering: An International Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-3, 2016.
[32] Djerriri K., Ghabi M., Karoui M. S., Adjoudj R., "Palm Trees Counting in Remote Sensing Imagery Using
Regression Convolutional Neural Network," IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,
pp. 2627-2630, 2018.