This study investigated the involvement of youths in livestock farming as a career in Oluyole Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. We specifically determined the Socio-economic characteristics of the youth in the study area and ascertained their level of involvement in livestock farming as we analyzed the constraints to livestock farming as affecting the youth involvement in livestock farming. We also tested if there is significant relationship between selected Socio-economic characteristics and as well as constraints facing youth involvement in livestock farming as career in the study area. There are 10 wards in the local government out of which four were randomly selected with two villages selected from each of the four wards. Fifteen young farmers were randomly selected from each village to make a total of 120 respondents for the study. While 120 questionnaires were administered only 86 were retrieved. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, chi-square and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC). The result revealed that majority (58.1%) of the respondent were between 18-29 years, 65.1% were single with minimum of tertiary education (64%). A good number of them (27.9%) were managers with about 51.2% engaging in poultry farming. Chi-square analysis revealed that there is a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the sources of income and some selected socioeconomic characteristics with P-value of 0.011 and x2= 1.987. sources of income also significantly (p<0.05)affect the involvement of respondents in livestock farming in the study area. The study therefore concluded that inadequate capital and infrastructures constitute the major constraints to youths’ involvement in livestock farming as career. Government should therefore ensure availability of loan facilities as well as enable environment to encourage youths to venture more into livestock farming in the study area.
Challenges Encountered by Urban Women Farmers in their Agricultural ActivitiesBRNSS Publication Hub
The roles of women in agricultural production, particularly in food production and processing are very germane.
Despite this fact, women are often faced with severe constraints that affect their agricultural productivity. This
study examined the challenges facing urban women farmers in Lagos Metropolis. A total of 255 urban women
farmers were sampled from three different locations with the metropolis. Focus group discussions and in-depth
interview were organized to further elicit information on the subject matter. Using the grand mean score, the
study revealed that the most severe challenges faced by the women farmers in their urban agricultural activities
are access to credit facilities, access to land and access to adequate input, respectively.
The implications of youth restiveness on the socio economic development of ik...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the implications of youth unrest on the socio-economic development of the Ikwerre people in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. It notes that the Ikwerre area is rich in natural resources but that the Ikwerre people have been denied access to these resources and their benefits. It describes how oil exploration has disrupted the local economy and introduced poverty and neglect. The youth unrest is a result of socio-economic deprivation, and it has negatively impacted business activities and development programs in the area.
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Stn2503 Major Crop journal review fatin nurizdian bm18200017fnurizdian
This document provides a summary of factors influencing young people's engagement in the agriculture sector in Malaysia. It discusses the current landscape of agriculture, challenges such as climate change and lack of interest from young generations. Key factors found to influence youth participation include age, education level, land size, gender, household size, economic status and year. The perceptions of youth and approaches taken in other countries to encourage their involvement are also examined.
The Role of Cooperatives in Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Ushongo Loca...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to determine the role of cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural produce in a rural community. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from a random sample of 115 respondents drawn from five of the eleven Council Wards in the Local Government Area. It was found that respondents’ socio-economic characteristics had no significant influence on farmers’ participation in cooperatives. The study showed further that cooperatives were able to regulate only a small proportion of the volume of produce farmers took to the market. However, three quarters (74.8%) of respondents believed that cooperatives determined prices of produce. Some of the constraints facing cooperatives identified included the large number of middlemen (75.5), inadequate storage (67.0%) and low literacy of members (67.8). It is concluded that cooperatives would better impact farmers if identified constraints are addressed by both governmental and non-governmental stakeholders.
This document summarizes a lecture on gender and the economy. The key points are:
1) The status of women in a country is fundamentally linked to that country's prosperity and security, yet women's contributions are often overlooked.
2) Gender equality is essential for smart economic growth, as evidenced by statistics showing its impact on GDP, poverty reduction, education outcomes, and more.
3) While Nepal has made progress toward gender equality through women's participation in government and improvements in legal protections, full gender equality remains a long-term project critical to ensuring national prosperity and security.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between poverty and the urban informal sector in Bandung, Indonesia. It conducted surveys of 150 street vendors (pedagang kakilima) to examine their socioeconomic characteristics based on indicators of human development. The study found that while the informal sector provides livelihoods for many, conditions are often poor with low incomes and productivity. Previous economic measures alone did not fully capture life in the informal sector. The growth of Bandung and economic crisis amplified urban poverty and unemployment, increasing the size of the informal sector.
Challenges Encountered by Urban Women Farmers in their Agricultural ActivitiesBRNSS Publication Hub
The roles of women in agricultural production, particularly in food production and processing are very germane.
Despite this fact, women are often faced with severe constraints that affect their agricultural productivity. This
study examined the challenges facing urban women farmers in Lagos Metropolis. A total of 255 urban women
farmers were sampled from three different locations with the metropolis. Focus group discussions and in-depth
interview were organized to further elicit information on the subject matter. Using the grand mean score, the
study revealed that the most severe challenges faced by the women farmers in their urban agricultural activities
are access to credit facilities, access to land and access to adequate input, respectively.
The implications of youth restiveness on the socio economic development of ik...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the implications of youth unrest on the socio-economic development of the Ikwerre people in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. It notes that the Ikwerre area is rich in natural resources but that the Ikwerre people have been denied access to these resources and their benefits. It describes how oil exploration has disrupted the local economy and introduced poverty and neglect. The youth unrest is a result of socio-economic deprivation, and it has negatively impacted business activities and development programs in the area.
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Stn2503 Major Crop journal review fatin nurizdian bm18200017fnurizdian
This document provides a summary of factors influencing young people's engagement in the agriculture sector in Malaysia. It discusses the current landscape of agriculture, challenges such as climate change and lack of interest from young generations. Key factors found to influence youth participation include age, education level, land size, gender, household size, economic status and year. The perceptions of youth and approaches taken in other countries to encourage their involvement are also examined.
The Role of Cooperatives in Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Ushongo Loca...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to determine the role of cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural produce in a rural community. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from a random sample of 115 respondents drawn from five of the eleven Council Wards in the Local Government Area. It was found that respondents’ socio-economic characteristics had no significant influence on farmers’ participation in cooperatives. The study showed further that cooperatives were able to regulate only a small proportion of the volume of produce farmers took to the market. However, three quarters (74.8%) of respondents believed that cooperatives determined prices of produce. Some of the constraints facing cooperatives identified included the large number of middlemen (75.5), inadequate storage (67.0%) and low literacy of members (67.8). It is concluded that cooperatives would better impact farmers if identified constraints are addressed by both governmental and non-governmental stakeholders.
This document summarizes a lecture on gender and the economy. The key points are:
1) The status of women in a country is fundamentally linked to that country's prosperity and security, yet women's contributions are often overlooked.
2) Gender equality is essential for smart economic growth, as evidenced by statistics showing its impact on GDP, poverty reduction, education outcomes, and more.
3) While Nepal has made progress toward gender equality through women's participation in government and improvements in legal protections, full gender equality remains a long-term project critical to ensuring national prosperity and security.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between poverty and the urban informal sector in Bandung, Indonesia. It conducted surveys of 150 street vendors (pedagang kakilima) to examine their socioeconomic characteristics based on indicators of human development. The study found that while the informal sector provides livelihoods for many, conditions are often poor with low incomes and productivity. Previous economic measures alone did not fully capture life in the informal sector. The growth of Bandung and economic crisis amplified urban poverty and unemployment, increasing the size of the informal sector.
Indian Women in the Labour Force
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
Reader, Centre for Women’s Studies
Department of Economics,
University of Mumbai, Kalina,
Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400098
E mail-vibhuti@vsnl.net Ph®-6770227
Ph(W)-6527956,57Ext.553,Fax-6528198
Statistical Profile of Women
• Women constitute ½ of the world’s population, 2/3 of the world’s labour force but get 1/10th of the world’s income and 1% of the world’s Wealth.
• As per 2001 Census, 23% of women are in the work force. 94% of all working women are in the informal sector.
Work participation rate
Major Findings of Time use Survey
– “Women carry a disproportionately greater burden of work than men and since women are responsible for a greater share of non-SNA
( system of National Accounts) work in the care economy , they enter labour market already overburdened with work.” Report of Gender Diagnosis and Budgeting in India of National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, NIPFP. December, 2001.
WORK PARTICIPATION RATES 1991
The Female Economic Activity Rate (FEAR)
Census of India, 2001, Series 1
Distribution of Women Employees Across Industries
Women in the organized Sector
Women constitute only 14% of the total employment in the organized sector. It is concentrated in Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
In the urban areas, FEAR in tertiary sector has increased, from 37.6 % in 1983 to 52.9 % in 1999. (Economic Survey, 2002, GOI).
Here, women workers and employees get relatively better wages, standard working hours, and the protection of labour laws.
Women in the Informal Sector
Factors Affecting Women’s Labour Force Participation
• Changes in age-structure, urbanisation, level & nature of economic development, infrastructure, government policies, labour laws, nature of work, structure of family, culture & tradition affecting autonomy and control, fertility levels and childbearing practices, nature of housework,women’s property rights, education, age at marriage, migration, access to technology.
Segmentation in the labour market
• Nature of wage differentials (WD)-for identical tasks women are paid less. And women are confined to relatively inferior tasks, casual work.
• Causes of WD-patriarchal attitude, myths
• Effects of WD- subordination of women, son preference, man is treated as a “bread winner”- Head of the Household (HoH)
Affirmative Action to remove
Wage Differential
*Legislative measures
*Equal Remuneration Act
*Formation of women’s union
*Constitutional guarantees
*Job reservation for women
*Self Help Groups(SHGs)
Demands of the Women’s Groups
Labour Legislations
Special Facilities for Women
Women and Trade Unions(T.U.)
Women’s Action Plan for T.U.s
Role of Human Rights Organisations
Women and Development Debate
Development Alternatives With Women
Human Development With Distributive Justice
Implications of Development Process on Women
Use of conservative ideology to retrench and lay off women
Women’s Challenges to the T.U.s
Role of the UN System-ILO, UNICEF
“Problems of Rural Farmer: A Case Study Based on the Lowphulabori Village und...iosrjce
Rural farmers account for the greater part of the population of any developing country such as India.
Government of the developing countries have major responsibility for ensuring that there is adequate rural
development in their various communities and local governments which would lead to effective and efficient
agricultural system, that will not only supply food and animal protein but also foster the utilization of natural
resources in a sustainable manner. When the rural farmers lack access to knowledge and information that
would help them achieve maximum agricultural yield, they will not only grope in the dark but will be driven to
the urban centers in search of formal employment.
In Assam over 70 percent of the state’s population relies on agriculture as farmers, as agricultural labours or
both for their livelihood. In terms of the state domestic product (SDP), the agriculture sector contributed over
19 per cent of the state income in 2010-11. We all know that majority of the people of Assam live in villages as
farmer. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the problems of rural farmers and to solve their problems, like
poverty, lack of knowledge about modern technology, illiteracy, lack of knowledge about market demandable
agricultural commodities, irrigation system, flood, drought etc. The present study attempts to investigate the
problems of rural farmers of the study area. For this both primary and secondary data have been used. Thirty
(30) S.T. villagers from Lawphulabori village were the sample of the study and they were selected through
random sampling method from the study area. For collecting data, a self prepared tool/questionnaire and
interview was used by investigators and analysis the data. The finding of the study reveals that there are so
many problems among the rural farmers of the Lowphulabori village
Harnessing the potentials of informal sector women for development in ghanaDr Lendy Spires
This study examines the role of women in Ghana's informal sector and argues for increased support. It finds that women dominate the major economic sectors like agriculture, services, and industry, but their contributions are often overlooked, hindering economic growth. The informal sector provides most employment in developing countries like Ghana, yet productivity is low due to lack of support. The study aims to understand women's roles and challenges in rural informal work and identify ways to better support the sector and promote long-term development.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on the national demographic goal of replacement fertility in India and the fertility dynamics of Kuki tribes in Manipur. The study found that the total fertility rate of Kuki tribes was 4.2 children per woman, far above the national goal of 2.1. Through logistic regression, the study identified four main factors causing failure to meet the national goal: low education levels of wives, increasing age of wives, early age at marriage of wives, and preference for male children resulting from families with two daughters being more likely to have a third birth. The national goal of replacement level fertility has thus not been achieved among the Kuki tribes due to socio-cultural factors like son preference and women's education and
Analysis of savings determinants among agro based firm workers in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed factors that influence savings among workers at agro-based firms in Nigeria using survey data from 250 workers across 5 firms.
2. The results found that income, taxes, job experience, education, family size, and social group membership influence workers' saving habits.
3. To promote savings, the study recommends policies that increase salaries, lower taxes over time, promote birth control, increase awareness of family planning programs, and encourage social groups among workers.
Pragmatic approaches to sustainable development through rural women empowerme...Alexander Decker
Rural women in Bangladesh face many obstacles to empowerment, including lack of access to education, early marriage, family restrictions, and economic hardship. Microcredit programs, participation in agriculture and poultry raising, and access to information and communication technologies can help empower rural women by increasing their involvement in economic activities and decision making. Future directions to further empower rural women include expanding microenterprises, providing skills training, strengthening women's leadership roles, and supporting family gardens and women's cooperatives.
Changing Livelihood Strategies Changing Labour Market ProspectsKeshab Giri
The lecture discussed changing livelihood strategies and labor market prospects from a gender perspective. It defined key terms like livelihood strategies and explored how they are dynamic and shaped by factors like policies, institutions, and access to resources. The lecture then examined how livelihoods are vulnerable to sudden changes and trends. It discussed how changes in livelihoods impact women disproportionately. The lecture also analyzed gender roles in livelihood strategies and sustainable development. Finally, it explored shifting labor market trends like globalization and women's participation being characterized by unpaid work, lower wages, and sectoral segregation. The reasons for fewer women in the workforce were summarized from structural, socio-cultural and feminist perspectives.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
The document discusses gender inequality and its impact on economies over time. It notes that in 1968, Romania instituted policies prohibiting contraceptives and abortion and promoting large families. This led to overpopulation without sufficient jobs or resources. By 1989, there were millions of children in orphanages and high poverty rates. In contrast, by 2011, countries that allowed birth control had lower unemployment rates, more land and resources per person, and stronger economies compared to Romania in 1968 prior to instituting birth control policies. The document argues that guaranteeing reproductive rights and gender equality leads to stronger and more productive economies.
Women’s labour is a rich and valuable resource for a country as it can significantly boost growth prospects and improve socio-economic conditions as also ensure better outcomes for the next generation. Therefore, enhancing women participation in the labour force is a critical endeavour for driving overall social and sustainable development.
Despite positive growth and development parameters in the last 20-25 years, India has experienced a continuous decline in its female labour force participation rate (FLFPR). The total FLFPR declined sharply from 42.7% in 2004-05 to 31.2% in 2011-12 which further declined to 27.4% in 2015-2016. In 2013, International Labour Organization (ILO) ranked India’s FLFPR at 121 out of 130 countries, one of the lowest in the world. India also secured a poor rank in the Global Gender Gap Report 2017 by World Economic Forum, where it was ranked 108 out of 144 economies.
The largest drop in FLFPR took place in rural areas and was specifically prominent in the working age group of 20-44 years. This is a major factor that is responsible for pulling down the overall FLFPR. On the other hand, the urban FLFPR which has been historically lower than the rural FLFPR, has fluctuated.
The document discusses poverty alleviation programs in India since economic reforms began in 1991. It outlines several key government programs aimed at reducing poverty, increasing employment opportunities, and improving infrastructure and access to services for vulnerable populations. While economic growth has reduced poverty rates, benefits have not been evenly distributed and some groups remain marginalized. The document argues poverty alleviation strategies must be better targeted to reach those still unable to participate in economic opportunities and should address both the economic and social dimensions of poverty.
The document summarizes a study on the role of the informal sector in poverty reduction and food security in Malawi. Key findings from the study include:
- Agriculture is the main livelihood for most respondents, with over 86.7% depending on own production for food.
- Income generating activities (IGAs) play an important role in supporting agricultural production by providing income to purchase household needs and farm inputs.
- The study recommends encouraging IGAs to sustain household food security and reduce poverty levels by supporting agricultural productivity.
Agriculture is one of the major sectors of Bangladesh. Involvement of both men and women are significant here. But the role of women remain unrecognized. Here ,the role of women has depicted.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
This document discusses the economic development of different regions over time and lessons that can be learned. It makes three key points:
1) Historically, Asian economies like China and India produced the majority of global GDP, but industrialization in Western Europe led to their economies growing much faster starting in the 18th century.
2) East Asian economies like China, South Korea and Japan experienced much faster economic growth over the past 50-60 years compared to South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Nepal.
3) Despite reductions in poverty rates, the total number of poor people in South Asia has actually increased due to high population growth. Sustained economic growth is needed to continue reducing both poverty rates and numbers
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Agriculture in Bihar: the latent sector of development inventionjournals
Bihar is the third most populous state in India with majority of its population depending on agriculture. Thus, agriculture yet forms the backbone of development. An average Indian still spends almost half of his/her total expenditure on food and roughly half of India’s work force is still engaged in agriculture for its livelihood. Being both a source of livelihood and food security for a vast majority of low income, poor and vulnerable sections of society, its performance assumes greater significance in view of the proposed National Food Security Bill and the ongoing Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. The experience from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African) countries indicates that a one percentage growth in agriculture is at least two to three times more effective in reducing poverty than the same growth emanating from non-agriculture sectors. Thus with proper thrust on technologies, institutional direction, farm level support services, all delivery mechanisms, improved farm infrastructure including rural connectivity , Bihar could be developed as a granary of India. It can also be developed as the major hub of fruits, vegetables, and fisheries for both national and global markets. The entire economic growth processes in Bihar depends on the dynamics of agriculture. There are successful experiments in different parts of the country, which if adopted, can provide an answer to various problems which Bihar is facing in its race to higher productivity levels. Bihar can then surely catch up with the present productivity levels of rice and wheat in Punjab and other cherished goals in maize, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and livestock production in the next few year Plans. The paper tries to prove that if agriculture is developed systematically then agriculture can be one of the major profit earning sectors for Bihar.
Despite being the 4th largest economy, India still faces significant development challenges. It has a population of over 1 billion people and large income inequality between states. Approximately 25% of the population lives below the poverty line, and problems like malnutrition and illiteracy remain issues. While economic reforms in the 1990s increased growth, over 200 million people of the lowest caste, called Dalits, still face discrimination and live in poor conditions. Overall India has made progress, but continued efforts are needed to address rural poverty and improve conditions for disadvantaged groups to achieve more balanced development across the country.
The role of private extension agencies in agricultural development of kaduna ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the role of the Leventis Foundation Agricultural Training School (LFATS) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that participants of LFATS were generally younger, more educated, and had less farming experience than non-participants. Participants reported receiving adequate training from LFATS in livestock production, crop production, and farm product processing. Statistical analysis revealed the crop yields of participants were significantly higher than those of non-participants, indicating the training from LFATS helped improve agricultural productivity. The study concluded LFATS plays an important role in agricultural advancement and youth empowerment in Kaduna State. It was recommended that other organizations collaborate with LFATS to improve access to agricultural inputs for participants.
Strategies to Enhance Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Production Enterpri...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine strategies to enhance youth involvement in agricultural production enterprises in Benue State, Nigeria. The study identified factors inhibiting youth participation and proposed strategies to enhance participation. A questionnaire was administered to 258 youths and 142 agricultural extension agents. The results showed that all 13 items surveyed were inhibiting factors, and all 17 proposed strategies were accepted as ways to enhance youth participation in agricultural enterprises, such as providing loans and linking agriculture to social media. The study recommended mentoring and encouraging youths through various strategies to boost involvement in agricultural production and employment.
Indian Women in the Labour Force
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
Reader, Centre for Women’s Studies
Department of Economics,
University of Mumbai, Kalina,
Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400098
E mail-vibhuti@vsnl.net Ph®-6770227
Ph(W)-6527956,57Ext.553,Fax-6528198
Statistical Profile of Women
• Women constitute ½ of the world’s population, 2/3 of the world’s labour force but get 1/10th of the world’s income and 1% of the world’s Wealth.
• As per 2001 Census, 23% of women are in the work force. 94% of all working women are in the informal sector.
Work participation rate
Major Findings of Time use Survey
– “Women carry a disproportionately greater burden of work than men and since women are responsible for a greater share of non-SNA
( system of National Accounts) work in the care economy , they enter labour market already overburdened with work.” Report of Gender Diagnosis and Budgeting in India of National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, NIPFP. December, 2001.
WORK PARTICIPATION RATES 1991
The Female Economic Activity Rate (FEAR)
Census of India, 2001, Series 1
Distribution of Women Employees Across Industries
Women in the organized Sector
Women constitute only 14% of the total employment in the organized sector. It is concentrated in Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
In the urban areas, FEAR in tertiary sector has increased, from 37.6 % in 1983 to 52.9 % in 1999. (Economic Survey, 2002, GOI).
Here, women workers and employees get relatively better wages, standard working hours, and the protection of labour laws.
Women in the Informal Sector
Factors Affecting Women’s Labour Force Participation
• Changes in age-structure, urbanisation, level & nature of economic development, infrastructure, government policies, labour laws, nature of work, structure of family, culture & tradition affecting autonomy and control, fertility levels and childbearing practices, nature of housework,women’s property rights, education, age at marriage, migration, access to technology.
Segmentation in the labour market
• Nature of wage differentials (WD)-for identical tasks women are paid less. And women are confined to relatively inferior tasks, casual work.
• Causes of WD-patriarchal attitude, myths
• Effects of WD- subordination of women, son preference, man is treated as a “bread winner”- Head of the Household (HoH)
Affirmative Action to remove
Wage Differential
*Legislative measures
*Equal Remuneration Act
*Formation of women’s union
*Constitutional guarantees
*Job reservation for women
*Self Help Groups(SHGs)
Demands of the Women’s Groups
Labour Legislations
Special Facilities for Women
Women and Trade Unions(T.U.)
Women’s Action Plan for T.U.s
Role of Human Rights Organisations
Women and Development Debate
Development Alternatives With Women
Human Development With Distributive Justice
Implications of Development Process on Women
Use of conservative ideology to retrench and lay off women
Women’s Challenges to the T.U.s
Role of the UN System-ILO, UNICEF
“Problems of Rural Farmer: A Case Study Based on the Lowphulabori Village und...iosrjce
Rural farmers account for the greater part of the population of any developing country such as India.
Government of the developing countries have major responsibility for ensuring that there is adequate rural
development in their various communities and local governments which would lead to effective and efficient
agricultural system, that will not only supply food and animal protein but also foster the utilization of natural
resources in a sustainable manner. When the rural farmers lack access to knowledge and information that
would help them achieve maximum agricultural yield, they will not only grope in the dark but will be driven to
the urban centers in search of formal employment.
In Assam over 70 percent of the state’s population relies on agriculture as farmers, as agricultural labours or
both for their livelihood. In terms of the state domestic product (SDP), the agriculture sector contributed over
19 per cent of the state income in 2010-11. We all know that majority of the people of Assam live in villages as
farmer. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the problems of rural farmers and to solve their problems, like
poverty, lack of knowledge about modern technology, illiteracy, lack of knowledge about market demandable
agricultural commodities, irrigation system, flood, drought etc. The present study attempts to investigate the
problems of rural farmers of the study area. For this both primary and secondary data have been used. Thirty
(30) S.T. villagers from Lawphulabori village were the sample of the study and they were selected through
random sampling method from the study area. For collecting data, a self prepared tool/questionnaire and
interview was used by investigators and analysis the data. The finding of the study reveals that there are so
many problems among the rural farmers of the Lowphulabori village
Harnessing the potentials of informal sector women for development in ghanaDr Lendy Spires
This study examines the role of women in Ghana's informal sector and argues for increased support. It finds that women dominate the major economic sectors like agriculture, services, and industry, but their contributions are often overlooked, hindering economic growth. The informal sector provides most employment in developing countries like Ghana, yet productivity is low due to lack of support. The study aims to understand women's roles and challenges in rural informal work and identify ways to better support the sector and promote long-term development.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on the national demographic goal of replacement fertility in India and the fertility dynamics of Kuki tribes in Manipur. The study found that the total fertility rate of Kuki tribes was 4.2 children per woman, far above the national goal of 2.1. Through logistic regression, the study identified four main factors causing failure to meet the national goal: low education levels of wives, increasing age of wives, early age at marriage of wives, and preference for male children resulting from families with two daughters being more likely to have a third birth. The national goal of replacement level fertility has thus not been achieved among the Kuki tribes due to socio-cultural factors like son preference and women's education and
Analysis of savings determinants among agro based firm workers in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed factors that influence savings among workers at agro-based firms in Nigeria using survey data from 250 workers across 5 firms.
2. The results found that income, taxes, job experience, education, family size, and social group membership influence workers' saving habits.
3. To promote savings, the study recommends policies that increase salaries, lower taxes over time, promote birth control, increase awareness of family planning programs, and encourage social groups among workers.
Pragmatic approaches to sustainable development through rural women empowerme...Alexander Decker
Rural women in Bangladesh face many obstacles to empowerment, including lack of access to education, early marriage, family restrictions, and economic hardship. Microcredit programs, participation in agriculture and poultry raising, and access to information and communication technologies can help empower rural women by increasing their involvement in economic activities and decision making. Future directions to further empower rural women include expanding microenterprises, providing skills training, strengthening women's leadership roles, and supporting family gardens and women's cooperatives.
Changing Livelihood Strategies Changing Labour Market ProspectsKeshab Giri
The lecture discussed changing livelihood strategies and labor market prospects from a gender perspective. It defined key terms like livelihood strategies and explored how they are dynamic and shaped by factors like policies, institutions, and access to resources. The lecture then examined how livelihoods are vulnerable to sudden changes and trends. It discussed how changes in livelihoods impact women disproportionately. The lecture also analyzed gender roles in livelihood strategies and sustainable development. Finally, it explored shifting labor market trends like globalization and women's participation being characterized by unpaid work, lower wages, and sectoral segregation. The reasons for fewer women in the workforce were summarized from structural, socio-cultural and feminist perspectives.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
The document discusses gender inequality and its impact on economies over time. It notes that in 1968, Romania instituted policies prohibiting contraceptives and abortion and promoting large families. This led to overpopulation without sufficient jobs or resources. By 1989, there were millions of children in orphanages and high poverty rates. In contrast, by 2011, countries that allowed birth control had lower unemployment rates, more land and resources per person, and stronger economies compared to Romania in 1968 prior to instituting birth control policies. The document argues that guaranteeing reproductive rights and gender equality leads to stronger and more productive economies.
Women’s labour is a rich and valuable resource for a country as it can significantly boost growth prospects and improve socio-economic conditions as also ensure better outcomes for the next generation. Therefore, enhancing women participation in the labour force is a critical endeavour for driving overall social and sustainable development.
Despite positive growth and development parameters in the last 20-25 years, India has experienced a continuous decline in its female labour force participation rate (FLFPR). The total FLFPR declined sharply from 42.7% in 2004-05 to 31.2% in 2011-12 which further declined to 27.4% in 2015-2016. In 2013, International Labour Organization (ILO) ranked India’s FLFPR at 121 out of 130 countries, one of the lowest in the world. India also secured a poor rank in the Global Gender Gap Report 2017 by World Economic Forum, where it was ranked 108 out of 144 economies.
The largest drop in FLFPR took place in rural areas and was specifically prominent in the working age group of 20-44 years. This is a major factor that is responsible for pulling down the overall FLFPR. On the other hand, the urban FLFPR which has been historically lower than the rural FLFPR, has fluctuated.
The document discusses poverty alleviation programs in India since economic reforms began in 1991. It outlines several key government programs aimed at reducing poverty, increasing employment opportunities, and improving infrastructure and access to services for vulnerable populations. While economic growth has reduced poverty rates, benefits have not been evenly distributed and some groups remain marginalized. The document argues poverty alleviation strategies must be better targeted to reach those still unable to participate in economic opportunities and should address both the economic and social dimensions of poverty.
The document summarizes a study on the role of the informal sector in poverty reduction and food security in Malawi. Key findings from the study include:
- Agriculture is the main livelihood for most respondents, with over 86.7% depending on own production for food.
- Income generating activities (IGAs) play an important role in supporting agricultural production by providing income to purchase household needs and farm inputs.
- The study recommends encouraging IGAs to sustain household food security and reduce poverty levels by supporting agricultural productivity.
Agriculture is one of the major sectors of Bangladesh. Involvement of both men and women are significant here. But the role of women remain unrecognized. Here ,the role of women has depicted.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
This document discusses the economic development of different regions over time and lessons that can be learned. It makes three key points:
1) Historically, Asian economies like China and India produced the majority of global GDP, but industrialization in Western Europe led to their economies growing much faster starting in the 18th century.
2) East Asian economies like China, South Korea and Japan experienced much faster economic growth over the past 50-60 years compared to South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Nepal.
3) Despite reductions in poverty rates, the total number of poor people in South Asia has actually increased due to high population growth. Sustained economic growth is needed to continue reducing both poverty rates and numbers
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Agriculture in Bihar: the latent sector of development inventionjournals
Bihar is the third most populous state in India with majority of its population depending on agriculture. Thus, agriculture yet forms the backbone of development. An average Indian still spends almost half of his/her total expenditure on food and roughly half of India’s work force is still engaged in agriculture for its livelihood. Being both a source of livelihood and food security for a vast majority of low income, poor and vulnerable sections of society, its performance assumes greater significance in view of the proposed National Food Security Bill and the ongoing Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. The experience from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African) countries indicates that a one percentage growth in agriculture is at least two to three times more effective in reducing poverty than the same growth emanating from non-agriculture sectors. Thus with proper thrust on technologies, institutional direction, farm level support services, all delivery mechanisms, improved farm infrastructure including rural connectivity , Bihar could be developed as a granary of India. It can also be developed as the major hub of fruits, vegetables, and fisheries for both national and global markets. The entire economic growth processes in Bihar depends on the dynamics of agriculture. There are successful experiments in different parts of the country, which if adopted, can provide an answer to various problems which Bihar is facing in its race to higher productivity levels. Bihar can then surely catch up with the present productivity levels of rice and wheat in Punjab and other cherished goals in maize, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and livestock production in the next few year Plans. The paper tries to prove that if agriculture is developed systematically then agriculture can be one of the major profit earning sectors for Bihar.
Despite being the 4th largest economy, India still faces significant development challenges. It has a population of over 1 billion people and large income inequality between states. Approximately 25% of the population lives below the poverty line, and problems like malnutrition and illiteracy remain issues. While economic reforms in the 1990s increased growth, over 200 million people of the lowest caste, called Dalits, still face discrimination and live in poor conditions. Overall India has made progress, but continued efforts are needed to address rural poverty and improve conditions for disadvantaged groups to achieve more balanced development across the country.
The role of private extension agencies in agricultural development of kaduna ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the role of the Leventis Foundation Agricultural Training School (LFATS) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that participants of LFATS were generally younger, more educated, and had less farming experience than non-participants. Participants reported receiving adequate training from LFATS in livestock production, crop production, and farm product processing. Statistical analysis revealed the crop yields of participants were significantly higher than those of non-participants, indicating the training from LFATS helped improve agricultural productivity. The study concluded LFATS plays an important role in agricultural advancement and youth empowerment in Kaduna State. It was recommended that other organizations collaborate with LFATS to improve access to agricultural inputs for participants.
Strategies to Enhance Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Production Enterpri...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine strategies to enhance youth involvement in agricultural production enterprises in Benue State, Nigeria. The study identified factors inhibiting youth participation and proposed strategies to enhance participation. A questionnaire was administered to 258 youths and 142 agricultural extension agents. The results showed that all 13 items surveyed were inhibiting factors, and all 17 proposed strategies were accepted as ways to enhance youth participation in agricultural enterprises, such as providing loans and linking agriculture to social media. The study recommended mentoring and encouraging youths through various strategies to boost involvement in agricultural production and employment.
YOUNG PEOPLE AND CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURE: AN OVERVIEW OF UNDERGRADUATE STUD...IAEME Publication
Young people who have the strength required to take up agriculture shy-away
from the work, leaving it to an ageing and dying population of old farmers, the
continuation of this will force us to wonder what the fate of agriculture would be in
Nigeria. Agricultural development specialists and policymakers around the world are
concerned with the fact that young people are not interested in agriculture, as
agriculture is very crucial to the current economic status of Nigeria. A sample of 384
respondents from the population was drawn using multistage sampling method and 40
in-depth interviews. Five research questions were raised in the study and two
hypotheses were generated and tested (at 0.05 level of significance) using the chisquare inferential statistical method. Data were collected using a well-structured
questionnaire; the research design was a descriptive survey. While the theories used
for this research are the social exchange and rational choice theory. The major
finding of the research showed there is no significant relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of young people and their level of involvement in farm
practice, while there was a significant relationship between the benefits attached to
farm practice and the level of students’ involvement.
Effects of non wood forest products on rural household inAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) on rural households in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Majority of respondents were between 30-59 years old, married, had 6-15 years experience collecting NWFPs, and low levels of education. Household sizes were typically 1-5 people.
- The most common NWFPs available were bush meat, herbs, snails, and wild honey.
- NWFPs had favorable effects on households including eating quality food, having cash income, joining organizations, and discovering new marketing channels.
- Most common NWFP-based economic activities were collecting and marketing NW
Family income among small scale farmers a panacea for household food security...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of family income on household food security among small-scale farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that over half (53.3%) of the 105 respondents surveyed were food insecure. Most respondents were middle-aged (31-50 years old), married, and had received some education. Significant relationships existed between sources of income and respondents' age, years of schooling, farming experience, and income level. The study concluded more than half of households in the area were food insecure and recommended the government subsidize agricultural inputs and encourage farmer cooperatives to improve access to credit and income.
Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of income from pineapple production in Imo State, Nigeria. 120 pineapple farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Key findings include:
- The average age of farmers was 47 years, most had secondary education, and the average household size was 5.68 people.
- The average farm income was 81,810 Naira ($545) per year. The average farm size was 1.41 hectares.
- Regression analysis found that household size, farm income, extension services, education, farm size, and cooperative membership significantly influenced income levels.
- Farmers cited inadequate capital, storage, and processing facilities as key challenges to pineapple production. The
Perceived Effect of Semi-Intensive system of Cattle Rearing on the Dwellers o...AI Publications
The study assessed the perceived effect of semi-intensive system of cattle rearing on the Dwellers of Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state. The study objectives examined were the socio-economic characteristics of the dwellers, the coping strategy and the benefit derived from semi-intensive system of cattle rearing in the study area. A well-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data through a multi stage sampling procedure to select a sample of 104 respondents for the study. The data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) to draw inferences between variables of the hypotheses. The results showed that about 53.8% of the respondents were females between the ages of 31- 40 years and are married. Christianity and Islam were practiced at 47.1% and about 37.5% of the respondents had adult education with household size of 5-8 (48.1%). Majority of the respondents (74.0%) practiced farming as their major occupation with about 43.3% of them having trading as other means of livelihood. The invasion of farmland by cattle, destruction of heap, ridges and farm produce, unnecessary defecation and urine causing cholera and water pollution from semi-intensive system of cattle rearing was perceived to have high effect on the dwellers in the study area. The coping strategies of the dwellers with semi-intensive system of rearing cattle occasionally adopted were provision of credit facilities for the construction of large fenced grazing land, security implementation, proper environmental sanitation, and fully implementation of intensive system by the dwellers and organization of committee on disputes settlement. The chi-square analysis indicated that age, marital status, religion, level of education, household size and major occupation were significantly associated with the perceived effect of semi-intensive system of cattle rearing on the dwellers in the study area (p ≤ 0.05), whereas the PPMC analysis revealed that the perceived effect of semi-intensive system cattle rearing had no significant relationship with the benefit of system of cattle rearing on the dwellers (r=0.114, p>0.05). The study therefore recommended that policies that aimed at improving on environmental sanitation programme to ensure disease free environment should be introduced by the government. The cattle rearers should also ensure proper monitoring of their animals in order to establish a healthy relationship amongst the people of Akinyele community.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibadan/ Ibarapa East area of Oyo st...AI Publications
Dairy production and industry is still at its lowest ebb in sub Saharan Africa. Government and farmers are yet to invest into the dynamic and viable (dairy) industry. The study tries to investigate the livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibarapa East area, Oyo state of Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to elicit information from 225 dairy farmers purposively selected with the assistance of extension agents. Parameters measured included livelihood enterprises, % income on household livelihood, record of sales, and seasonality. Qualitative and quantitative data collected were transcribed into Microsoft Excel the Feed Assessment Tool (FEAST) Excel macro program and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The % income from livelihood enterprises identified were 11.10, 40.20, 34.00, 8.10, 4.00 and 2.60 for remittance, livestock, crop, labour, business and others, respectively. The average number and live weight (Kg) of bull sold over the past 3 years were 300.67±10.89 and 180.23±17.72, respectively while cows were 50.56 ± 6.34 and 200.85 ±19.89, respectively. The total average milk yield (liters/day) ranged 180.67±7.23 to 240.26±9.34 at February and July, respectively. The average price received for milk (₦/liters) ranged 150.63±3.67 to 170.82±3.67, at January and September, respectively. The average amount of milk retained for household use (liters/day) ranged 5.28±1.78 to 8.78 ±2.86 at December and September, respectively. Seasons affects price and quantity of milk and farmers rarely sell cows. Dairy animals can sustain household income and livelihood if there is organized dairy value chain at the system level.
11. nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 151 households. A probit model is used to analyze factors influencing participation in nonfarm employment. The study finds that land size, age, family size, special skills, electricity access, credit access, distance to market, and irrigation access are key determinants. A Heckman selection model is then used to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on food security. The results indicate that nonfarm income enables households to spend more on basic needs like food, education, clothing, and healthcare, and thus nonfarm employment plays a significant role in maintaining household food security.
Nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study's objectives and methods.
The introduction provides context on Ethiopia's dependence on agriculture and food insecurity problems. It describes Eastern Tigrai zone as particularly food insecure due to environmental and agricultural challenges. The study aims to investigate if nonfarm employment can help address this issue.
The literature review discusses research showing nonfarm income contributes substantially to rural livelihoods and can reduce poverty and improve food security. However, participation is often constrained by lack of assets. The study will examine nonfarm income's role in household food security in Eastern T
Influence of Gender Bias on Ownership of Farmlands and Access to Credit Facil...ijtsrd
This study was carried out to determine the influence of gender bias on ownership of farmlands and opportunities to access credit facilities by agricultural cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The population of the study was the 48,552 members of the 2,856 registered agricultural cooperative societies in the State. A sample size of 397 was determined using the Taro Yamane formula and this sample was distributed proportionately among the 21 Local Government Areas in the State. The instrument of data collection was a structured questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were personally administered to the respondents and collected back by the researcher thus ensuring 100 return. Two research hypotheses were developed to guide the study. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The key findings were as follows gender bias has significant influence on ownership and use of farmlands but has no significant influence on access to and quantum of credit facilities. It is, therefore, recommended that Government and other relevant bodies should ensure - by enlightenment, incentives and policy directives - that women farmers have equal access to land as their men counterparts and encourage women farmers to join cooperative societies and take full advantage of their membership of cooperative societies to have access to and make use of farm production resources. Moore, N. C. | Moore, C. S. | Nwankwo, F. O. "Influence of Gender Bias on Ownership of Farmlands and Access to Credit Facilities among Agricultural Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49363.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/49363/influence-of-gender-bias-on-ownership-of-farmlands-and-access-to-credit-facilities-among-agricultural-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state-nigeria/moore-n-c
Risk aversion among farmers of the national program for food security in imo ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between socioeconomic factors and risk aversion among farmers participating in Nigeria's National Program for Food Security in Imo State. The study found that the average farmer was 56 years old, had 10 years of education, a household size of 9 people, and 29 years of farming experience. Most farmers exhibited risk averse behavior. Farm size, contact with extension agents, available capital, and farm income influenced farmers' risk coefficients. The document concludes that understanding farmers' risk attitudes is important for ensuring the success of rural development programs.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
Contributions of cooperative movement to alleviation of poverty among rural w...Alexander Decker
This study examines the impact of cooperative movements on poverty alleviation among rural women in Oriade Local Government, Nigeria. Data was collected through questionnaires administered to 200 women. The study found that cooperative membership significantly reduced poverty by allowing women to access loans to invest in businesses and purchase assets. However, some women did not reduce poverty as they did not use loans for productive purposes like asset acquisition. Overall, the study concludes that cooperative movements play a key role in improving the livelihoods of rural communities by providing access to financial resources. It recommends that cooperatives encourage members to invest loan proceeds in assets rather than just consumption.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
Similar to Assessment of Youth Involvement in Livestock Farming as a Career in Oluyole Local Government, Ibadan (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
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Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
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Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
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Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
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In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
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The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
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Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Assessment of Youth Involvement in Livestock Farming as a Career in Oluyole Local Government, Ibadan
1. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
[Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019]
ISSN:2456-8791
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2
www.aipublications.com/ijfaf Page | 146
OpenAccess
Assessment of Youth Involvement in Livestock
Farming as a Career in Oluyole Local
Government, Ibadan
Oyelami, B.A.1 and Ajanaku, A. O.2
1
Federal College of Forest Recourses Management, Sakpoba, Benin, Nigeria.
2
Federal College of Forestry, Jericho, Ibadan. Oyo state, Nigeria.
oyebusayomi@gmail.com, +234 806 5814 642
Abstract— This study investigated the involvement of youths in livestock farming as a career in Oluyole Local
Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. We specifically determined the Socio-economic characteristics ofthe youth in
the study area and ascertained their level of involvement in livestock farming as we analyzed the constraints to
livestock farming as affecting the youth involvement in livestock farming. We also tested if there is significant
relationship between selected Socio-economic characteristics and as well as constraints facing youth involvement in
livestock farming as career in the study area. There are 10 wards in the local government out of which four were
randomly selected with two villages selected from each of the four wards. Fifteen young farmers were randomly
selected from each village to make a total of 120 respondents for the study. While 120 questionnaires were
administered only 86 were retrieved. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, chi-square and
Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC). The result revealed that majority (58.1%) of the respondent were
between 18-29 years, 65.1% were single with minimum of tertiary education (64%).A good number of them (27.9%)
were managers with about 51.2% engaging in poultry farming. Chi-square analysis revealed that there is a
significant (p<0.05) relationship between the sources of income and some selected socioeconomic characteristics
with P-value of 0.011 and x2
= 1.987. sources of income also significantly (p<0.05)affect the involvement of
respondents in livestock farming in the study area. The study therefore concluded that inadequate capital and
infrastructures constitute the major constraints to youths’ involvement in livestock farming as career. Government
should therefore ensure availability of loan facilities as well as enable environment to encourage youths to venture
more into livestock farming in the study area.
Keywords— Livestock, farming, youth, involvement, career.
I. INTRODUCTION
The World Bank (2001) noted that majority of the world
population consists of young people with three quarters of
them living in the rural areas. Silva et al, 2009
recommended that youth can be referred to as those whose
age range from 15-40 years old based on a number of
factors deemed fit in terms of their materiality, ability to
think positively, or a risk taker. According to the National
Population Census (NPC, 2006), youth constitute over 62
percent of the total population of Nigeria, out of which over
50 percent resides in the rural areas. Adesope in Matthews-
Njoku and Ajaero (2007) noted that youths represent the
most active segment of the population and the engine that
would do most productive work of the society. Youths play
vital role in producing various agricultural products such as
palm oil, garri, yam, and so on.
Youth involvement in livestock production implies the
participation of the young people (13−30years) of age in a
community, organization or given society in a given activity
(such as agriculture). Such people live in the rural
communities where the nation’s agricultural products are
generated from. The agricultural economy of the nation is
dependent upon the vast majority of such agrarian groups.
Nigerian rural communities are endowed with youths
between the ages of 13 and 30 who are highly energetic,
strong, and mentally alert and who constitute more than
2. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
[Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019]
ISSN:2456-8791
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2
www.aipublications.com/ijfaf Page | 147
OpenAccess
32% of the rural population which is nearly 45% of the
country’s population (Torimiro, 1999). Most of these
youths are unemployed, and even those employed are not
motivated because of low remuneration, insecurity and low
prospects for advancement.
Livestock production such as rearing of cattle, pigs, rabbit
and poultry is now on increasing trends. Chicken, pigs and
rabbit is common to the southern part of Nigeria while
cattle production is vast in the northern part of Nigeria
according to Nori et al., (2005). The asset base of this tribe
of Nigerians is basically on number of cattle own by each
household on a relatively lower scale of production and as
major source of livelihood. To the few who keep them, the
livestock is taken as a source of security and independence
through which each household member is able to meet their
cultural obligations and assignment within the household
(Sodiya, 2005).
The concern about youth involvement in agriculture
especially cattle rearing borders on their abundant physical
energies as well as greater knowledge acquisition
propensity they possess (Torimiro, 2008; Jibowo, 1989) and
that they are the future of the nation. These youths could
form a formidable human resource - base or work force for
agricultural production.
With specific reference to livestock production, Nigerian
youths have shown negative attitudes towards livestock
production among other segments of agriculture because
they see it as labor intensive, long time investment,
providing slow and low income opportunities and
unattractive (Erebor, 2003). Other factors often given for
the non – participation of youths in livestock agriculture
include mass illiteracy, unstable government policies, lack
of incentives, negative peer pressure effect and poor
infrastructural state of the farming communities (Siyanbola,
2005). The mass unemployment among the youths in
Nigeria has linked to their negligence of agriculture in
search for a white collar job.
The role of government in encouraging and motivating the
youth in participating in agricultural production is
inconsistent which has affects their trust in government
policies. The irregular supply of farm implements and land
acquisition for modern livestock production are major
problem affecting youth participation in livestock
production in Nigeria (Adebayo et al., 2006).
General objectives of this study was to assess the
involvement of youths in livestock farming as career and to
see what factors are responsible for their involvements in
livestock farming in the study area. However, we
specifically determined the Socio-economic characteristics
of the youth in the study area, ascertained the level of their
involvement in livestock farming and analyzed the
constraints to livestock farming as affecting the youth
involvement in livestock farming.
We also tested if there is significant relationship between
selected Socio-economic characteristics and as well as
constraints facing livestock farming and youth involvement
in livestock farming as career in the study area.
Apart from migration of youths from the rural to urban
areas the farming population is becoming aging and needs
replacement. Hence, it is important to access the level of
involvement of youths in livestock generally and how
prepared are the youth to take over from the retiring adults.
Current changes in the development of any area is so
demanding that only the participation of energetic, creative,
innovative and committed people can bring effective
development. However, there is visible and enough
evidence as reflected in the increased rural – urban
migration records, massive involvement of Nigerian youths
in motor cycle riding (both in the villages and in the cities),
social vices, even prostitution and so on among youths,
which are indicators (Arowoloet al.,) that the vibrant
energies and alacrity of these teaming youths are not
adequately harnessed and tapped for agricultural
production. Therefore there is a need to study involvement
of youth in livestock farming such as cattle, goat, pigs,
rabbit and poultry production as this will help in the policy
making and adequate assessment of possible rate of growth
in agriculture and more importantly livestock farming.
II. METHODOLOGY
The study was carried out in Oluyole Local Government
Area of Oyo State. It is one of the less city Local
Government in Ibadan land and share boundary with Ibadan
South East, Ibadan South West, Ido and OnaAra Local
Government areas within Ibadan Metropolis. In the
hinterland, it also boards Ogun state via Obafemi, Owode,
Odeda, and Ijebu North Local Government respectively.
Oluyole local government with an area of 629 km2 and a
population of 202,725 (NPC, 2006), with its headquarter at
Idi Ayunre.
The population considered for the study consists of young
farmers involved in livestock farming in Oluyole local
government of Oyo State. There are 10 wards in the local
government out of which four were randomly selected with
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two villages selected from each of the four wards. Fifteen
young farmers were randomly selected from each village to
make a total of 120 respondents for the study.
Data were collected with the aid of well structured
questionnaire administered in the form of interview,
especially to get information from the non-literate
respondents. Data collected were analyzed using simple
frequency distribution methods while chi square was used
to estimate the significance of relationship between the
dependent and independent variables. PPMC was used to
ascertain the correlation between youth involvement in
livestock farming and constraints facing livestock farming
in the study area.
Chi-square model
⨉² = ∑)O -E (
E
⨉² = Chi-Square.
∑ = Summation of the value
O = Observed value
E = Expected value
Pearson product moment correlation model
P = ∑ (x) (y)
√∑⨉² ∑ϒ²
P = Pearson product moment correlation
∑ = Summation of the frequency
⨉ = X – x
Y = Y – y
X = mean of the frequency
Y = mean of the frequency
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Socioeconomic characteristicsofthe Respondents
Variable Frequency (n=86) Percentage (%)
Gender
Male 50 58.1
Female 36 41.9
AGE
18-29 61 70.9
30-39 12 14.0
40 and above 13 15.1
MARITAL STATUS
Single 56 65.1
Married 26 30.2
Divorce 1 1.2
Widow 2 2.3
Separated 1 1.2
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
No formal Education 11 12.8
Primary Education 13 15.1
Secondary Education 7 8.1
Tertiary Education 55 64.0
RESIDENCE
Rural 27 31.4
Urban 59 68.6
LIVESTOCK TYPES
Rabbit 8 9.3
Goat 22 25.6
Poultry 44 51.2
Cattle 1 1.2
Sheep 6 7.0
Pig 3 3.5
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Fish 2 2.3
SOURCE OF INCOME
Primary 44 51.2
Secondary 42 48.8
POSITION OCCUPY
Causal 11 12.8
Attendant 18 20.9
Foreman 6 7.0
Supervisor 4 4.7
Consultant 10 11.6
Manager 24 27.9
Owner 13 15.1
Source: Field Survey, 2016.
The socio economic characteristics of the respondents are
presented in Table 1 above. The study shows that more
male (58.1%) among the respondents engage in livestock
probably because livestock farming demands physical
energy application especially in areas of feeding, stocking,
vaccinating, castrating, dipping, debeaking, delousing,
culling, medicating and other management activities. This is
in agreement with the previous finding by Arowolo et al.,
(2013) who reported more male involvement in cattle
rearing activities. However, the involvement of female
(41.9%) in the study area is an indication that more females
are now engaging in livestock activities than before.
Majority of the respondents are between ages 18-29 years
(58.1%) followed by 30-39 years (14%) while respondents
between ages of 40 years and above had just 15.1%. The
result shows that above 80% of the respondents are within
their productive ages, hence they have the advantages of
strength and ability for farming activities. This is in
agreement with the findings of Oyelami et al., (2017) and
Okeke et al., (2018) who reported above 60% of livestock
farmers to be in their productive age. This group of people
is energetic and active. Meanwhile less than 16% of the
respondents are above 40 years of age. This age group is
also of great importance in the sector for their experience
and skill in the business of livestock farming.
The majority of the respondents were single (65.1%) while
others are either married, divorced, widow or separated at
30.2%, 1.2%, 2.3%, and 1.2% respectively. This indicates
that single people were more involved in livestock
production in order to develop stable source of income and
improve their standard of living. The higher percentage of
single respondents agrees with earlier findings by Jibowo
(1989) who reported that the higher percentage of farming
populace is made up of either single or married people.
The result of study (table 1) shows that most of the
respondents in the study area have tertiary education
(64.0%), while Primary education, no formal education and
secondary education constitute 15.1%, 12.8% and 8.1%
respectively. The proportion of livestock farmers that had
secondary to tertiary education is higher in the study area,
this is an indication that majority of livestock farmers in the
study area will found it easy to adopt new agricultural
innovations and access high breeds of livestock animals this
confirms the report of Aphunu and Akpobasa 2010.
On the livestock type, table 1 shows that livestock farmers
in the study area involve more in poultry (51.2%) while
other livestock such as rabbit, goat, cattle, sheep, pig, fish
constitute a percentage of about 9.3%, 25.6%, 1.2%, 7.6%,
3.5%, 2.3% respectively. Table 1 also reveals that majority
(51%) of the respondents depend on livestock production as
primary source of income while the rest (48.8%) only use it
as their secondary source of income.
Table 2: Youth involvement in livestock farming as a career in the study area
Variable No Yes
Primary source income 15(17.4) 71(82.6)
Secondary source income 32(37.2) 54(62.8)
Owners 34(39.5) 52(60.5)
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Attendants 32(37.2) 54(62.8)
Managerial level 34(39.5) 52(60.5)
Casual worker 46(53.5) 40(46.5)
Involved in decision making 38(44.2) 48(55.8)
involved in major decision making 43(50.0) 43(50.0)
Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages are in parentheses
Table 2 shows youth involvement in livestock farming as a
career, it is noted that a good portion of the youth engage in
livestock farming as their primary source of income
(82.6%) while (60.5%) engage in livestock as the owner.
Working on livestock farms at the attendant level (62.8%),
managerial level (60.5%) and at casual level (46.5%) were
also significant. While (55.8%) are those that were not
involve in decision making process in livestock farming.
This shows that youth involve in livestock production as a
career than any other career in the study area and they are
involved at significant area. This agrees with the report of
Ogbosuka et al., (2003) who reported that youth and women
are actively involved in livestock production.
Table 3: Constraintsthat Affect Youth Involvement in Livestock Farming
Variable Severe Mild Not A Constraint
Lack of Capital 55(64.0) 25(29.1) 6(7.0)
Low return from business 25(29.1) 45(52.3) 16(18.6)
Return time in business 32(37.2) 40(46.5) 14(16.3)
Seasonality of business 37(43.0) 26(30.2) 23(26.7)
High risk in business 50(58.1) 27(31.4) 9(10.5)
Business nature 42(48.8) 31(36.0) 13(15.1)
Rural location of the business 24(27.9) 43(50.0) 19(22.1)
Inadequate infrastructure 47(54.7) 25(29.1) 14(16.3)
Poor Market structure in business 39(45.3) 39(45.3) 8(9.3)
Inadequate modern equipment 34(39.50 43(50.0) 9(10.5)
Poor government policy 40(46.5) 32(37.2) 14(16.3)
Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages ar in parentheses
The result in table 3 shows that perceived constraints to
livestock farming which affects youth involvement in
livestock farming as a career in the study are always
noticeable ones such as inadequate capital to start a business
(Finance) which has always been the major problem in
Nigeria and 64% of the population (respondents) attested to
this. Next to it is the seasonality of the business which
receives majority nod of 43% population of the respondents
which has also be a serious and major constraints faced by
youths farmers in the study area from the early report
(Arowolo et al., 2013).
Poor government policy in the business is also one of the
serious problems faced, as 46.5% believes in that, whereas
58.1%, 54.7% and 45.3% believes that High Risk,
inadequate infrastructure and Market structure respectively
are also serious constraints as well as nature of the business
48.8%. Low return, return time, rural location, lack of
modern equipment are all seen as a mild constraints which
has a percentage population of 52.3%, 46.5%, 50% and
50% respectively. This result is in agreement with the
finding of Aphunu and Akpobasa who reported inadequate
infrastructure in the rural area as one of constraint to
youths’ involvement in agricultural activities in Sapele local
government.
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Table 4: Youths Involvement in Livestock farming Management
Variable Never Rarely Always
Feeding of livestock 3(3.5) 24(27.9) 59(68.6)
Production of livestock 20(23.3) 33(38.4) 33(38.4)
Treatment of livestock 10(11.6) 40(46.5) 36(41.9)
Purchasing of livestock 9(10.5) 40(46.5) 37(43.0)
Hiring of labor 29(33.7) 39(45.3) 18(20.9)
Sales of produce 7(8.1) 35(40.7) 44(51.2)
Customer relation 10(11.6) 31(36.0) 45(52.3)
Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages ar in parentheses
Table 4 shows that the youth are mostly involved in the
feeding (68.6%) of the animals, sales of produce (51.2%) as
well as customer relations (52.3%) while they rarely
involved in hiring of labor (45.3%), purchasing of stocks
(46.5%) as well as treatment of animals. The result shows
that youths are actually involved in most of the management
activities on the farm as many of the respondents are either
owners or managers on their farms, they get themselves
involved in most of the activities on the farm. This agree
with Mwachoro and Druckar (2005) who reported over
(55%) of their respondent to be youth involving in livestock
management activities.
Table 5: Youths involvement in decision making activities of livestock farming
Variable Never Low Moderate High
Feeding of livestock 8(9.3) 12(14.0) 34(39.5) 32(37.2)
Production of feed 5(5.8) 16(18.6) 34(39.5) 31(36.0)
Treatment of livestock 2(2.3) 15(17.4) 40(46.5) 29(33.7)
Purchasing of livestock 5(5.8) 17(19.8) 35(40.7) 29(33.7)
Hiring of labor 11(12.8) 22(25.6) 25(29.1) 28(32.6)
Sales of produce 5(5.8) 18(20.9) 28(32.6) 35(40.7)
Customer relation 4(4.7) 15(17.4) 33(38.4) 34(39.5)
Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages ar in parentheses
Table 5 shows that the youth in the study area are
moderately involved in all decision making activities in
livestock business. However, decision on treatment of
livestock (46.5%) and purchasing of livestock (40.7%) are
prominent in their activities. This may be possible because
majority of them are well informed and are actuarially
involved in the business as either owners or managers. This
is contrary the views of Jeffery et al., as cited by Abdullahi
(2012) who stated that youth have negative attitude toward
agriculture.
Table 6: Chi- square test on relationship between selected socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and their
involvement in livestock farming
Variable Χ2 𝜕. 𝐹 P Decision
Gender 0.42 1 0.837 not significant
Age 7.326 4 0.012 significant
Marital status 3.549 4 0.47 not significant
Educational background 1.329 3 0.007 significant
Source of income 1.987 1 0.011 significant
Source: Field Survey, 2016.
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Table 6 shows the relationship between selected
socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and their
involvement in livestock farming. The result reveals that
respondents’ age (X2=7.326, p<0.05), educational
background (X2=1.329, p<0.05) and source of income
(X2=1.987, p<0.05) significantly affect the involvement of
the respondents in livestock farming in the study area.
In term of age and involvement, the younger the
respondents the higher their involvement in livestock
farming as a career. While education is knowledge, the
level of education influences respondents’ involvement in
livestock farming as reported by Arowolo et al (2013). The
source of income of the respondent will give the
respondents more options of source of funding which will
improve the status as well as more resources to engage in
more livestock farming activities at the same time
inadequate fund will limit the respondents’ ability to
involve in livestock farming as reported by ILRI (2007),
that the improvement of human income will enhance the
production of livestock in Nigeria.
Table 7: Correlation coefficient (r) of constraintsand youths involvement in livestock farming.
Variable r ~𝜌 Decision
Involvement and control 18.424 0.001 Significant
Source: Field Survey, 2016.
Table 7 shows correlation between involvement of youth in
livestock farming and constraints to livestock farming, this
shows that constraint might affect the involvement of
youths in livestock farming activities in the study area. This
agrees with the submission of Umeln and Odom (2011).
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The findings of this study show that youths are well
involved in livestock farming in Oluyole local government.
The study also reveals that of all livestock farming, poultry
farming is well embraced in Oluyole local government area.
Moreover, most of the respondents are involved in most of
the activities in the livestock industry as a good number of
them occupied position of manager or ownership. On the
other hand it was discover that lack of capital; infrastructure
as well as effective Government policy constitute the major
constraint to youth involvement in livestock farming in
Oluyole Local Government area of Oyo state.
Based on the findings of this study, the following
recommendations are made:
1. Youth should organize themselves into groups in
order to share knowledge and experience for the
improvement of livestock farming. This will also
help them to secure loans from micro and macro
credit institutions.
2. The government and other stake holders should
organize sensitization programme on livestock for
youths in Oluyole Local Government as this will
increase their awareness on livestock farming.
3. The government should establish development
policies which are in favor of rural youth
participation in livestock farming activities in
Oluyole local government
4. Government should ensure the availability of
enough input and capital for rural youth involving
in livestock farming in the area.
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