This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was not significantly affected by higher tensile strengths. Therefore, the optimal tensile strength is influenced primarily by achieving a sufficient factor of safety.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymerijtsrd
The aim of the study was to determine the value of Unconfined compressive strength and CBR values of Soil after stabilizing it with Cement and Polymer. Soil stabilization has been widely used as an alternative to substitute the lack of suitable material on site. The utilization of nontraditional compound stabilizers in soil improvement is developing every day. In this investigation a lab try was led to assess the impacts of waterborne polymer on unconfined pressure quality on sandy soil and CBR Test on clayey soil .The lab tests were performed including grain size of sandy soil, unit weight, and unconfined compressive quality test. The sand and different measures of polymer 2 , 3 , and 4 and concrete 20 , 30 , and 40 were blended in with every one of them into mixture utilizing hand blending in research center conditions. The examples were exposed to unconfined pressure tests to decide their quality following 7 days of restoring. The consequences of the tests showed that the waterborne polymer fundamentally improved the unconfined pressure quality of sandy soils which have weakness of liquefaction. Polymer altered the building properties of soil through physical holding. The amount of polymer required to modify the engineering properties was directly related to specific surface and soil particle coating thickness. Polymer amended soils displayed a reduced performance compared to cement amended soils. Sankalp Jain | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari | Abhay Kumar Jha "An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47711.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47711/an-experimental-study-of-soil-stabilization-with-cement-and-polymer/sankalp-jain
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymerijtsrd
The aim of the study was to determine the value of Unconfined compressive strength and CBR values of Soil after stabilizing it with Cement and Polymer. Soil stabilization has been widely used as an alternative to substitute the lack of suitable material on site. The utilization of nontraditional compound stabilizers in soil improvement is developing every day. In this investigation a lab try was led to assess the impacts of waterborne polymer on unconfined pressure quality on sandy soil and CBR Test on clayey soil .The lab tests were performed including grain size of sandy soil, unit weight, and unconfined compressive quality test. The sand and different measures of polymer 2 , 3 , and 4 and concrete 20 , 30 , and 40 were blended in with every one of them into mixture utilizing hand blending in research center conditions. The examples were exposed to unconfined pressure tests to decide their quality following 7 days of restoring. The consequences of the tests showed that the waterborne polymer fundamentally improved the unconfined pressure quality of sandy soils which have weakness of liquefaction. Polymer altered the building properties of soil through physical holding. The amount of polymer required to modify the engineering properties was directly related to specific surface and soil particle coating thickness. Polymer amended soils displayed a reduced performance compared to cement amended soils. Sankalp Jain | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari | Abhay Kumar Jha "An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47711.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47711/an-experimental-study-of-soil-stabilization-with-cement-and-polymer/sankalp-jain
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
SPT, SCPT, and DCPT Correlation for SC, CL, and SM-SC Soils: A Case Study of ...Samirsinh Parmar
SPT, SCPT, and DCPT Correlation for SC, CL, and SM-SC Soils: A Case Study of Nadiad Soil,Standard Penetration Test, Dynamic Cone Penetration Test, Static Cone Penetration Test, Sand, Silt, Correlation
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
INSITU TESTING Foundation Engineering Lecture NotesBahzad5
INSITU TESTING Foundation Engineering Lecture Notes
Foundation Design - Insitu Testing
Lecturer's: Dr. Zina Dawood
Erbil Polytechnic University
Civil Engineering Department
#Foundation
Common Insitu Tests
•Standard Penetration Test
•Cone Penetration Test
•Pressuremeter Test
•Dilatometer Test
•Vane Shear test
•Plate Load Test
Introduction
•Insitu tests are carried out to aid determination of design parameters for foundation design which provide mostly indirect measurements of the design parameters.
•Published correlations are used to transform the indirect measurements to design parameters.
•A statistical approach is also required to study both spatial distribution of a measured parameter on site as well as its variability with depth / ground strata.
•It is essential that the limitations of the insitu tests and the conditions and ground type they can test is considered so as to avoid misinterpretation of the data obtained.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
•One of the most basic forms of testing yet quite powerful in terms of its applicability for a wide range of soils.
• It can be applied in exploratory holes and repeated at any depth required, mostly once per metre or 1.5m depth tending to be less frequent if within same geological unit.
•Applicable for most soils such as; gravels, sands, silts and clays or mixed soils.
•The test method involves dropping a hammer of approximately 63.5kg onto a set of steel rods sunk into the exploratory hole from a standard drop height of 762mm.
•The first set of number of blows required for 150mm penetration of the tip of the test assembly is disregarded as the ‘seating blows’.
•The test is continued with measurement of two further sets of 150mm penetrations for which the number of blows are also measured. The total number of blows from these two latter sets of penetration (300mm) is called the SPT value (or simply N).
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
•Two types of cones;
–Mechanical cone.
–Electric cone.
•This test is carried out on its own from ground surface by penetrating the cone with a telescopic set of rods using a trucked or crawler mounted machine.
•The rate of penetration of the cone is constant and typically 20mm per second. This can also be reduced to a value of 10mm per second.
•Nowadays Electric Cone is the industry standard
•With the Electric Cone two important measurements are carried out;
–Cone tip resistance, qc,
–Cone sleeve friction, fc or fs.
•The friction ratio is calculated as;
•Fr is commonly used to help classification of the ground using correlations.
•This test is especially useful for obtaining lateral earth pressure coefficient and shear modulus of soils.
•The test can be carried out in an exploratory hole as well as using a self-boring PMT rig.
#Foundation
Soil Nailing is a technique to reinforce and strengthen ground adjacent to an excavation by installing closely spaced steel bars called “nails” ,as construction proceeds from top down
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
SPT, SCPT, and DCPT Correlation for SC, CL, and SM-SC Soils: A Case Study of ...Samirsinh Parmar
SPT, SCPT, and DCPT Correlation for SC, CL, and SM-SC Soils: A Case Study of Nadiad Soil,Standard Penetration Test, Dynamic Cone Penetration Test, Static Cone Penetration Test, Sand, Silt, Correlation
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
INSITU TESTING Foundation Engineering Lecture NotesBahzad5
INSITU TESTING Foundation Engineering Lecture Notes
Foundation Design - Insitu Testing
Lecturer's: Dr. Zina Dawood
Erbil Polytechnic University
Civil Engineering Department
#Foundation
Common Insitu Tests
•Standard Penetration Test
•Cone Penetration Test
•Pressuremeter Test
•Dilatometer Test
•Vane Shear test
•Plate Load Test
Introduction
•Insitu tests are carried out to aid determination of design parameters for foundation design which provide mostly indirect measurements of the design parameters.
•Published correlations are used to transform the indirect measurements to design parameters.
•A statistical approach is also required to study both spatial distribution of a measured parameter on site as well as its variability with depth / ground strata.
•It is essential that the limitations of the insitu tests and the conditions and ground type they can test is considered so as to avoid misinterpretation of the data obtained.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
•One of the most basic forms of testing yet quite powerful in terms of its applicability for a wide range of soils.
• It can be applied in exploratory holes and repeated at any depth required, mostly once per metre or 1.5m depth tending to be less frequent if within same geological unit.
•Applicable for most soils such as; gravels, sands, silts and clays or mixed soils.
•The test method involves dropping a hammer of approximately 63.5kg onto a set of steel rods sunk into the exploratory hole from a standard drop height of 762mm.
•The first set of number of blows required for 150mm penetration of the tip of the test assembly is disregarded as the ‘seating blows’.
•The test is continued with measurement of two further sets of 150mm penetrations for which the number of blows are also measured. The total number of blows from these two latter sets of penetration (300mm) is called the SPT value (or simply N).
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
•Two types of cones;
–Mechanical cone.
–Electric cone.
•This test is carried out on its own from ground surface by penetrating the cone with a telescopic set of rods using a trucked or crawler mounted machine.
•The rate of penetration of the cone is constant and typically 20mm per second. This can also be reduced to a value of 10mm per second.
•Nowadays Electric Cone is the industry standard
•With the Electric Cone two important measurements are carried out;
–Cone tip resistance, qc,
–Cone sleeve friction, fc or fs.
•The friction ratio is calculated as;
•Fr is commonly used to help classification of the ground using correlations.
•This test is especially useful for obtaining lateral earth pressure coefficient and shear modulus of soils.
•The test can be carried out in an exploratory hole as well as using a self-boring PMT rig.
#Foundation
Soil Nailing is a technique to reinforce and strengthen ground adjacent to an excavation by installing closely spaced steel bars called “nails” ,as construction proceeds from top down
The use of geo-grids in reinforced concrete sets a new dimension for employing
geo synthetics as reinforcement in structural concrete. The aim of the present study is
to investigate the use of geo-grid as a strengthening material to one way reinforced
concrete slabs. The experimental program contains testing of six RC slab
strengthened with different type of Geo-Grid and one reference slab. The specimens
have been tested under two line loads. Experimental results indicate that geo-grid
may be an effective alternative material for strengthening of reinforced concrete slabs
as compared to conventional confining techniques. Finally, A Finite Element model
(FEM) has been developed using ANSYS program to analyze the tested slabs, then the
experimental and theoretical results were compared.
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Ce...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2 of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
Quantity and Cost Calculations for Several Reinforced Earth Wall Types using ...ijtsrd
Has researched the history and cost analysis of retaining walls. For all wall heights, it was found that geosynthetic reinforced walls were the least costly of all wall types. Koernera examined the numerical example geosynthetic reinforced walls for various heights and established that the modified Rankine method is the most conservative, followed by the Federal Highway Administration approach method and the National Concrete Masonry Association approach method. It was. He also demonstrated that the two factors that contributed the most to the segmental retaining walls SRWs poor performance were i the use of incorrectly draining fine grained material for backfilling, and ii contractor errors that might have been prevented with effective quality control and inspection. Roshan Patel | Mr. Hariram Sahu "Quantity and Cost Calculations for Several Reinforced Earth Wall Types using Various Reinforcing Materials" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57560.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/57560/quantity-and-cost-calculations-for-several-reinforced-earth-wall-types-using-various-reinforcing-materials/roshan-patel
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
PERFORMANCE OF STRIP FOOTINGS ON SLOPE REINFORCED WITH INCLINED PILEIAEME Publication
The footing that placed on slope surface results in decreasing the bearing capacity of soil. The pile reinforcing the slope may affect the bearing capacity of footing and factor of safety of slope. The piles installed within the slope mechanically provide a resistance to slope system along the failure surface. The present work was focused on the analysis of strip footing behavior on slope with and without pile using a finite element software PLAXIS 2D. The various parameters considered for present work includes location of pile from slope crest, inclination of pile, effect of pile length and effect of width of load. The results indicated that stabilizing pile has a significant effect in improving the bearing capacity and factor of safety of slope. The bearing capacity of footing was found to be maximum when slope was reinforced by pile at crest. For smaller width of strip, the factor of safety of slope was maximum when pile is placed at crest while for larger width the pile location at 0.5 horizontal widths of slope gave maximum factor of safety.
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Behaviour of Single Pile in Reinforced Slope Subjected to Inclined Load IJERA Editor
Deep foundations, including driven piles, are used to support vertical loads of structures and lateral forces. Typical structures subjected to lateral loads include bridge abutments, transmission tower, sand offshore platforms. Traffic, wind, wave, and seismic forces are common types of lateral loads subjected to pile foundations. The present work is focused on understanding the lateral load capacity of vertical piles located near crest of the slope and subjected to the lateral and inclined loads. The experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of reinforcing an earth slope on the inclined loading behavior of a single vertical pile located near the slope. Layers of geogrid were used to reinforce a sandy slope of 1V:2H. The parametric studies were performed by varying the length of pile(L), angle of inclination of load (θ), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance. It was observed that the lateral load capacity of pile depends upon these parameters. The lateral load capacity of pile increases with increase in inclination of load, length of pile(L), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance.
Behaviour of Single Pile in Reinforced Slope Subjected to Inclined LoadIJERA Editor
Deep foundations, including driven piles, are used to support vertical loads of structures and lateral forces. Typical structures subjected to lateral loads include bridge abutments, transmission tower, sand offshore platforms. Traffic, wind, wave, and seismic forces are common types of lateral loads subjected to pile foundations. The present work is focused on understanding the lateral load capacity of vertical piles located near crest of the slope and subjected to the lateral and inclined loads. The experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of reinforcing an earth slope on the inclined loading behavior of a single vertical pile located near the slope. Layers of geogrid were used to reinforce a sandy slope of 1V:2H. The parametric studies were performed by varying the length of pile(L), angle of inclination of load (θ), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance. It was observed that the lateral load capacity of pile depends upon these parameters. The lateral load capacity of pile increases with increase in inclination of load, length of pile(L), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance
Experimental and Analytic Study of the Uplift capacity of a horizontal plate ...Samirsinh Parmar
Plate anchors, Ground anchors, uplift capacity, reinforced soil, model study, Anchors in Reinforced soil, Analytical Study on anchors in reinforced soil.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. 359Paravita Sri Wulandari and Daniel Tjandra / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 358 – 362
According to ASTM D4439, geotextile is a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles [4]. The geotextile
reinforced embankment design should have an appropriate factor of safety and displacement. There are some
researches on the application of geotextile reinforcement on soft soil. Kasim et al. determined the safe height of
embankment constructed on soft ground through application of various geotextile spacing as soil reinforcement [5].
Siavoshnia et al. investigated the effect of number of geotextile layers, geotextile stiffness, and the effective length of
geotextile [6]. Vashi et al. studied about the horizontal and vertical stresses and horizontal and shear displacements
working on the embankment face with geotextile reinforcement at the backfill [7]. The purpose of this study is to
determine the optimum tensile strength of geotextile as the reinforcement in road embankment considering the
allowable factor of safety and displacement. The stability analysis of the road embankment has been done by finite
element method using PLAXIS version 8.2.
2. Geometry Model
The 4 m of embankments with slopes as 2H : 1V as presented in Fig 1. was investigated in this study. The water
level was at 0.00 level. A nominal surcharge of 6.13 kN/m’ has been used for modeling the traffic load. A layer of
geotextile PET woven is placed between the base of embankment and the sand mat. The tensile strength of geotextile
reinforcement was varied from 100 up to 1000 kN/m.
Fig. 1. Geometry model
The fill and the entire soil material were modeled as Mohr Coulomb. Table 1 summarizes soil properties used in
the PLAXIS modeling.
Table 1. Soil Parameter
Material γunsat
(kN/m3
)
γsat
(kN/m3
)
Eref
(kN/m2
)
c
(kN/m2
) (°)
Ψ
(°)
Fill 18 18 50000 1 33 3
Sand Mat 18 23 30000 1 33 3
Clay 1 16.6 17.31 2000 33.02 1 0
Clay 2 16.6 17.31 2000 12.01 1 0
Clay 3 16.6 17.31 2000 47.07 1 0
Clay 4 16.6 17.31 2000 118.66 1 0
Clay 5 16.6 17.31 2000 163.45 1 0
+0.80
±0.00
-3.00
-7.00
-12.00
-17.00
+4.80
Geotextile
-20.00
Sand mat
Clay 1
Clay 2
Clay 3
Clay 4
Clay 5
Fill
(Road embankment)
6.13 kN/m
8 m 8 m16 m
60 m
3. 360 Paravita Sri Wulandari and Daniel Tjandra / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 358 – 362
3. Method of Analysis
In order to determine the optimum tensile strength of geotextile as a reinforcement of embankments, the tensile
strength of geotextile reinforcement is varied from 100 up to 1000 kN/m. The stability analysis of the road
embankment has been done by finite element method using PLAXIS 2D. The Mohr-Coulomb model was used as a
simple first analysis of the problem considered. The analysis for the embankment and sand mat were modelled as
drained condition while for all the foundation clay soil was modelled as undrained condition. In this study, three types
of sequence modeling were conducted. First, the stability of road embankment without any reinforcement was
analyzed. Second modeling was to determine the length of geotextile reinforcement considering the stability of the
model road embankment. The last sequence was to investigate the stability of the model reinforced embankment with
various tensile strength of geotextiles reinforcement.
4. Result and Discussion
Design of geotextile reinforced embankment is performed by determining the factor of safety with sequentially
modified reinforcement until the target factor of safety is achieved. Generally, a value of 1.5 for the factor of safety
with respect to strength is acceptable for the design of a stable slope. For unreinforced embankment, the safety of
factor was 1.308 and the failure pattern is shown in Fig. 2. While Fig. 3. is the failure pattern for geotextile reinforced
embankment using 60 m length of geotextile and 600 kN/m of tensile strength. The result of geotextile reinforced
embankment analysis using PLAXIS 2D by considering the factor of safety and displacement along the base of
embankment is summarized in Table 2.
Factor of safety tends to increase with increases in tensile strength of geotextile reinforcement. In Fig. 4, it is shown
that by increasing the tensile strength of geotextile, the factor of safety increased until the optimum value and then
decreased. It means that it is necessary to determine the optimum tensile strength of geotextile. In this study, the
optimum tensile strength of geotextile reinforcement is 600 kN/m by considering the factor of safety.
The displacement was analysed along the base of embankment in order to determine the optimum tensile strength
of geotextile. Increasing the tensile strength of geotextiles decreased the displacement along the base of embankment,
as shown in Fig. 5. Since the displacement do not have the significantly effect by increasing the tensile strength of
geotextile, this parameter could be neglected in determining the optimum tensile strength of geotextile in this study.
Fig. 2. Failure pattern of embankment without geotextile
4. 361Paravita Sri Wulandari and Daniel Tjandra / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 358 – 362
Fig. 3. Failure pattern of embankment with geotextile length of 60 m
Table 2. Factor of Safety and Displacement
Tensile Strength (kN/m) Factor of Safety Displacement (m)
0 1.3080 0.336
100 1.5996 0.336
150 1.6201 0.336
200 1.6355 0.335
300 1.6764 0.335
400 1.6848 0.335
600 1.7048 0.334
800 1.6136 0.333
1000 1.6142 0.333
Fig. 4. Factor of safety analysis
5. 362 Paravita Sri Wulandari and Daniel Tjandra / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 358 – 362
Fig. 5. Displacement analysis
5. Conclusion
In this study, factor of safety tends to increase with increases in tensile strength of geotextile reinforcement. Since
the displacement do not have the significantly effect by increasing the tensile strength of geotextile, this parameter
could be neglected in determining the optimum tensile strength of geotextile in this study. Thus, it can be concluded
that the optimum tensile strength of geotextile reinforced embankment in this study was strongly influenced by the
factor of safety.
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