This document summarizes a study that examines the impact of bank governance characteristics on the cash holdings of universal banks in Ghana from 2009-2018. It finds that board size, working capital, and bank size significantly influence cash holdings, with board size having a negative effect. CEO duality has a positive but insignificant impact, while board independence and insider ownership have negative but insignificant influences. The study aims to help shape bank governance policies in Ghana and other developing countries.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 . Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission
“To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer’s aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
A Study on Ratio Analysis at Accord Puducherryijtsrd
The main aim of the study is to investigate the ratio analysis of ACCORD, Puducherry. The financial decision plays a vital role in improving the growth of any organization. The main goal of the accounting department in the firm is to measuring the performance of the organization to its profitability and also measuring the relationship between the net incomes to equity. The data in the present study is fully based on secondary data and it is collected from the past and present performance of ACCORD Puducherry providing financial assistant to entrepreneur. In order to analyze the financial performance of the organization, the ratio analysis, and trend analysis is used. The result clearly shows that there is high degree of current ratio between the net income and equity, and satisfactory level of trend analysis is high in the present year Pramodh. V | Abinayaselvan. V | Sindhuja. K "A Study on Ratio Analysis at Accord Puducherry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29172.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/29172/a-study-on-ratio-analysis-at-accord-puducherry/pramodh-v
Changing Issues Related to Declining of Non-Performing Assets in Banksijtsrd
This paper explores an empirical approach to the analysis of Non Performance Assets NPAs of public, private, and foreign sector banks in India. the NPAs are considered as an important parameter to judge the performance and financial health of banks. The level of NPAs is one of the drivers of financial stability and growth of the banking sector. This paper aims to find the fundamental factors which impact NPAs of banks. A model consisting oftivo types of factors, viz., macroeco nomie factors and bank specific parameters, is developed arid the behavior of NPAs of the three categories of banks is observed. The empirical analysis assesses how macroeconomic factors and bank specific parameters affect NPAs of a particular category of banks. The results show that movement in NPAs over the years can be explained well by the factors considered in the model for the public and private sector banks. The other important results derived from the analysis include the finding that banks exposure to priority sector lending educes NPAs. The Impact of competitive culture of public,, private, and foreign sector banks in India with in themselves helpes in declining of NPAs from banks. Dr. Mohan S. Rode "Changing Issues Related to Declining of Non-Performing Assets in Banks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29684.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/29684/changing-issues-related-to-declining-of-non-performing-assets-in-banks/dr-mohan-s-rode
Insider Trading in Capital Market A Legal PerspectiveYogeshIJTSRD
The term insider trading is popularly used in the negative sense as it is perceived that the persons having access to the price sensitive and unpublished information used the same for their personal gains. However insider trading per se does not mean any illegal conduct. It encompasses both legal as well as illegal conduct. Ms. Garima Dhaka Sangwan "Insider Trading in Capital Market: A Legal Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43877.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/43877/insider-trading-in-capital-market-a-legal-perspective/ms-garima-dhaka-sangwan
IMPACT ON INDIAN BANKS’ PROFITABILITY INDICATORS – AN EMPIRICAL STUDYIAEME Publication
The Indian banking system consists of 26 public sector banks, 20 private sector banks, 43 foreign banks, 56 regional rural banks, 1,589 urban cooperative banks and 93,550 rural cooperative banks, in addition to cooperative credit institutions. The Indian banking sector’s assets reached US$ 1.8 trillion in FY14 from US$ 1.3 trillion in FY10, with 70 per cent of it being accounted by the public sector. Indian banks are increasingly focusing on adopting integrated approach to risk management. Banks have already embraced the international banking supervision accord of Basel II. According to RBI, majority of the banks already meet capital requirements of Basel III, which has a deadline of March 31, 2019. Most of the banks have put in place the framework for asset-liability match, credit and derivatives risk management.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 . Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission
“To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer’s aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
A Study on Ratio Analysis at Accord Puducherryijtsrd
The main aim of the study is to investigate the ratio analysis of ACCORD, Puducherry. The financial decision plays a vital role in improving the growth of any organization. The main goal of the accounting department in the firm is to measuring the performance of the organization to its profitability and also measuring the relationship between the net incomes to equity. The data in the present study is fully based on secondary data and it is collected from the past and present performance of ACCORD Puducherry providing financial assistant to entrepreneur. In order to analyze the financial performance of the organization, the ratio analysis, and trend analysis is used. The result clearly shows that there is high degree of current ratio between the net income and equity, and satisfactory level of trend analysis is high in the present year Pramodh. V | Abinayaselvan. V | Sindhuja. K "A Study on Ratio Analysis at Accord Puducherry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29172.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/29172/a-study-on-ratio-analysis-at-accord-puducherry/pramodh-v
Changing Issues Related to Declining of Non-Performing Assets in Banksijtsrd
This paper explores an empirical approach to the analysis of Non Performance Assets NPAs of public, private, and foreign sector banks in India. the NPAs are considered as an important parameter to judge the performance and financial health of banks. The level of NPAs is one of the drivers of financial stability and growth of the banking sector. This paper aims to find the fundamental factors which impact NPAs of banks. A model consisting oftivo types of factors, viz., macroeco nomie factors and bank specific parameters, is developed arid the behavior of NPAs of the three categories of banks is observed. The empirical analysis assesses how macroeconomic factors and bank specific parameters affect NPAs of a particular category of banks. The results show that movement in NPAs over the years can be explained well by the factors considered in the model for the public and private sector banks. The other important results derived from the analysis include the finding that banks exposure to priority sector lending educes NPAs. The Impact of competitive culture of public,, private, and foreign sector banks in India with in themselves helpes in declining of NPAs from banks. Dr. Mohan S. Rode "Changing Issues Related to Declining of Non-Performing Assets in Banks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29684.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/29684/changing-issues-related-to-declining-of-non-performing-assets-in-banks/dr-mohan-s-rode
Insider Trading in Capital Market A Legal PerspectiveYogeshIJTSRD
The term insider trading is popularly used in the negative sense as it is perceived that the persons having access to the price sensitive and unpublished information used the same for their personal gains. However insider trading per se does not mean any illegal conduct. It encompasses both legal as well as illegal conduct. Ms. Garima Dhaka Sangwan "Insider Trading in Capital Market: A Legal Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43877.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/43877/insider-trading-in-capital-market-a-legal-perspective/ms-garima-dhaka-sangwan
IMPACT ON INDIAN BANKS’ PROFITABILITY INDICATORS – AN EMPIRICAL STUDYIAEME Publication
The Indian banking system consists of 26 public sector banks, 20 private sector banks, 43 foreign banks, 56 regional rural banks, 1,589 urban cooperative banks and 93,550 rural cooperative banks, in addition to cooperative credit institutions. The Indian banking sector’s assets reached US$ 1.8 trillion in FY14 from US$ 1.3 trillion in FY10, with 70 per cent of it being accounted by the public sector. Indian banks are increasingly focusing on adopting integrated approach to risk management. Banks have already embraced the international banking supervision accord of Basel II. According to RBI, majority of the banks already meet capital requirements of Basel III, which has a deadline of March 31, 2019. Most of the banks have put in place the framework for asset-liability match, credit and derivatives risk management.
Liquidity Management and Its Impact on Banks Profitability: A Perspective 0f ...inventionjournals
The basic purpose of this research is to examine the effect of liquidity management on profitability in the banking sector of Pakistan. Liquidity management is independent and profitability is dependent variable. The secondary data used for this study and taking from publish annual report of ten banks (2006-2015). The data was analyzed by using correlation, descriptive statistics and regression techniques run on E-views. The quick, current, cash, interest coverage and capital adequacy ratios is taken as dimension of liquidity and return on assets, return on equity, and earnings per share as dimension of profitability. The research findings show that interest coverage, capital adequacy and quick ratio has a positive whereas the cash and current ratio has negative relationship with banks profitability.
A Study on Relationship between Firm Size and Profitability: Selected Private...ijtsrd
The study is to identify the relationship between firm size and profitability of selected private sector banks in India. This study is classified as quantitative research followed with a descriptive research design. The Reserve Bank of India's publication of annual trend and progress of banking in India in June 2018, indicates that the total number of private sector banks in India is 21. The study selected the first five banks based on the hierarchy of the value of its total assets. The study is based on secondary data and it has been collected from the annual reports of the respective banks. The period of study is five years from 2015 to 2019. Firm size such as bank size is measured through the natural log of the book value of deposits, assets, and advances independent variables and the profitability is measured through the natural log of the book value of the net profit of the bank dependent variable . The data analysis includes descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and linear regression. On the basis of the analysis, the study found that there is a significant relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. Further, there is a positive correlation and statistically significant between these variables. Dr. Dhanuskodi Rengasamy "A Study on Relationship between Firm Size and Profitability: Selected Private Sector Banks in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29621.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/accounting/29621/a-study-on-relationship-between-firm-size-and-profitability-selected-private-sector-banks-in-india/dr-dhanuskodi-rengasamy
The profitability of commercial banks is influenced by a number of internal and external factors. This paper attempts to identify the internal factors which significantly influence the profitability of commercial banks in Bangladesh. In this study, profitability is measured by ROA and ROE which may be significantly influenced by the internal factors such as IRS, NIM, CAR, CR, DG, LD, CTI and SIZE of the bank. Data are collected from published annual reports during 2014--2018 of 23 commercial banks. Using simple regression model, it is found that CR has significant effect on the profitability and CAR has significant influence on ROA only. In addition to this, DG has significant effects on PCBs’ profitability (ROE only) where as IRS and CTI have significant influence on profitability (ROA only) of ICBs. Further, none of these variables have significant effects on the profitability of SCBs but CAR and CR are correlated with profitability (ROA only) and the causes may be the nature of services provided by SCBs to its clients. The internal policy makers should manage the influential internal factors of the banks in order to increase their profitability so that they can meet stakeholders’ expectations.
Financial Structure and the Financial Performance of Quoted Consumer Goods Fi...ijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of financial structure on the financial performance of quoted consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study used profit after tax PAT to represented financial performance as the dependent variable while financial structure was disintegrated into Short Term Debt STD , Long Term Debt LTD , share capital SC and retained earnings RE as the independent variable. The data for the study were obtained from the Financial Statement and Annual Reports of the selected firms. The data set comprised fifty 50 observations comprising five year time series data spanning 2010 to 2019 from ten firms in the consumer goods sector. The panel regression technique based on Fixed and Random Effects were used for data analyses. The Hausman test showed that the Fixed Effect model is more suitable for the study. The findings revealed that STD and SC have significant positive effects on the PAT of consumer goods firms in Nigeria while LTD and RE were found to have positive but no significant effect on the PAT of consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study conclude that b working capital management is an efficient tool for the consumer goods subsector in Nigeria. Among the contributions of the study is the use of all the four sources of funds and the use of profit after tax that tends to capture the overall effect of the various fund sources on the holistic profitability of the consumer goods firms. The recommendations included use of share capital for long term investment and working capital management for operations. Daniel, Prince Chinwendu | Dr. Joseph A. Nduka "Financial Structure and the Financial Performance of Quoted Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37967.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/37967/financial-structure-and-the-financial-performance-of-quoted-consumer-goods-firms-in-nigeria/daniel-prince-chinwendu
Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector A Case of Bharat Overseas B...ijtsrd
Mergers and Acquisitions MandAs continue to be a significant force in the restructuring of the financial services industry. The Indian Commercial Banking Sector, which has played a pivotal role in the country’s economic development, is currently passing through an exciting and challenging phase. The present research papers studies the impact of MandA on the financial performance of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank. The study uses key financial ratios to find the impact of MandA on financial performance of selected banks. Dr. Soniya Gambhir "Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector (A Case of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38415.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38415/mergers-and-acquisitions-in-indian-banking-sector-a-case-of-bharat-overseas-bank-and-indian-overseas-bank/dr-soniya-gambhir
Identity Management Reform and Fraud Prevention in the Nigerian Banking IndustryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper assesses the effect ofidentity management reform, namely the Bank verification number (BVN) policy on fraud prevention in the Nigerian banking industry. Using secondary data obtained from annual reports of Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) from 2011 to 2018, the study employed descriptive method to analyze trend in fraud variables before and after introduction of the policy and independent t-test to test the hypotheses in the study. Findings revealed that there was an initial decrease in number of staff involved and total amount involved in fraud in the two years following BVN introduction, but which showed increases thereafter.A similar trend was revealed in various fraud types with internet banking fraud showing significant increases in frequency of cases. The results from the t-tests revealed that theBVN policy had no significant impact on fraud prevention within the period under study. It was recommended that the banking public be educated on the different types of fraud and how to protect their personal details from getting into wrong hands. There is also the need to beef up security by improving on protocols required to carry out bank transactions particularly in the area of internet banking. It was also suggested that all bank account numbers be linked to the National Identity Number (NIN) immediately in line with proposals made by the Federal Government on identity management.
Growth Implications of Managerial Finance in Business: Empirical Evidence fro...Premier Publishers
The effective management of business finance is critically dependent on the proper understanding of the interrelationships between different dimensions of financial management and growth performance of the business. This study examines the relationship between selected managerial finance functions and growth of business in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation model. The results show that all the managerial functions selected for the study are positively correlated with growth, but with varying levels of significance. The implication of the results is that, given the diversity and specialized nature of managerial finance, every dimension of management relating to financial resources should be taken seriously to ensure long-term sustainable growth of business.
Liquidity Management and Its Impact on Banks Profitability: A Perspective 0f ...inventionjournals
Purpose:-The basic aim of this research is to examine liquidity management impact on profitability in banking sector of Pakistan. Methodology: - The secondary data used for this study and taking from publish annual report of ten banks (2006-2015). The data was analyzed by using correlation, descriptive statistics and regression techniques run on E-views. The quick, current, cash, interest coverage and capital adequacy ratios are taken as dimension of liquidity and return on asset, return on equity, and earning per share as dimension of profitability. Findings: - The research finding shows that quick and capital adequacy ratio has positive impact on banks profitability determinants earnings per share and return on assets. The cash and current ratio has a negative relationship with return on assets. While interest coverage ratio is positively associated with return equity and earnings per share and is negatively associated with return on equity. Therefore overall empirical results show that liquidity management has positive impact on banks profitability. Research Limitation: - This paper examines banks liquidity management and their impact on banks profitability in Pakistan by taking only ten conventional banks data for ten year. The further research can be conducted by adding different segment, banks and countries.
Effect of Liquidity Risk on the Profitability of Mortgage Banks in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study was inspired by the liquidity risk that the Nigerian mortgage banking business faces in terms of profitability. As a result, the study investigates the impact of liquidity risk on the profitability of Nigerian mortgage banks. This research effort was carried out using secondary data and an ex post facto research design. The regression statistical technique in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Version 22.0 was used to assess data derived from the financial statements of listed mortgage banks on the Nigerian Stock Exchange NSE . The results of the analysis demonstrate that Loan to Deposit has a substantial impact on mortgage banks net interest margins in Nigeria, and that Current Ratio has a significant impact on mortgage banks net interest margins in Nigeria. It was so recommended, among other things, that bank management adopt sound lending policies and maintain a sufficient balance between loans and deposits, because bank profit is largely dependent on deposits mobilized and liquidity created through loans given. Ekwueme, Chizoba M | Onakeke, Newman "Effect of Liquidity Risk on the Profitability of Mortgage Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/46349/effect-of-liquidity-risk-on-the-profitability-of-mortgage-banks-in-nigeria/ekwueme-chizoba-m
An Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio on the Profitability of Private Sector Ba...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Profitability being one of the cardinal principles of bank lending acts as a game changer for the survival and success of private sector banks in India. In order to stay profitable, banks have to capitalise on every penny advanced to yield the expected returns. However, considering the constraints laid down by the Reserve Bank of India, banks have to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio, as per the current BASEL III regulations active in India. With the mergers of public sector banks, the challenge has got just tougher for the private sector banks in India. Expansion and Diversification are the key strategies adopted by the key players from the private banking sector, however, with the minimum capital adequacy ratio observed by them, it is necessary to understand its actual impact on the bank’s profitability. This research paper aims to throw light upon the linkage that capital adequacy has with the bank’s profitability. It attempts to establish a relation between the Capital Adequacy Ratio with the Net profits of the bank. For the purpose of this study, data from the past 5 years of the leading private sector banks has been collected, namely, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, AXIS Bank and YES Bank. The collected data has been analysed using Pearson’s Correlation to establish a relation between the CAR Ratio & the bank’s profitability. Hypothesis testing has been further done to study the quantum of proportionate change in the profitability with a change in the CAR Ratio for private sector banks using applicable research tools. The said research tools are applied to achieve the desired results while maintaining the required quantum of accuracy. It also aims to understand the proportionate impact of changes in CAR to the bank’s profitability, which can act as a suggested measure for banks to develop a reliable framework for efficient capital management and increase overall efficiency. The results derived from the data collected and analyzed aim to provide scope for further study on the subject matter.
Evaluation of some private commercial banks in bangladesh from performance pe...ijmvsc
Banks operate on a huge scale at the heart of the modern economy and the banking system has become an
integral part in the progress of economic development in Bangladesh. Besides, the banking sector has
made their innovation and efficiency crucial to the economy as it competes in an e-commerce world. The
role of banking system in this situation cannot be denied at all. This report intends to evaluate the
performance of selected private commercial banks in Bangladesh. In the study, best efforts have been put
on evaluating the performance. The growing pattern of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share of selected private commercial banks has
been considered to make an analysis on the performance evaluation of the selected private commercial
banks. To evaluate the performance, data have been collected from the secondary sources. Then the
collected data have been analyzed. From the analysis, it has been found that all of the selected banks are
in a position to make a sustainable growth in respect of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share during the period of 2007-2011 with some
fluctuation. Besides the growth pattern, other forms of calculations have been used for every selected
variable and they are trend equation and square of correlation coefficient. Under trend equation analysis,
the variables named branches, employees, deposits and net incomes hold more positive value than the
other variables considered. As the value of the slope always shows the positive number, it is a clear
indication that Bangladesh has a very good prospect in case of private commercial banks
Liquidity Management and Its Impact on Banks Profitability: A Perspective 0f ...inventionjournals
The basic purpose of this research is to examine the effect of liquidity management on profitability in the banking sector of Pakistan. Liquidity management is independent and profitability is dependent variable. The secondary data used for this study and taking from publish annual report of ten banks (2006-2015). The data was analyzed by using correlation, descriptive statistics and regression techniques run on E-views. The quick, current, cash, interest coverage and capital adequacy ratios is taken as dimension of liquidity and return on assets, return on equity, and earnings per share as dimension of profitability. The research findings show that interest coverage, capital adequacy and quick ratio has a positive whereas the cash and current ratio has negative relationship with banks profitability.
This paper empirically examines the impact of bank specific characteristics in determining the Islamic banking profitability in Bangladesh. Research period covers 2010–2017. Research method is a panel analysis. Fixed effects model is applied based on the Hausman test. The study takes return on assets (ROA) as the proxy of profitability. Company specific explanatory variables for the study are bank size, capital-to-risk assets (CRAR), investment-to-deposit (liquidity), non-performing investment (NPI), and cost-to-income. The study finds 4 out of 5 variables statistically significant. However, liquidity slightly misses the significance level. We have found CRAR and cost-to-income are negatively correlated, and liquidity is positively correlated to bank profitability as our expectation. On the other hand, estimation shows a negative correlation between bank size and profitability. Moreover, NPI is found to be positively correlated to ROA because Islamic banking industry’s very low percentage of non-performing investment (3.3%) could not inversely affect the profitability.
A Comparative Analysis of Capital Structure between Banking and Non-Banking F...iosrjce
This research aims to compare the capital structure of Bangladeshi banking and non-banking
financial institutions through some measurements. The annual financial statements of 10 commercial banks and
10 non-bank financial institutions were used for this study which covers a period of five (5) years from 2009-
2013. The study assesses the capital structure of the banking and non-banking sectors measured by total debt
to equity ratio (DER), total debt to total funds ratio and performance by ROE, ROA, EPS.Descriptive statistics,
t-test have been used to show the differences between banking and non-banking capital structure and
performance. However this study concludes that there is no significant difference between Bank and non-bank’s
EPS but there is a significant difference between Bank and non-bank’s D/A ratio and D/E ratio and ROA and
ROE.
Liquidity Management and Its Impact on Banks Profitability: A Perspective 0f ...inventionjournals
The basic purpose of this research is to examine the effect of liquidity management on profitability in the banking sector of Pakistan. Liquidity management is independent and profitability is dependent variable. The secondary data used for this study and taking from publish annual report of ten banks (2006-2015). The data was analyzed by using correlation, descriptive statistics and regression techniques run on E-views. The quick, current, cash, interest coverage and capital adequacy ratios is taken as dimension of liquidity and return on assets, return on equity, and earnings per share as dimension of profitability. The research findings show that interest coverage, capital adequacy and quick ratio has a positive whereas the cash and current ratio has negative relationship with banks profitability.
A Study on Relationship between Firm Size and Profitability: Selected Private...ijtsrd
The study is to identify the relationship between firm size and profitability of selected private sector banks in India. This study is classified as quantitative research followed with a descriptive research design. The Reserve Bank of India's publication of annual trend and progress of banking in India in June 2018, indicates that the total number of private sector banks in India is 21. The study selected the first five banks based on the hierarchy of the value of its total assets. The study is based on secondary data and it has been collected from the annual reports of the respective banks. The period of study is five years from 2015 to 2019. Firm size such as bank size is measured through the natural log of the book value of deposits, assets, and advances independent variables and the profitability is measured through the natural log of the book value of the net profit of the bank dependent variable . The data analysis includes descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and linear regression. On the basis of the analysis, the study found that there is a significant relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. Further, there is a positive correlation and statistically significant between these variables. Dr. Dhanuskodi Rengasamy "A Study on Relationship between Firm Size and Profitability: Selected Private Sector Banks in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29621.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/accounting/29621/a-study-on-relationship-between-firm-size-and-profitability-selected-private-sector-banks-in-india/dr-dhanuskodi-rengasamy
The profitability of commercial banks is influenced by a number of internal and external factors. This paper attempts to identify the internal factors which significantly influence the profitability of commercial banks in Bangladesh. In this study, profitability is measured by ROA and ROE which may be significantly influenced by the internal factors such as IRS, NIM, CAR, CR, DG, LD, CTI and SIZE of the bank. Data are collected from published annual reports during 2014--2018 of 23 commercial banks. Using simple regression model, it is found that CR has significant effect on the profitability and CAR has significant influence on ROA only. In addition to this, DG has significant effects on PCBs’ profitability (ROE only) where as IRS and CTI have significant influence on profitability (ROA only) of ICBs. Further, none of these variables have significant effects on the profitability of SCBs but CAR and CR are correlated with profitability (ROA only) and the causes may be the nature of services provided by SCBs to its clients. The internal policy makers should manage the influential internal factors of the banks in order to increase their profitability so that they can meet stakeholders’ expectations.
Financial Structure and the Financial Performance of Quoted Consumer Goods Fi...ijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of financial structure on the financial performance of quoted consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study used profit after tax PAT to represented financial performance as the dependent variable while financial structure was disintegrated into Short Term Debt STD , Long Term Debt LTD , share capital SC and retained earnings RE as the independent variable. The data for the study were obtained from the Financial Statement and Annual Reports of the selected firms. The data set comprised fifty 50 observations comprising five year time series data spanning 2010 to 2019 from ten firms in the consumer goods sector. The panel regression technique based on Fixed and Random Effects were used for data analyses. The Hausman test showed that the Fixed Effect model is more suitable for the study. The findings revealed that STD and SC have significant positive effects on the PAT of consumer goods firms in Nigeria while LTD and RE were found to have positive but no significant effect on the PAT of consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study conclude that b working capital management is an efficient tool for the consumer goods subsector in Nigeria. Among the contributions of the study is the use of all the four sources of funds and the use of profit after tax that tends to capture the overall effect of the various fund sources on the holistic profitability of the consumer goods firms. The recommendations included use of share capital for long term investment and working capital management for operations. Daniel, Prince Chinwendu | Dr. Joseph A. Nduka "Financial Structure and the Financial Performance of Quoted Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37967.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/37967/financial-structure-and-the-financial-performance-of-quoted-consumer-goods-firms-in-nigeria/daniel-prince-chinwendu
Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector A Case of Bharat Overseas B...ijtsrd
Mergers and Acquisitions MandAs continue to be a significant force in the restructuring of the financial services industry. The Indian Commercial Banking Sector, which has played a pivotal role in the country’s economic development, is currently passing through an exciting and challenging phase. The present research papers studies the impact of MandA on the financial performance of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank. The study uses key financial ratios to find the impact of MandA on financial performance of selected banks. Dr. Soniya Gambhir "Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector (A Case of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38415.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38415/mergers-and-acquisitions-in-indian-banking-sector-a-case-of-bharat-overseas-bank-and-indian-overseas-bank/dr-soniya-gambhir
Identity Management Reform and Fraud Prevention in the Nigerian Banking IndustryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper assesses the effect ofidentity management reform, namely the Bank verification number (BVN) policy on fraud prevention in the Nigerian banking industry. Using secondary data obtained from annual reports of Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) from 2011 to 2018, the study employed descriptive method to analyze trend in fraud variables before and after introduction of the policy and independent t-test to test the hypotheses in the study. Findings revealed that there was an initial decrease in number of staff involved and total amount involved in fraud in the two years following BVN introduction, but which showed increases thereafter.A similar trend was revealed in various fraud types with internet banking fraud showing significant increases in frequency of cases. The results from the t-tests revealed that theBVN policy had no significant impact on fraud prevention within the period under study. It was recommended that the banking public be educated on the different types of fraud and how to protect their personal details from getting into wrong hands. There is also the need to beef up security by improving on protocols required to carry out bank transactions particularly in the area of internet banking. It was also suggested that all bank account numbers be linked to the National Identity Number (NIN) immediately in line with proposals made by the Federal Government on identity management.
Growth Implications of Managerial Finance in Business: Empirical Evidence fro...Premier Publishers
The effective management of business finance is critically dependent on the proper understanding of the interrelationships between different dimensions of financial management and growth performance of the business. This study examines the relationship between selected managerial finance functions and growth of business in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation model. The results show that all the managerial functions selected for the study are positively correlated with growth, but with varying levels of significance. The implication of the results is that, given the diversity and specialized nature of managerial finance, every dimension of management relating to financial resources should be taken seriously to ensure long-term sustainable growth of business.
Liquidity Management and Its Impact on Banks Profitability: A Perspective 0f ...inventionjournals
Purpose:-The basic aim of this research is to examine liquidity management impact on profitability in banking sector of Pakistan. Methodology: - The secondary data used for this study and taking from publish annual report of ten banks (2006-2015). The data was analyzed by using correlation, descriptive statistics and regression techniques run on E-views. The quick, current, cash, interest coverage and capital adequacy ratios are taken as dimension of liquidity and return on asset, return on equity, and earning per share as dimension of profitability. Findings: - The research finding shows that quick and capital adequacy ratio has positive impact on banks profitability determinants earnings per share and return on assets. The cash and current ratio has a negative relationship with return on assets. While interest coverage ratio is positively associated with return equity and earnings per share and is negatively associated with return on equity. Therefore overall empirical results show that liquidity management has positive impact on banks profitability. Research Limitation: - This paper examines banks liquidity management and their impact on banks profitability in Pakistan by taking only ten conventional banks data for ten year. The further research can be conducted by adding different segment, banks and countries.
Effect of Liquidity Risk on the Profitability of Mortgage Banks in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study was inspired by the liquidity risk that the Nigerian mortgage banking business faces in terms of profitability. As a result, the study investigates the impact of liquidity risk on the profitability of Nigerian mortgage banks. This research effort was carried out using secondary data and an ex post facto research design. The regression statistical technique in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Version 22.0 was used to assess data derived from the financial statements of listed mortgage banks on the Nigerian Stock Exchange NSE . The results of the analysis demonstrate that Loan to Deposit has a substantial impact on mortgage banks net interest margins in Nigeria, and that Current Ratio has a significant impact on mortgage banks net interest margins in Nigeria. It was so recommended, among other things, that bank management adopt sound lending policies and maintain a sufficient balance between loans and deposits, because bank profit is largely dependent on deposits mobilized and liquidity created through loans given. Ekwueme, Chizoba M | Onakeke, Newman "Effect of Liquidity Risk on the Profitability of Mortgage Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/46349/effect-of-liquidity-risk-on-the-profitability-of-mortgage-banks-in-nigeria/ekwueme-chizoba-m
An Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio on the Profitability of Private Sector Ba...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Profitability being one of the cardinal principles of bank lending acts as a game changer for the survival and success of private sector banks in India. In order to stay profitable, banks have to capitalise on every penny advanced to yield the expected returns. However, considering the constraints laid down by the Reserve Bank of India, banks have to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio, as per the current BASEL III regulations active in India. With the mergers of public sector banks, the challenge has got just tougher for the private sector banks in India. Expansion and Diversification are the key strategies adopted by the key players from the private banking sector, however, with the minimum capital adequacy ratio observed by them, it is necessary to understand its actual impact on the bank’s profitability. This research paper aims to throw light upon the linkage that capital adequacy has with the bank’s profitability. It attempts to establish a relation between the Capital Adequacy Ratio with the Net profits of the bank. For the purpose of this study, data from the past 5 years of the leading private sector banks has been collected, namely, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, AXIS Bank and YES Bank. The collected data has been analysed using Pearson’s Correlation to establish a relation between the CAR Ratio & the bank’s profitability. Hypothesis testing has been further done to study the quantum of proportionate change in the profitability with a change in the CAR Ratio for private sector banks using applicable research tools. The said research tools are applied to achieve the desired results while maintaining the required quantum of accuracy. It also aims to understand the proportionate impact of changes in CAR to the bank’s profitability, which can act as a suggested measure for banks to develop a reliable framework for efficient capital management and increase overall efficiency. The results derived from the data collected and analyzed aim to provide scope for further study on the subject matter.
Evaluation of some private commercial banks in bangladesh from performance pe...ijmvsc
Banks operate on a huge scale at the heart of the modern economy and the banking system has become an
integral part in the progress of economic development in Bangladesh. Besides, the banking sector has
made their innovation and efficiency crucial to the economy as it competes in an e-commerce world. The
role of banking system in this situation cannot be denied at all. This report intends to evaluate the
performance of selected private commercial banks in Bangladesh. In the study, best efforts have been put
on evaluating the performance. The growing pattern of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share of selected private commercial banks has
been considered to make an analysis on the performance evaluation of the selected private commercial
banks. To evaluate the performance, data have been collected from the secondary sources. Then the
collected data have been analyzed. From the analysis, it has been found that all of the selected banks are
in a position to make a sustainable growth in respect of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share during the period of 2007-2011 with some
fluctuation. Besides the growth pattern, other forms of calculations have been used for every selected
variable and they are trend equation and square of correlation coefficient. Under trend equation analysis,
the variables named branches, employees, deposits and net incomes hold more positive value than the
other variables considered. As the value of the slope always shows the positive number, it is a clear
indication that Bangladesh has a very good prospect in case of private commercial banks
Liquidity Management and Its Impact on Banks Profitability: A Perspective 0f ...inventionjournals
The basic purpose of this research is to examine the effect of liquidity management on profitability in the banking sector of Pakistan. Liquidity management is independent and profitability is dependent variable. The secondary data used for this study and taking from publish annual report of ten banks (2006-2015). The data was analyzed by using correlation, descriptive statistics and regression techniques run on E-views. The quick, current, cash, interest coverage and capital adequacy ratios is taken as dimension of liquidity and return on assets, return on equity, and earnings per share as dimension of profitability. The research findings show that interest coverage, capital adequacy and quick ratio has a positive whereas the cash and current ratio has negative relationship with banks profitability.
This paper empirically examines the impact of bank specific characteristics in determining the Islamic banking profitability in Bangladesh. Research period covers 2010–2017. Research method is a panel analysis. Fixed effects model is applied based on the Hausman test. The study takes return on assets (ROA) as the proxy of profitability. Company specific explanatory variables for the study are bank size, capital-to-risk assets (CRAR), investment-to-deposit (liquidity), non-performing investment (NPI), and cost-to-income. The study finds 4 out of 5 variables statistically significant. However, liquidity slightly misses the significance level. We have found CRAR and cost-to-income are negatively correlated, and liquidity is positively correlated to bank profitability as our expectation. On the other hand, estimation shows a negative correlation between bank size and profitability. Moreover, NPI is found to be positively correlated to ROA because Islamic banking industry’s very low percentage of non-performing investment (3.3%) could not inversely affect the profitability.
A Comparative Analysis of Capital Structure between Banking and Non-Banking F...iosrjce
This research aims to compare the capital structure of Bangladeshi banking and non-banking
financial institutions through some measurements. The annual financial statements of 10 commercial banks and
10 non-bank financial institutions were used for this study which covers a period of five (5) years from 2009-
2013. The study assesses the capital structure of the banking and non-banking sectors measured by total debt
to equity ratio (DER), total debt to total funds ratio and performance by ROE, ROA, EPS.Descriptive statistics,
t-test have been used to show the differences between banking and non-banking capital structure and
performance. However this study concludes that there is no significant difference between Bank and non-bank’s
EPS but there is a significant difference between Bank and non-bank’s D/A ratio and D/E ratio and ROA and
ROE.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Effects of Loan Management Practices on the Financial Performance of Deposit ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Microfinance plays a vital role to a country’s economy since it provides loans to small and medium enterprises which constitute the majority of businesses in most countries. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of loan management on the financial performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County. The target population of this study was 120 employees of all the six Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County. The study used census technique. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study revealed that loan collection policies, credit risk measures and loan default have significant effect on the performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs. The study recommended that the SACCOs should uphold monitoring of loans that are in arrear, also penalize clients for late payment and limit access to repeat loans for defaulters, monitor the flow of borrower's business through the SACCO's account, make regular review of the borrower's reports, be supportive to borrowers whenever they are in difficulties, make frequent contact with borrowers and that they make on-line visits.
Keywords: SACCOs, Loan, Deposit taking, Loan collection, Credit risk, Loan default.
Title: Effects of Loan Management Practices on the Financial Performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County
Author: Gladys Nyanchama Bwoma, Dr. Willy Mwangi Muturi, Dr. Vitalis Abuga Mogwambo
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
Financial Risk, Capital Adequacy and Liquidity Performance of Deposit Money B...ijtsrd
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of financial risk on liquidity performance of Deposit Money Banks DMBs in Nigeria, with capital adequacy as a moderator. The study specifically examined the mediating role of capital adequacy on the effect of operational risk, market risk and credit risk on liquidity performance. The study adopted the ex post facto research design as the goal was not to manipulate any variable but rather to establish effect and mediation. The population comprised listed Deposit Money Banks and the sample restricted to a purposive sample of ten 10 banks whose annual reports were accessible for the period of 13 years from 2010 2022 which was the time scope of this study. The data were analysed using structural equation model. The study found that capital adequacy does not significantly mediate the effect of operational, market and credit risks on liquidity performance. Based on these findings, the study recommended that Banks need to create a capital adequacy mechanism necessary for hedging against operating risks inherent in the financial market Banks need to develop a capital adequacy framework to guide them to optimally disclose their market risks, enhance the quality of their disclosure practices, improve the quality of their financial reports and more efficiently manage their liquidity The Nigerian Central Bank need to develop a statutory requirement that will demand a certain level of capital adequacy by the banks before granting a certain level of credit. Odinaka Frank Igbojindu | Gloria Ogochukwu Okafor | Chinedu Jonathan Ndubuisi "Financial Risk, Capital Adequacy and Liquidity Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61356.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/61356/financial-risk-capital-adequacy-and-liquidity-performance-of-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria/odinaka-frank-igbojindu
THE EFFECT OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ CHARACTERISTICS ON THE LIKELIHOOD OF GHANA...IJMSIRJOURNAL
The study sought to examine the effect of the board of directors’ characteristics on financial distress among Ghanaian listed banks. It seeks to address the conflicting findings in board characteristics and financial
distress from the Ghanaian perspective. A generalized linear model (Probit regression analysis) was used to
establish the effect due to the binary nature of the dependent variable. Thus, ―1‖ depicting financial distress
and ―0‖ depicting non-financial distress. The explanatory research design was employed in explaining such an
effect. Secondary data were used and were obtained from the annual reports. Data gathered for this study
covers a period of 8 years (2010 – 2017). The sampled size of 11 listed banks was used. The finding portrays
that, among the board characteristics, only female board size has a significant negative effect on listed banks'
financial distress. In contrast, the board size, executive board, and non-executive board have no significant
effect on banks’ financial distress. Likewise, none of the control variables (bank age, bank leverage, and net
profit margin) significantly affect banks’ financial distress. Therefore, the study concludes that female inclusion
on corporate boards could significantly minimize the possibility of listed banks experiencing financial distress.
Hence, it is highly recommended that listed banks increase their female gender quota on their board to achieve
greater performance levels.
The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of bank minimum capital requirement on credit supply in Ivory Coast, over the period from 1982 to 2016. To this end, the ARDL method was used to study the nature of the relationship between our explanatory variables and bank credit supply in Ivory Coast. The study indicates some major results. The results showed that in the short term, real GDP per capita and bank size influence credit supply in Ivory Coast. Real GDP per capita acts negatively on credit supply in the short run while bank size has a positive influence on banks’ capacity to finance the economy. In the long run, the Cooke ratio and the openness rate have an impact on bank credit supply in Ivory Coast. The recovery of bank minimum capital requirements positively influences bank credit supply while the openness of the economy negatively impacts banks’ ability to offer bank credit. In terms of economic policies implications, monetary authorities must enforce and respect the policy of increasing bank minimum capital requirements. They must encourage banks to increase their banking assets.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Intellectual capital: A modern model to measure the value creation in a businessAI Publications
Using a sample of 92 patients, this study looked into the impact of intellectual capital on the efficiency of private hospitals. The researchers used a quantitative approach to assess the effect of Intellectual capital (Human capital, Structural capital, and Relational capital) on long-term competitive advantage in private hospitals in Iraq's Kurdistan region. The research sample was selected using a random sampling method and conducted in various locations across Iraq's Kurdistan province. A total of 110 questionnaires were distributed, but only 92 people correctly completed them. The findings revealed that the most effective relationship with firm success was between human capital as an element of Intellectual capital, while the least effective relationship was between ownership as an element of Intellectual capital. Furthermore, our findings indicate that finance managers should use debts as a last resort in terms of intellectual capital. Finally, our research can be improved by using more controlled variables, a greater sample size, and data from a longer time span in the regression models. Other methods and steps can be used as well.
Impact of Staff Turnover on the Financial Performance of Nigerian Deposit Mon...ijtsrd
This study determined the effect of staff turnover on the financial performance of Nigerian banks. Ex Post Facto research was adopted for the study. Panel data approach, for a period of 10 years 2011 2020 was adopted. A sample of ten out of twenty two banks in Nigeria were used for the study The data were analyzed using regression technique with aid of E view 9.0 at 5 level of significance. The study revealed that staff turnover cost has a negative impact on profit margin and return on assets of Nigerian banks. Based on the findings of this study, the researchers suggest that there is a pressing need for Nigerian commercial banks to participate in proactive strategic planning and initiatives to reduce staff turnover. As a result, the management should try to ensure that its trained and experienced staff has all of the necessary comfort and ease to accomplish their jobs. Dr. Elena Platonova | Fatimehin Kolawole | Olaniyi Ayo Rufus | Adebisi Joel Adewale "Impact of Staff Turnover on the Financial Performance of Nigerian Deposit Money Banks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/50167/impact-of-staff-turnover-on-the-financial-performance-of-nigerian-deposit-money-banks/dr-elena-platonova
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38139 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1081
know how to manage cash holdings in the banks. Based on
this background, this present paper examines the influence
of the dimensions of corporate governance on cash holding
of universal banks using the evidence from Ghana. The rest
of the sections of this paper is divided into literature,
methods, results and discussion and conclusions.
2. Literature Review
On this basis of literature, it was proved that the presence of
free board ensures that the bank is properly funded. Prior
studies show that the mechanism of internal CG must be
based on the structure of bank ownership(Croceetal.,2013,
Kargin, 2013). Another study, sampled five Asian countries
(Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand),
supported by the structure of cash holdings, boardstructure
and inside ownership (O'Cass and Sok, 2013). It revealed
that strong board size is negative with cash holding, while
inside ownership is positively correlatedwithcashholdings.
On contrary, directors,board andinsideownershipinfluence
have been the focus in recent years in the organization to
make decisions on the base of ownership rights. Such as,
mutual funds and pension funds have been considered as
important factors for bank monitoring and thus, play a vital
role to reduce agency cost. Another related study statedthat
on the relationship between bank governance and cash
holding in US banks, small cash holding usually leads to
weaker bank governance (O'Cass and Sok, 2013).
Additionally it is also stated that more independence of the
board member also has positive relationship with cash
holing in the bank (Carnevale et al., 2012). This study also
further indicates that the board independence and insider
ownership have been also insignificant with cash holding
while the relationship between cash holding and
management ownership is significantly positive. It is also
seen that the bank governance is influenced by holding
mechanisms (Chen et al., 2012b).
In previous section, overall discussion is done on the
relationship between bank governance and cash holding
from the literature and inconsistence results are found. In
previous studies different characteristics of the corporate
governance are used such as board independence, CEO
duality, board size, audit committee independence, audit
committee size, ownerships structure etc. In the context of
Ghana, and in this research, researcher used four
characteristics for the measuring of bank governance. From
empirical evidence, researcher summarized the individual
relationship of each characteristic with cash holding.
The process of decision making is more efficient when the
size of board is small. According Mousa and Saeed (2017) in
those banks where size of board is large, these bank hold
more cash. But on the other hand, a study claimedthatboard
size is extraneous to cash holding by the bank. Another
found an opposite relationship between cash holding and
size of the board. Another study in UK on 1650 banks
indicated that when the size of the board is larger the bank
hold more cash (Chen et al., 2012b, Lubatkin, 2013). In
respect of Ghana very few studies are found which
investigate the relationship between board size and cash
holding. Most of the studies found the relationship between
board size and bank performance. However, a study by
Hasan (2015) indicated that there is a positive relationship
between cash holding and size of the board. Another study
by Ubaid (2012) revealed that there is no association
between board size and cash holding in Ghanaian banks. As
per the inconsistency betweenrelationshipofboardsize and
cash holding in the literature, there is more need to
investigation on this relationship, especially in theGhanaian
context where very few studies are done.
Literature on the board independence, claimed that when
the directors of the organization are unbiased they are able
to monitor efficiently. Prior studies on the board
independence, claimed that the outside directors are more
effective and efficient to analyze and monitor the overall
performance of the organization as compared to inside
directors. A study claimed that when the number of outside
directors in the bank are more as compared to inside
director the agency cost of the organization is less and bank
hold less cash in the presents of more outside directors
(Knyazeva et al., 2013). It further suggests that when the
board is independent, the bank is able to go for new
technology to earn higher profit. With higherprofit bank has
option of new investment with less cash holding. The
literature also indicates that the remunerationoftheoutside
director is more as compared to inside director which
increase bank cost due to board independence (Liu et al.,
2015).
Similarly, insider ownership refers as how many shares are
hold by the insiders of the organizations such as mangers,
director or any other employee of the organization. Prior
studies on the literature of insider ownership and cash
holding suggested that there is a significant association
between insider ownership and cash holding (Joseph et al.,
2014). A study in china claimed that moreinsiderownership
forced management tomaintainmorecashholding.Whereas
another study in UK indicated that insider ownership is
negatively influenced on cash holding in commercial banks.
A study by Karlsson and Bäckström (2015) claimed that
when insider ownership in the organization is usuallybythe
directors, they are more conscious about theirprofits,which
make significantly influence between cash holding and
insider ownership (Liao et al., 2015).
Moreover, CEO duality is a situation in which the CEO and
Chairman of the bank is same person. The duality on one
side brings leadership while on the other side brings
decrease in effectiveness of the board. A study by Gill and
Shah (2012) claimed that on 166 Canadian banks from the
period of 2008 to 2012 CEO duality is positively associated
with cash holding. The reason behind this is that the interest
of shareholders is not protected in the existence of CEO
duality. Another study in Swiss also shows the same results
on 156 commercial banks. CEO duality leads dominance of
insiders in the banks which bear a resemblance to family
mechanism. Due to CEO duality the system of monitoring is
poor and the mangers are not likely to have a good
performance. Literature shows that the CEO dualitydeemed
to be ineffective in CG practices. The banks which have poor
management by CEO have low cash holding due todirector’s
ignorance. A study shows more cash holding brings
increment in profit margin of the bank. A research by Xin
(2012) in China indicates that the CEO duality is positively
associated with cash holding in Chinese manufacturing
banks.
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3. Methodology
The study investigated the influence of bank governance on
cash holdings of universal banks in Ghana using a panel data
covering a period of 2009-2018. In this paper, the panel unit
root test, correlation analysis, and panel least square
analyses were conducted. The correlation test was
performed in order to evaluate the magnitude of the
association amongst the variables (Webster, 1992).The
correlation analysis is a statistical technique used for the
evaluation of the strength of association amongst the
variables.. The correlation coefficient is labelled as ‘r’ and is
computed by the following formula;
(1)
Where,
(2)
(3)
(4)
Further, in this study, the three types of panel unit root tests
were employed. These three types included the Levin, Lin
and Chu panel unit root test(Levin et al., 2002), and Im,
Pesaran and Shin W-stat (Im et al.,2003) .Thepanelunit root
tests examined the stationary process of each series and the
order process of integration of each of the variables.
The panel unit root test is specified as:
(5)
Where is the first difference operator, is thedependent
variable, is the white noise disturbances and t is the time
while i, is the number of countries. The null hypothesis
implies that there is a unit root while the alternative
hypothesis implies there is no unit root. The unit root
test also partly checks whether the series will have long run
effect or not. If the series are not stationary at levelsbutonly
become stationary at first difference, traditionally,it implies
that the series has a long run impact or cointegrated. This
makes it possible to further conduct the cointegration test.
The analysis technique employed was the panel leastsquare
regression method.A panel leastsquaresapproachis applied
when the data consists of both time series and cross-
sections. The panel least squares techniqueassumes thatthe
individual variables behave in the same manner in the
presence of homoscedasticity and absence of any kind of
autocorrelation. The assumptions for the panel and simple
regression model are the same. These assumptions include
that the model is correct, there is no perfect colinearity,
exogeneity and homoscedasticity are present, there is no
cross-sectional or longitudinal correlation and the error
terms are along a path of normal distributions. The various
assumptions of OLS regression were met hence finally the
regression equation (6) was estimated to evaluate the
impact of bank governance dimensions on cash holding of
universal banks.
(6)
The dependent variable used in the study was Cash holding
(CASHHOLD) which was measured as the assets kept in the
form of ready cash by the business proprietororcompany so
that it can be spent rather thaninvested(Martínez-Sola etal.,
2013). The explanatory variables included Board
independence (Bordind) is defined as theconditionin which
majority of the board directors havenorelationship withthe
company other than as acting directors (Mousa and Saeed,
2017). Again Board size(BOARSIZE) which is measured as
the total number of directors on the board, which includes
the CEO and Chairman for each financial year (Mousa and
Saeed, 2017). Moreover, CEO duality (CEODUALITY) is the
situation whereby the positions of the CEO and the
chairperson is handled by one person. It is represented by a
dummy variable so if he has two posts assigned 0 if not then
1 (Mousa and Saeed, 2017). Again, insider ownership
(Insideown) is a proportion of the total shares held byboard
members, the CEO and members of the executive
management in the bank. (Chen et al., 2012a).
Similarly, the control variables the Bank size (Banksize)
which is measured upon the basis of the total assets it holds
and its overall revenues. (Waresul Karim et al., 2013). The
variable Work capital represent workingcapital ofthebanks
measured as the capital of a business that is utilized in daily
operations. It is calculated by subtracting the current
liabilities from the current assets on specific date (Mathuva,
2015).
4. Results and Discussion
The study examined the extent to which bank governance
influence on cash holdings among selected banks in Ghana.
The study utilized the dimensions of bank governance
variables including CEO Duality (CEODUALITY), Board Size
(BOARDSIZE), Board Independence (BINDP) and Insider
Ownership (INSIDEOWN) as the key independent variables.
Moreover, Cash holdings(CH) was used as the independent
variable while bank size(BANMKSIZE), Leverage(LEV) and
working capital(WORKINGCAPITAL) were also utilized as
control variables due to their established roleindetermining
cash holdings of banks. All these variables were initially
transformed totheir first difference () and their summary
statistics analysed (see Table 2).
Results from Table 2 show that all the variables have
positive means scores rangingfrom0.00039to0.11898with
minimal standard deviations except for Leverage, and
insider ownership which have slightly higher standard
deviations. The results from Table 2 indicates that variables
such as Cash Holdings, working capital, bank size inside
ownership are negatively skewed while CEO duality, board
size, board independence and leverage are positively
skewed.
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Table 2: Descriptive Statistics
Variables Mean Std. Dev. Skewness Obs.
CH 0.013293 1.203368 -1.68424 246
CEODUALITY 0.004065 0.278450 0.145553 246
BOARDSIZE 0.008130 0.857104 1.114706 246
BINDP 0.000394 0.078312 0.672376 246
WORKINGCAPITAL 0.022886 1.562296 -1.69732 246
BANKSIZE 0.188293 1.411052 -0.809 246
INSIDEOWN 0.016967 12.86842 -0.18032 246
LEV 0.118984 23.40903 0.193043 246
To assess the stationarity of the variables used for the study, the panel unit root test was conducted at both levels and first
difference. The four tests used included Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC)panel unit root test(Levin et al., 2002), and Im, Pesaran and
Shin W-stat(IPS) (Im et al., 2003), ADF –Fisher chi-square and PP-Fisher tests. Results from Table 2 shows that, at levels most
of the variable series were stationary based on LLC, IPS AND ADF-Fisher tests. However, based on PP-Fisher tests, Cash
Holdings, Board Independence, CEO Duality were statistically not significance (P>0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that, they
have unit root or are not stationary (SEE Table 3)
Table 3: Results from panel unit root tests at levels
Variables LLC t-statistics IPS w-statistics ADF-Fisher Chi-square PP-Fisher Chi-square
LEVEL WITH INTERCEPT
CASH HOLDINGS -1.37728 (0.0842) 1.01016 (0.8438) 37.6810 (0.9002) 42.2605 (0.7735)
BANK SIZE -40.0172 (0.0000) -22.7913 (0.0000) 262.494 (0.0000) 144.908 (0.0000)
BOARDINEPEDNECE -7.15743 (0.0000) -2.38563 (0.0085) 54.8233 (0.0037) 34.5374 (0.2599)
BORAD SIZE -10.2917 (0.0000) -3.71028 (0.0001) 48.2182 (0.0001) 27.4830 (0.0704)
CEO DUALITY -3.07900 (0.0010) -1.54964 (0.0606) 13.1986 (0.0400) 9.12632 (0.1666)
INSIDEROWNER -24.1426 (0.0000) -6.13850 (0.0000) 100.799 (0.0000) 83.0081 (0.0023)
WORKING CAPITAL -19.7856 (0.0000) -18.7299 (0.0000) 228.479 (0.0000) 91.5240 (0.0003)
LEVELS WITH INTERCEPT AND TREND
CASH HOLDINGS -3.22804 (0.0006) 1.21753 (0.8883) 28.7068 (0.9933) 70.7450 (0.0283)
BANKSIZE -81.1292 (0.0000) -16.2665 (0.0000) 238.014 (0.0000) 98.2263 (0.0000)
BOARD INDEPEDNECE -12.0690 (0.0000) -1.14000 (0.1271) 60.8106 (0.0016) 27.0337 (0.7162)
BORAD SIZE -12.4573 (0.0000) -1.98366 (0.0236) 51.6294 (0.0001) 15.0778 (0.7719)
CEO DUALITY
-5.52272 (0.0000) -0.36048 (0.3592) 13.2885 (0.1023) 8.80675 (0.3589)
INSIDEOWNER -22.9776 (0.0000) -3.15565 (0.0008) 112.303 (0.0000) 67.5547 (0.0496)
WORKING CAPITAL -89.0330 (0.0000) -32.5284 (0.0000) 295.125 (0.0000) 36.0307 (0.0000)
Further, the panel unit root tests was also conducted at first difference to checkthestationarity.The results inTable 4presents
the findings on the unit root test at first difference. The results show that,all variables becamestationary at firstdifference(see
Table 4).
Table 4 resulst from unit root test (at First Difference )
Variables
LLC
t-statistics
IPS
w-statistics
ADF-Fisher
Chi-square
PP-Fisher
Chi-square
CASH HOLDINGS -3.13218 (0.0009) -2.01681 (0.0219) 73.2251 (0.0178) 212.264 (0.0000)
BANKSIZE -73.7005 (0.0000) -25.1403 (0.0000) 260.045 (0.0000) 182.276 (0.0000)
BOARDINEPEDNECE -11.4470 (0.0000) -3.97812 0.0000 60.5924 (0.0000) 53.8302 (0.0002)
BORAD SIZE -9.59733 (0.0000) -3.60166 (0.0002) 46.3163 (0.0001) 30.1644 (0.0072)
CEO DUALITY -4.80443 (0.0000) -1.42212 (0.0775) 13.5714 (0.0348) 12.3040 (0.0152)
INSIDER OWNER -24.9649 (0.0000) -8.10631 (0.0000) 160.298 (0.0000) 171.829 (0.0000)
WORKING CAPITAL -79.2581 (0.0000) -40.0810 (0.0000) 297.416 (0.0000) 99.6782 (0.0000)
First Difference with Intercept and Trend
CASH HOLDINGS -12.6087 (0.0000) -1.45606 (0.0727) 89.0109 (0.0006) 227.383 (0.0000)
BANK SIZE -84.3863 (0.0000) -11.2387 (0.0000) 187.713 (0.0000) 204.802 (0.0000)
BOARDINEPEDNECE -8.40327 (0.0000) -0.31954 (0.0047) 38.4368 (0.0089) 89.8504 (0.0000)
BORAD SIZE -6.33209 (0.0000) -0.54502 (0.0029) 30.5031 (0.0021) 64.2369 (0.0000)
CEO DUALITY -2.75271 (0.0030) -0.17379 (0.4310) 7.72167 (0.2592) 21.0491 (0.0018)
INSIDER OWNER -44.3820 (0.0000) -5.12910 (0.0000) 143.336 (0.0000) 177.706 (0.0000)
WORKING CAPITAL -48.3303 (0.0000) -13.9789 (0.0000) 210.323 (0.0000) 147.552 (0.0000)
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4.1. Correlation Analysis
The correlation test was utilized to check theassociation betweenthedependentvariable(CashHoldings)and theindependent
variables such as dimensions of bank corporate governance and the control variables used in the regression model.Based on
the outcome of the unit root test, all the variables were transformed and analysed at their first difference () before the
correlation analysis was conducted. Results from Table 5 show that, weak positive correlation coefficient(R=0.241) exists
between Cash holdings (CH) and CEO Duality (CEO DUALITY).This implies thatBanks whatexperienceCEODuality arelikelyto
increase their Cash Holdings.
The findings also reveal that, there is a negative weak correlation (R=-0249) between Cash Holdings and Board
Size(BOARDSIZE) which also implies that, as Board size increases among the banks, their Cash Holdings reduces and the vice
versa. The results also demonstrated that BoardIndependent(BINDP)has a negativeweak correlation withCash Holdings (R=-
0.0984) which suggests that, as the board in the banks remain more independent, it reduces their cash holdings.
Further, the results show that, there is strong correlation between Bank Size (BAKSIZE) and Cash holdings (R=0.717) while
working capital also has a strong positive correlations with cash holdings. Theresults fromTable5alsodemonstratedthat,the
correlation among the independent variables are very weak. Hence, since the independent variables have weak correlation
among themselves, it implies that, the assumption of multicolinearity was not a problem hence thepanelmultipleleastsquare
regression analysis can be performed.
Table 5 Correlation Analysis
Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.CH 1.0000
2.CEODUALITY 0.2413 1.0000
3.BOARDSIZE -0.2490 -0.2738 1.0000
4.BINDP -0.0984 -0.0725 -0.1795 1.0000
5.WORKINGCAPITAL 0.7168 0.2040 -0.1363 -0.0244 1.0000
6.BANKSIZE 0.7059 0.2028 -0.1979 -0.1170 0.6358 1.0000
7.INSIDEOWN 0.0244 -0.0935 -0.0579 -0.0698 0.0478 0.1251 1.0000
4.2. Panel Least Square Analysis
The Panel Least square regression analysis was conducted to examine the impact of bank governanceoncashholdings.TheR-
square (R2=0.636) from Table 6 shows that, the model explains about 63.6% of the variables in the dependent variables (Cash
Holdings).The results from the Panel Least square regression are presented in Table 6 below.
Table 6: Results from Panel Least Square
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
CEODUALITY 0.118432 0.182800 0.647876 0.5177
BOARDSIZE -0.168002*** 0.059377 -2.829396 0.0051
BINDP -1.020091 0.624729 -1.632853 0.1038
WORKINGCAPITAL 0.346033*** 0.041243 8.390205 0.0000
BANKSIZE 0.328283*** 0.046172 7.110029 0.0000
INSIDEOWN -0.005128 0.003760 -1.363985 0.1739
R-squared 0.636149
Adjusted R-squared 0.627015
Note: *,**, and *** denote 10%, 5% and 1% levels of significance. Dependent variable: Cash Holdings.
The findings further suggest that CEODUALY (β=0.118432,
P>0.005) has a positive and insignificant impact on Cash
Holdings of the universal banks. CEO duality means that
when CEO and chairman of a bank is the same person then
effectiveness of board tends to increase. In a study by Gill
and Shah (2012), a positive relationship between the CEO
duality and cash holdings was found. Similarly, in the
Canadian firms, the study empirically proved that CEO
duality increases the cash holdings. The findings from this
paper are in line with another study by Sheikh and Khan
(2015) who also found the positive but insignificant
association among CEO duality and Cash Holdings The
insignificant relationship between CEO duality and CH of
banks in the short run is also supported through findings of
prior studies such as Gill and Shah (2012) and Xin (2012)
provide the supportive studies about this relationship
Findings from Table 6 reveal that, Board Size (β=-0.168002,
P<0.005) has statistically significantnegativeimpactoncash
Holdings. The regression coefficient implies that, 1%
increase in Board Size reduces Cash Holdings by 0.17%
statistically significant at 1% level of significance. On the
other hand, a reduction in Boardsizeincreases cash holdings
by the banks. This findings supports thatofMousaandSaeed
(2017) which reported that the large size of board leads the
bank to have more cash. In context of Ghana, the study
conducted by Hasan (2015) also revealed findings thatthere
is positive association between CH and board size of
banks.Gul and Shah (2013) also examined different factors
that can affect CH of banks and they reported in their results
that board size is a significant predictor of CH of Canadian
banks.
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Board independence (β=-1.020091, P>0.005) was found to
have negative influence on cash holdings though it was not
statistically significant. This means that, as the board
independence increases cash holdings of the banks reduces.
The bank tends to invest more while keeping less cashas the
banks has an independent board. The results revealed bythe
research work of Chen (2008) also reported that increased
independence of board tends to enhance CH in banks. The
work of Philips (2012), also comes to light with findings that
reported that bank specific factors including Corporate
Governance characteristics have significant impact on CH of
banks. Previous researches havesuggested thatindependent
board has significant impact on CH of bank because with
independent board, the banks are in betterpositiontoinvest
in new technologies and earn higher profits.
Moreover, the results show that, working capital
(β=0.346033, P<0.005) has statically significant positive
impact on cash holdings. This implies that, a 1% increase in
the working capital will increase the cash holdings of the
banks with 0.35% while a decrease in working capital also
will reduces the cash holdings of the banks by the same
margin. This also means as the banks have enough working
capital to satisfy their day-to-day trading operational needs,
they are able to secure the trust and confidence of their
customers and other business partners to promote a warm
and healthy cooperation which could positively enhancethe
profit and business fortunes, hence making more cash
available for the banks.
Further, results from Table 6 unveilthat,Bank size(β=0.328,
P<0.005) has statistically significant positive impact on the
banks’ cash holdings. The implication is that, 1% increase in
bank size correspondently increases the bank’s cash
holdings by 0.33%.Size of the firmandparticularlythebanks
in context of this study is the next control variable of the
study. This result is showing consistency with the outcomes
of the similar studies that can be found in the past literature
(Jamil et al., 2016). The logical reason to explainthispositive
impact is that larger firms have the advantage over smaller
ones that they have more cash holdings for the purposes of
diversification and in order to avoid any mishap such as
bankruptcy. The larger banks have more requirements of
cash on hand to fulfill the current and future needs of the
company. Therefore, they possess more cash holdings
comparatively. The findings from this study contributes to
financial inclusions and financial policy of the financial
sector in Ghana.
5. Conclusions
The present study examined the relationship and the
contributions of the dimensions of board governancetocash
holdings among banks in Ghana. The panel data on 25
universal banks covering the period of 2009-2018 were
utilized. The correlations analysis and Panel least square
regression were used as the key analytical techniques.
Findings from the study reveal that, Board size, working
capital and Bank sizeconstitutethe predominantstatistically
significant factors that contributes to cash holdings among
the universal banks. Hence Board size as significant
corporate governance dimension has negativeeffectoncash
holdings as it reduces cash holdings of thebanks.Theresults
show that CEO Duality has a positivebutinsignificant impact
on Cash Holdings of the universal banks while board
independent and insider ownership have negative but
statistically insignificant influence on cash holdings of the
universal banks.
In practical terms, the current study will provide thorough
guidelines about the corporate governance, and Cash
holdings. The findings revealed in the present study will
assist the banks to understand how different characteristics
of their corporate governance can contribute towards their
cash holding ability. Although, the findings of current study
are specific to Ghanaian universal banks, they will enhance
the literature and understanding the corporate governance
in Ghanaian banks in particular. Similarly, the current study
is expected to provide general guidelines to banks of other
countries as well. In this way, the strategy makers andpolicy
makers of banks will find this research very beneficial in
decision making about theirboardsize,boardindependence,
CEO duality, insider ownership and cash holdings.
The cash holding has implications for thepolicies such thatit
seems to be a very important part of the policies if their aim
is to enrich the banks with the knowledge of financing and
the financing choices. According to this perspective,
recommendations can be made for the policy. Firstly, the
banks should be more focused on the economic valueadded,
cash flows, earnings that leads to the efficiency &
effectiveness of the banking sector. Hence, firms must
manage and settle their policies in ways that can enhance
their potential in dealing with Net Interest Margin. In this
case, the government and the Central Bank must involve
measures that are very controlled and accurate regarding
the income, monetary and fiscal policies.
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