This document provides information about several horror and slasher films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Halloween, Creep and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher films as genres. It also analyzes the titling sequences, camera work, lighting, costumes and characters in the opening scenes of these films. Guidelines for age ratings of 12A, 15 and 18 in the UK are also outlined based on criteria like violence, language, nudity and more.
Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and researchJordan
This document provides information about several horror and slasher films including Scream, Saw, Misery, Halloween, Creep and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher films as genres. It also analyzes elements of the films such as titling sequences, camera work, lighting, costumes and characters. Guidelines for age ratings of 12A, 15 and 18 are also presented relating to the types of content appropriate for each rating.
Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and researchJordan
This document provides information about several horror and slasher films including Scream, Saw, Misery, Halloween, Creep and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher films as genres. It also analyzes elements of the films such as titling sequences, camera work, lighting, costumes and characters. Guidelines for age ratings of 12A, 15 and 18 are also presented relating to the types of content appropriate for each rating.
This document provides an analysis and overview of several horror and slasher films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Creep, Halloween, and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses common elements of the genres such as psychopathic killers stalking and murdering victims. It also examines film certification guidelines and how directors determine appropriate age ratings based on criteria like violence, gore, language, nudity and themes. Additionally, it analyzes the use of titling, camera work, lighting, costumes, characters, locations, editing and sounds in the opening scenes of these films to set the tone and establish conventions of the genres.
Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and researchJordan
This document provides an analysis and overview of several horror and slasher films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Creep, Halloween, and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher films as genres. It also examines the British film rating certificates of 12, 12A, 15, and 18 and the criteria films must meet to receive each rating. Finally, it analyzes the use of titling, camera techniques, angles/shots, and lighting within some of the films.
The trailer provides a codal analysis of the film The Dark Knight. It analyzes the visual, audio, narrative, technical, and enigma codes used in the trailer. Visually, the trailer is dark and features explosions, guns, and costumes distinguishing heroes from villains. The audio uses an intense score to set the dark tone and pace action. Narratively, the trailer establishes the Joker as a chaotic force Batman must stop even if it means changing who he is. Technically, kinetic shots and transitions build tension. The main enigma is understanding who the Joker is and how he can be defeated.
The opening scene of The Conjuring is a dark setting where characters discuss their possessed doll. As they mention the doll, the camera shows an extreme close-up of its face and eye, without loud sounds or music. This makes the doll seem clever and discreet rather than just scary. The characters provide background on the doll's intentions to possess its owner, allowing viewers to predict what it may do later in the film. The scene disturbs viewers through the doll's close-ups while being discussed, showing it as more interesting than frightening.
The document discusses conventions and elements commonly found in gangster films. It describes gangster films as focusing on criminals operating outside the law through violent acts like murder and theft. Key elements include organized crime, weapons, drugs, violence, car chases, and tough male characters. Gangs typically aim to gain power and wealth through escalating criminal acts. The costumes are usually suits and long coats, and settings involve crime scenes and police confrontations. Several gangster film openings are then analyzed in terms of their use of mise-en-scène elements like costumes, props, lighting, shots, and sound.
In the opening scene of the gangster film, traditional costumes of black suits and props of guns and knives are used. Dark lighting creates a tense atmosphere as something ominous is about to happen. Various shot types like close-ups, mid shots and long shots are employed to follow the characters and focus on objects of significance. The scene starts with titles accompanied by non-diegetic sound to set the tone before cutting to diegetic dialogue and action that advances the plot.
Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and researchJordan
This document provides information about several horror and slasher films including Scream, Saw, Misery, Halloween, Creep and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher films as genres. It also analyzes elements of the films such as titling sequences, camera work, lighting, costumes and characters. Guidelines for age ratings of 12A, 15 and 18 are also presented relating to the types of content appropriate for each rating.
Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and researchJordan
This document provides information about several horror and slasher films including Scream, Saw, Misery, Halloween, Creep and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher films as genres. It also analyzes elements of the films such as titling sequences, camera work, lighting, costumes and characters. Guidelines for age ratings of 12A, 15 and 18 are also presented relating to the types of content appropriate for each rating.
This document provides an analysis and overview of several horror and slasher films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Creep, Halloween, and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses common elements of the genres such as psychopathic killers stalking and murdering victims. It also examines film certification guidelines and how directors determine appropriate age ratings based on criteria like violence, gore, language, nudity and themes. Additionally, it analyzes the use of titling, camera work, lighting, costumes, characters, locations, editing and sounds in the opening scenes of these films to set the tone and establish conventions of the genres.
Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and researchJordan
This document provides an analysis and overview of several horror and slasher films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Creep, Halloween, and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher films as genres. It also examines the British film rating certificates of 12, 12A, 15, and 18 and the criteria films must meet to receive each rating. Finally, it analyzes the use of titling, camera techniques, angles/shots, and lighting within some of the films.
The trailer provides a codal analysis of the film The Dark Knight. It analyzes the visual, audio, narrative, technical, and enigma codes used in the trailer. Visually, the trailer is dark and features explosions, guns, and costumes distinguishing heroes from villains. The audio uses an intense score to set the dark tone and pace action. Narratively, the trailer establishes the Joker as a chaotic force Batman must stop even if it means changing who he is. Technically, kinetic shots and transitions build tension. The main enigma is understanding who the Joker is and how he can be defeated.
The opening scene of The Conjuring is a dark setting where characters discuss their possessed doll. As they mention the doll, the camera shows an extreme close-up of its face and eye, without loud sounds or music. This makes the doll seem clever and discreet rather than just scary. The characters provide background on the doll's intentions to possess its owner, allowing viewers to predict what it may do later in the film. The scene disturbs viewers through the doll's close-ups while being discussed, showing it as more interesting than frightening.
The document discusses conventions and elements commonly found in gangster films. It describes gangster films as focusing on criminals operating outside the law through violent acts like murder and theft. Key elements include organized crime, weapons, drugs, violence, car chases, and tough male characters. Gangs typically aim to gain power and wealth through escalating criminal acts. The costumes are usually suits and long coats, and settings involve crime scenes and police confrontations. Several gangster film openings are then analyzed in terms of their use of mise-en-scène elements like costumes, props, lighting, shots, and sound.
In the opening scene of the gangster film, traditional costumes of black suits and props of guns and knives are used. Dark lighting creates a tense atmosphere as something ominous is about to happen. Various shot types like close-ups, mid shots and long shots are employed to follow the characters and focus on objects of significance. The scene starts with titles accompanied by non-diegetic sound to set the tone before cutting to diegetic dialogue and action that advances the plot.
Genre refers to the style or category that a work of art, music, or film falls into. Not all art is the same, so works are often grouped into different genres like romance, comedy, horror, or rock and R&B music. Each genre has certain common characteristics that distinguish it from others. For example, action films typically include violence, fighting, car chases and shootings, while horror films usually involve scary characters, uncommon storylines, isolated settings, and a dark history associated with the location.
Analysis Of Films Horror and Slasher - research and narrative questionsJordan
This document provides an analysis of several horror and slasher films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Halloween, Creep, and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher genres. It also examines the target audiences, age ratings, titling sequences, camera angles and shots used in these films. Key details like violence level, language, and how scenes impact different age groups are considered for determining appropriate age ratings. The document analyzes the use of different titling techniques, camera shots and how they build tension or character emotions.
The document discusses conventions of mob gangster films. It explains that gangsters typically flaunt wealth through expensive props like guns and cars, establishing them as antagonists. It also notes that gangsters often succeed through crime but ultimately fall due to a fatal mistake, showing viewers that crime does not pay. The document then analyzes mise-en-scene elements common in these films, such as formal suits that signify power, cities like New York that enable crime, and low lighting that creates a grim atmosphere. It concludes by summarizing the openings of films like The Godfather, Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs, and Goodfellas, highlighting how they do or do not follow gangster film conventions.
Repertoire of Elements (Police/Crime Thrillers)Staccii_
The document discusses the common elements found in police/crime thriller films across 7 categories: iconography, style, settings, narrative, characters, themes, and audience. It provides definitions and examples for each category. Some key elements mentioned include stereotypical icons like guns and police cars, narratives that center around an unsolved case, protagonists as police officers/detectives, antagonists as perpetrators, themes of good vs evil and death, settings of homes, police stations, and antagonists' lairs. The document notes some ways a film trailer could subvert expectations, such as having an antagonist detective and female protagonist.
The trailer begins by establishing the film as a slasher genre piece, showing a young screaming woman and the words "family massacre". It then introduces Michael Myers as a young boy in the back of a police car, hinting at exploring his traumatic background. Fast-paced editing and a heartbeat soundtrack build tension. Shots of Michael holding his mask, stalking a family home, and engaging in violent acts establish him as the escaped killer. By juxtaposing happy family shots with Michael's looming figure and showing sexually suggestive/violent content, it sets up Michael as punishing transgressive teens in this remake of the classic slasher film.
1) The document analyzes the film trailer conventions that the author followed in creating their horror film trailer. This includes conventions for narrative structure, sound, camerawork, editing, titles, characters, settings, and iconography.
2) The author ensured the audience would understand it was a film trailer by including production logos, ratings, and release dates. However, they placed the logos later in the trailer to separate the narrative establishment from scary events.
3) While following many conventions like narrative structure, sound, and camera techniques, the author challenged the "Final Girl" trope by having a male lead instead of female to subvert expectations and make the villain seem more threatening.
The trailer analyzes camera shots, editing, mise-en-scene, sound, and representation/theories used. It uses close-ups of doors locking and CCTV footage to establish tension. Quick cuts are used to build pace. Props like masks and weapons suggest violence. Costumes distinguish the wealthy family from others. Non-diegetic music and diegetic sounds like gunshots set the tone. Common horror techniques like following a child in danger are represented. Theories of equilibrium disruption and identification with protecting loved ones are touched on.
This document discusses the target audience for thriller films. It notes that the target age range is typically 15-50 years old as thrillers can appeal to a wide age range. It also notes that while thrillers traditionally appeal more to males due to their action focus, including relationships can make them more appealing to women. Additionally, it states that films with more action and violence typically target working to middle-class males. The document concludes that to appeal to both genders and a variety of classes and races, the film will need to consider typical thriller conventions like action and suspense while including a diverse cast.
Television crime drama is a genre that follows certain conventions including having a plot that centers around solving a crime through characters like detectives, criminals, and victims. Typical episodes also include mysteries, suspense, red herrings and personal drama to engage audiences as the crime is solved. Settings are often in cities or police stations to move the story forward.
The document analyzes conventions of gangster film openings through examples. It begins by summarizing the key points made in the document's introduction about gangster film conventions involving violence, wealth, and the rise and fall of gangsters. It then provides a more in-depth analysis of openings from Goodfellas, Pulp Fiction, and The Godfather to illustrate conventions around mise-en-scene, lighting, costumes, settings and the establishment of characters and power dynamics through dialogue and shot composition. The summary concludes that the document examines how successful gangster films utilize many typical genre conventions in their openings to immerse audiences in the world and story.
This trailer summary provides the key details about The Dark Knight in 3 sentences:
The trailer establishes that the film takes place in Gotham City, a dark and crime-ridden place unaffected by the outside world, and features a battle between good (Batman) and evil (The Joker). Unique elements that may attract audiences include the characters, especially the mysterious and unpredictable Joker, and Batman's use of advanced machines without superpowers. The action thriller genre is conveyed through scenes of violence, explosions, and an epic musical score that aims to excite audiences and make them want to see the full film.
The document discusses various concepts related to film analysis including:
- Stereotypes associated with characters like men, women, social classes, and age groups.
- Iconography related to different film genres like Western, Sci-Fi, and Fantasy.
- Definitions of linear and non-linear narratives and examples of each.
- Analysis of a clip from Star Wars discussing symbolism related to Darth Vader's costume and lightsaber.
Media tv crime drama Sophie's + Jenna's q'sMalinatac
The document discusses codes and conventions that are typical in the crime drama TV genre. It provides examples of common elements like locations, characters, themes, and mood. Regarding locations, crime dramas often take place in cities or other urban areas. Character-wise, there is typically an intelligent yet flawed detective protagonist and a criminal antagonist whose motives are revealed later. Common themes involve solving crimes like murders, with personal drama mixed in for characters. The mood is usually tense and dramatic, aided by elements like music, lighting, and pacing of action.
This document provides an overview of the television crime drama genre. It defines television crime drama as a genre that follows certain conventions, such as being set on television and focusing on crimes and their investigation. It discusses examples that would and would not qualify as television crime dramas. The document also explores subgenres within television crime drama like police procedurals and forensic shows. It outlines typical elements of television crime dramas like characters, plots, settings and how they use techniques like mysteries, suspense and red herrings to engage audiences. Finally, it discusses concepts like mise-en-scene and how visual elements are used to convey meaning and set mood in crime drama.
2. Who Are The Characters In Crime Drama?latymermedia
Crime dramas typically feature three main character types - the detectives or police who solve the crimes (leads, pairs, or ensembles), the criminals who commit the crimes (transient characters), and the victims (also transient). These characters are often represented through stereotypes, with criminals and victims frequently portrayed based on traits like gender, race, and class. The narratives also generally rely on clear binary oppositions between good and evil, heroes and villains, with the detectives opposing the criminals. However, some shows make these distinctions less clear for more complex stories.
The openings of Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, Rocknrolla, and Layer Cake establish traditional gangster film conventions through settings, costumes, props, and music. Snatch and 44 Inch Chest also utilize these conventions to introduce the gangster characters and criminal plots. Evaluation of the openings provides context clues that tie the films to the gangster genre through rundown urban areas, suits, guns, drugs, money, and voiceovers.
This document discusses genre conventions in film. It provides examples of conventions for crime, comedy, and crime-comedy genres. For crime genres, it notes they often involve violence, weapons, and complex plots dealing with debt. Comedy genres commonly feature silly facial expressions, visual gags, witty dialogue, and swearing. Crime-comedies combine elements of both, such as illegal acts presented in a humorous way. Genre conventions help audiences identify the type of film and set the intended mood.
This document provides information about different film genres including comedy, crime/gangster, drama, and teen films. It lists top 10 films in each genre and describes common characteristics of each genre such as typical characters, settings, narrative themes, props, history, and ideology.
Crime dramas are made and marketed by television institutions like the BBC and commercial broadcasters. They schedule many crime dramas in prime-time slots between 7-11pm to target large family and adult audiences. Public service broadcasters like the BBC aim to entertain audiences of all types, while commercial channels focus on mainstream groups to attract advertisers. Crime dramas are heavily marketed using trailers, websites, magazine articles, and publicity photos to capitalize on the "CSI effect" and popularity of shows like CSI that increased demand for forensic crime genres.
This document provides guidance on testing social media strategies through A/B testing and measuring key metrics like engagement, user acquisition, and sales. It recommends testing at different times of day and with different content types, creative elements, and calls to action. Once effective strategies are identified through testing, the document suggests increasing spending on those strategies, especially at key moments, to acquire more users and drive more engagement and sales. Case studies on successful social media ad campaigns that increased impressions and lowered costs per engagement are also presented.
Lessons From B2B Social Media by David B Thomas, Social Fresh Charlotte 2011Social Fresh Conference
1) While B2B and B2C social media differ in sales cycles and influencers, they are similar in the importance of relationships and that content rules in both domains.
2) When developing social media guidelines for an organization, guidelines should be realistic, clear, concise, and provide examples of proper engagement. Guidelines should also tie social media efforts to business objectives and define how success will be measured.
3) Companies should leverage existing content and communications to engage on social media, and provide employees with the necessary tools to listen, discover leads and customer needs, and engage where customers are already sharing.
This document discusses strategies for governments to reduce high levels of debt on their balance sheets, including: 1) Increasing productivity and economic growth to reduce the need for borrowing; 2) Maintaining moderate inflation levels; 3) Developing focused debt management strategies to maintain debt at manageable levels. Some specific strategies proposed are privatizing state-owned companies, raising funds through equity, negotiating debt reductions with creditors, and reducing unnecessary government spending. The overall aim is for governments to deleverage their balance sheets through various fiscal and economic reforms.
Genre refers to the style or category that a work of art, music, or film falls into. Not all art is the same, so works are often grouped into different genres like romance, comedy, horror, or rock and R&B music. Each genre has certain common characteristics that distinguish it from others. For example, action films typically include violence, fighting, car chases and shootings, while horror films usually involve scary characters, uncommon storylines, isolated settings, and a dark history associated with the location.
Analysis Of Films Horror and Slasher - research and narrative questionsJordan
This document provides an analysis of several horror and slasher films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Halloween, Creep, and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It discusses the meaning and characteristics of horror and slasher genres. It also examines the target audiences, age ratings, titling sequences, camera angles and shots used in these films. Key details like violence level, language, and how scenes impact different age groups are considered for determining appropriate age ratings. The document analyzes the use of different titling techniques, camera shots and how they build tension or character emotions.
The document discusses conventions of mob gangster films. It explains that gangsters typically flaunt wealth through expensive props like guns and cars, establishing them as antagonists. It also notes that gangsters often succeed through crime but ultimately fall due to a fatal mistake, showing viewers that crime does not pay. The document then analyzes mise-en-scene elements common in these films, such as formal suits that signify power, cities like New York that enable crime, and low lighting that creates a grim atmosphere. It concludes by summarizing the openings of films like The Godfather, Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs, and Goodfellas, highlighting how they do or do not follow gangster film conventions.
Repertoire of Elements (Police/Crime Thrillers)Staccii_
The document discusses the common elements found in police/crime thriller films across 7 categories: iconography, style, settings, narrative, characters, themes, and audience. It provides definitions and examples for each category. Some key elements mentioned include stereotypical icons like guns and police cars, narratives that center around an unsolved case, protagonists as police officers/detectives, antagonists as perpetrators, themes of good vs evil and death, settings of homes, police stations, and antagonists' lairs. The document notes some ways a film trailer could subvert expectations, such as having an antagonist detective and female protagonist.
The trailer begins by establishing the film as a slasher genre piece, showing a young screaming woman and the words "family massacre". It then introduces Michael Myers as a young boy in the back of a police car, hinting at exploring his traumatic background. Fast-paced editing and a heartbeat soundtrack build tension. Shots of Michael holding his mask, stalking a family home, and engaging in violent acts establish him as the escaped killer. By juxtaposing happy family shots with Michael's looming figure and showing sexually suggestive/violent content, it sets up Michael as punishing transgressive teens in this remake of the classic slasher film.
1) The document analyzes the film trailer conventions that the author followed in creating their horror film trailer. This includes conventions for narrative structure, sound, camerawork, editing, titles, characters, settings, and iconography.
2) The author ensured the audience would understand it was a film trailer by including production logos, ratings, and release dates. However, they placed the logos later in the trailer to separate the narrative establishment from scary events.
3) While following many conventions like narrative structure, sound, and camera techniques, the author challenged the "Final Girl" trope by having a male lead instead of female to subvert expectations and make the villain seem more threatening.
The trailer analyzes camera shots, editing, mise-en-scene, sound, and representation/theories used. It uses close-ups of doors locking and CCTV footage to establish tension. Quick cuts are used to build pace. Props like masks and weapons suggest violence. Costumes distinguish the wealthy family from others. Non-diegetic music and diegetic sounds like gunshots set the tone. Common horror techniques like following a child in danger are represented. Theories of equilibrium disruption and identification with protecting loved ones are touched on.
This document discusses the target audience for thriller films. It notes that the target age range is typically 15-50 years old as thrillers can appeal to a wide age range. It also notes that while thrillers traditionally appeal more to males due to their action focus, including relationships can make them more appealing to women. Additionally, it states that films with more action and violence typically target working to middle-class males. The document concludes that to appeal to both genders and a variety of classes and races, the film will need to consider typical thriller conventions like action and suspense while including a diverse cast.
Television crime drama is a genre that follows certain conventions including having a plot that centers around solving a crime through characters like detectives, criminals, and victims. Typical episodes also include mysteries, suspense, red herrings and personal drama to engage audiences as the crime is solved. Settings are often in cities or police stations to move the story forward.
The document analyzes conventions of gangster film openings through examples. It begins by summarizing the key points made in the document's introduction about gangster film conventions involving violence, wealth, and the rise and fall of gangsters. It then provides a more in-depth analysis of openings from Goodfellas, Pulp Fiction, and The Godfather to illustrate conventions around mise-en-scene, lighting, costumes, settings and the establishment of characters and power dynamics through dialogue and shot composition. The summary concludes that the document examines how successful gangster films utilize many typical genre conventions in their openings to immerse audiences in the world and story.
This trailer summary provides the key details about The Dark Knight in 3 sentences:
The trailer establishes that the film takes place in Gotham City, a dark and crime-ridden place unaffected by the outside world, and features a battle between good (Batman) and evil (The Joker). Unique elements that may attract audiences include the characters, especially the mysterious and unpredictable Joker, and Batman's use of advanced machines without superpowers. The action thriller genre is conveyed through scenes of violence, explosions, and an epic musical score that aims to excite audiences and make them want to see the full film.
The document discusses various concepts related to film analysis including:
- Stereotypes associated with characters like men, women, social classes, and age groups.
- Iconography related to different film genres like Western, Sci-Fi, and Fantasy.
- Definitions of linear and non-linear narratives and examples of each.
- Analysis of a clip from Star Wars discussing symbolism related to Darth Vader's costume and lightsaber.
Media tv crime drama Sophie's + Jenna's q'sMalinatac
The document discusses codes and conventions that are typical in the crime drama TV genre. It provides examples of common elements like locations, characters, themes, and mood. Regarding locations, crime dramas often take place in cities or other urban areas. Character-wise, there is typically an intelligent yet flawed detective protagonist and a criminal antagonist whose motives are revealed later. Common themes involve solving crimes like murders, with personal drama mixed in for characters. The mood is usually tense and dramatic, aided by elements like music, lighting, and pacing of action.
This document provides an overview of the television crime drama genre. It defines television crime drama as a genre that follows certain conventions, such as being set on television and focusing on crimes and their investigation. It discusses examples that would and would not qualify as television crime dramas. The document also explores subgenres within television crime drama like police procedurals and forensic shows. It outlines typical elements of television crime dramas like characters, plots, settings and how they use techniques like mysteries, suspense and red herrings to engage audiences. Finally, it discusses concepts like mise-en-scene and how visual elements are used to convey meaning and set mood in crime drama.
2. Who Are The Characters In Crime Drama?latymermedia
Crime dramas typically feature three main character types - the detectives or police who solve the crimes (leads, pairs, or ensembles), the criminals who commit the crimes (transient characters), and the victims (also transient). These characters are often represented through stereotypes, with criminals and victims frequently portrayed based on traits like gender, race, and class. The narratives also generally rely on clear binary oppositions between good and evil, heroes and villains, with the detectives opposing the criminals. However, some shows make these distinctions less clear for more complex stories.
The openings of Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, Rocknrolla, and Layer Cake establish traditional gangster film conventions through settings, costumes, props, and music. Snatch and 44 Inch Chest also utilize these conventions to introduce the gangster characters and criminal plots. Evaluation of the openings provides context clues that tie the films to the gangster genre through rundown urban areas, suits, guns, drugs, money, and voiceovers.
This document discusses genre conventions in film. It provides examples of conventions for crime, comedy, and crime-comedy genres. For crime genres, it notes they often involve violence, weapons, and complex plots dealing with debt. Comedy genres commonly feature silly facial expressions, visual gags, witty dialogue, and swearing. Crime-comedies combine elements of both, such as illegal acts presented in a humorous way. Genre conventions help audiences identify the type of film and set the intended mood.
This document provides information about different film genres including comedy, crime/gangster, drama, and teen films. It lists top 10 films in each genre and describes common characteristics of each genre such as typical characters, settings, narrative themes, props, history, and ideology.
Crime dramas are made and marketed by television institutions like the BBC and commercial broadcasters. They schedule many crime dramas in prime-time slots between 7-11pm to target large family and adult audiences. Public service broadcasters like the BBC aim to entertain audiences of all types, while commercial channels focus on mainstream groups to attract advertisers. Crime dramas are heavily marketed using trailers, websites, magazine articles, and publicity photos to capitalize on the "CSI effect" and popularity of shows like CSI that increased demand for forensic crime genres.
This document provides guidance on testing social media strategies through A/B testing and measuring key metrics like engagement, user acquisition, and sales. It recommends testing at different times of day and with different content types, creative elements, and calls to action. Once effective strategies are identified through testing, the document suggests increasing spending on those strategies, especially at key moments, to acquire more users and drive more engagement and sales. Case studies on successful social media ad campaigns that increased impressions and lowered costs per engagement are also presented.
Lessons From B2B Social Media by David B Thomas, Social Fresh Charlotte 2011Social Fresh Conference
1) While B2B and B2C social media differ in sales cycles and influencers, they are similar in the importance of relationships and that content rules in both domains.
2) When developing social media guidelines for an organization, guidelines should be realistic, clear, concise, and provide examples of proper engagement. Guidelines should also tie social media efforts to business objectives and define how success will be measured.
3) Companies should leverage existing content and communications to engage on social media, and provide employees with the necessary tools to listen, discover leads and customer needs, and engage where customers are already sharing.
This document discusses strategies for governments to reduce high levels of debt on their balance sheets, including: 1) Increasing productivity and economic growth to reduce the need for borrowing; 2) Maintaining moderate inflation levels; 3) Developing focused debt management strategies to maintain debt at manageable levels. Some specific strategies proposed are privatizing state-owned companies, raising funds through equity, negotiating debt reductions with creditors, and reducing unnecessary government spending. The overall aim is for governments to deleverage their balance sheets through various fiscal and economic reforms.
Cross Channel Story Tellers for Social Marketers - Lindzee McCain - Social Fr...Social Fresh Conference
The document discusses challenges that marketers face in analyzing social media data across multiple channels. It states that 51% of respondents in a survey identified having a "Big Picture Understanding" as their biggest challenge. The solution proposed is to standardize and normalize cross-channel metrics by aggregating all data in one place, establishing standardized terminology for metrics, and bucketing channel-specific metrics into the new standardized terms. This allows marketers to see social media activity and performance holistically and make more effective analyses by comparing metrics across channels on an "apples to apples" basis. The document promises to discuss five essentials for social media data storytelling in an upcoming whitepaper.
The document discusses various conventions of music videos that were researched, and how the media product either used, developed, or challenged these conventions. Some key conventions discussed include:
1. The relationship between the music and visuals, which was mostly amplified by matching fast/slow editing to fast/slow music.
2. The relationship between lyrics and visuals, which was commonly amplified by having visuals relate to lyrics.
3. Not having a notion of looking at the artist, as they are usually not present in music videos of this genre.
4. Not expressing a strong demand for a record label, as artists are usually their own producers.
The Power of Participation Marketing, Daina Middleton, Social Fresh Conferenc...Social Fresh Conference
Participation leads to greater engagement and revenue than traditional marketing. Games like Space Invaders that allowed participation through discovering gameplay, empowerment with choices and lives, and connecting to other players' scores were hugely successful, earning three times as much as Star Wars. The participation formula of discover, engage, and connect facilitates meaningful interactions and community, increasing engagement and actions. Brands that embrace this participatory approach through testing ideas, acting quickly, blending departments, embracing failures, and forming partnerships will nurture engagement and succeed as "Nurturist" brands. Participation is here to stay.
The Stand Out Effect of Working Well With Infleuncers, Jamie Simoni of Americ...Social Fresh Conference
This document provides guidance on working with influencers for marketing campaigns. It discusses why influencer marketing is effective by increasing credibility, reach, content and engagement. It offers tips for identifying influencers through agencies, searches, directories and existing brand advocates. The document advises to choose influencers based on goals like engagement, reach, content type and credibility. It also outlines lessons for vetting influencers, building campaign agreements and measuring success through engagement, traffic and sales metrics. Overall, the document promotes testing influencer campaigns to learn how to improve future campaigns.
58% of businesses cannot measure the ROI of their social media activities. While there is no single way to measure social ROI, viewing social media as part of a multi-channel campaign can provide insights. For example, social media may generate fewer leads than other channels but those leads could convert at a higher rate. Measuring social ROI also allows companies to adjust their social media strategy and campaigns to better meet their goals.
Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and researchJordan
This document discusses horror and slasher films, providing definitions and examples. It analyzes the titling sequences of several films, including Scream, Saw, Misery, and Halloween. The titling in Scream is shown in red and white on a black background, while Halloween uses white text. Creep and Misery show their titling later. The document also covers age rating guidelines and criteria for ratings of 12A, 15, and 18 certificates in the UK.
Analysis Of Films Horror and Slasher - research and narrative questionsguest486051
This document discusses several slasher and horror films including Saw, Scream, Misery, Halloween, Creep and Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It analyzes the meaning and characteristics of slasher and horror films as genres. It then examines the target audiences and age ratings of these films. Finally, it provides details on the titling sequences and camera techniques used in the opening scenes and throughout the films.
Audience Research for 'Crime-Thriller' - AS Freya Louis
This document defines and discusses different types of thriller films. It begins by explaining that thrillers revolve around anticipation and suspense, keeping the audience on the edge of their seats. Crime thrillers incorporate aspects of crime films by focusing on plots involving serial killers or manhunts. Thrillers commonly feature exotic locations and male protagonists in dangerous situations. Enigmas are typically set up in the beginning and resolved at the end to engage viewers. Examples like Silence of the Lambs and Shutter Island are provided. British film ratings criteria for 12A, 15, and 18-rated thrillers are outlined regarding language, violence, sex, and other content. In conclusion, the document suggests their own hypothetical film would
Classifying films for children U, PG, 12A + 15latymermedia
The document provides classification guidelines for films rated U (Universal) and PG (Parental Guidance) by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC). U films should be suitable for audiences aged 4+ and contain only mild violence, threat, language or horror. PG films may contain stronger content but should not unduly upset children aged 8+. Examples are given of issues examiners consider like violence, language, sex, nudity, drugs and discrimination. Sample film trailers are then assessed against the criteria, with some deemed suitable for PG and others too strong.
The document analyzes three film trailers - The Skeleton Key, Shutter Island, and A Nightmare on Elm Street. It identifies the producers and institutional codes of each film. It then examines the key selling points, how each trailer establishes genre/mood/expectations, and which elements would or would not work for the author's own trailer. The target audiences and how audiences are explicitly targeted are discussed. Finally, it analyzes the narrative structure of trailers and why they are constructed this way.
The document discusses the different rating classifications used by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) - U, PG, 12A, 15, and 18. Each rating allows for different levels of content in terms of violence, language, sex/nudity, and more. The filmmaker considers aiming their psychological horror film at different age ratings but determines a 15 rating would allow the strong violence needed while maintaining a large audience size.
The document provides information on film certification categories in the UK. It discusses the criteria for films rated as 12A, 12, 15, and 18. Films rated as 12A and 12 can contain moderate physical and psychological threat, violence, and language. Films rated as 15 can include more frequent strong language, nudity in a sexual context without strong detail, and strong verbal references to sexual behavior. Films rated as 18 are restricted to adults and have no specific content restrictions other than material that is illegal or could cause harm. Exceptions may be made for very strong depictions of violence, drug use, or sexual content and behavior.
The document discusses the age rating certificates for horror films in the UK, outlining the criteria for 15 and 18 certificates. For a 15 certificate, strong language is allowed, nudity can be shown without strong detail, and violence may be strong but should not dwell on pain or injury. An 18 certificate contains material that may encourage illegal activity, portray children in a sexualized way, or contain explicit real violence intended to shock.
Treatment For Our Horror Teaser Trailerguestde8214
The document provides guidelines for creating a horror film trailer and receiving a 15 or 18 rating. It discusses codes and conventions of the horror genre including vulnerable victims, violence, and shock value. It then outlines the treatment for a teaser trailer featuring a character obsessed with violent video games who starts killing people. Locations will be public with minimal props and dark, gloomy lighting and colors to create suspense. Character costumes and body language will symbolize the obsession. The trailer aims to entice viewers and question what happens next through symbolic codes and enigma.
The document provides guidelines for creating a horror film trailer, including conventions to follow and ratings information. It then outlines the narrative, characters, and visual elements that will be used in the trailer. The trailer will follow horror conventions like showing a vulnerable victim and violence. It will receive an 18 rating due to depicting graphic injuries. The trailer aims to shock and scare viewers about a man who becomes obsessed with violent video games and starts killing people based on what he sees in the games.
The document provides guidelines for creating a horror film trailer, including conventions of the genre and rating information. It then outlines the narrative, characters, and visual elements that will be used in the trailer for a film about a man who becomes obsessed with violent video games and starts killing people. Key details include showing a vulnerable female victim, using gothic title fonts and scenes of blood/violence to entice audiences and follow horror conventions. Locations will be public places and lighting will create an unsettling atmosphere without artificial lighting to seem realistic.
This document summarizes age rating symbols used in the UK for films and videos. It explains the following ratings:
U - Suitable for all ages. May include mild violence quickly resolved.
PG - General viewing but some scenes may not be suitable for young children. Allows some violence without detail.
12A - Allows anyone 12 or over to attend unaccompanied. Moderate violence is permitted.
12 - Same as 12A but without accompaniment clause.
15 - Not suitable for those under 15. Allows strong violence but should not dwell on injury details.
18 - Only for adults. Allows strong, realistic sex and very strong language.
R18 - Legally
The document summarizes age rating symbols used in the UK film classification system. It explains the criteria for films rated as follows:
U - Suitable for all ages. May include mild violence quickly resolved.
PG - General viewing but some scenes unsuitable for young children. Violence shown with no detail.
12A - Children under 12 can watch with an accompanying adult. Moderate violence allowed but no emphasis on detail.
12 - For ages 12 and up. Similar criteria as 12A.
15 - For ages 15 and up. Violence may be strong but not dwell on pain/injury. Strong language allowed.
18 - For adults only. Strong, realistic sex and violence
Conventions of genre film trailer credited by Camie reidyluc
The document discusses film trailers and analyzes the trailers for the films Inception and Law Abiding Citizen. It notes that the Inception trailer uses a slow, beating soundtrack that increases tension and suspense. It features first-person narration and fade-in/out shots of film scenes. Symbols like black suits and guns imply suspense and action. The Law Abiding Citizen trailer also starts with a rating before showing the protagonist on a roof with mellow music. It includes shots of violence and escalating action scenes of police and weapons as the music intensifies, implying danger and threat. Both trailers effectively establish the genres through conventions like costumes, music, and visually exciting scenes.
The document analyzes several film posters and discusses conventions used in film posters based on focus group feedback. Key conventions highlighted include having the film title in the largest font at the top, credits and release information in smaller font at the bottom, and featuring the main actors. Focus groups found crime/thriller posters most appealing when they included money, weapons and intimidating characters posed in action shots on a dark background.
This document summarizes the different age rating symbols used in the UK for films. It explains that a U rating means films are suitable for all ages 4 and over, while PG means parental guidance is advised for children under 8. A 12A rating means children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult, and 12 and 15 ratings mean no one younger than the stated age can view the film unaccompanied. An 18 rating and R18 rating restrict films to adults only, with R18 films only allowed in licensed venues due to explicit content.
The document discusses the history and conventions of the horror genre in film. It begins by explaining that horror films intend to elicit reactions of fear and disgust from audiences through scenes involving jumps and abnormal events. It notes that horror overlaps with the thriller genre. The document then provides definitions and characteristics of the thriller genre. It continues by listing common conventions in horror films, such as gore, frightening the audience, shocking scenes, surviving protagonists, identifiable killers, and questioning social norms. Specific subgenres like slasher films are also mentioned. Finally, the document outlines the British film rating certificates and the content restrictions for films rated 12A, 15, 18, and R18.
The document summarizes primary research conducted through an online survey asking questions about film preferences and viewing habits. The key findings were that action was the most popular genre, horror was less popular but for understandable reasons, and most people watch 1-3 films per week via streaming services. This research will help target a younger audience for the film as they find films by peers most relatable. The film aims to create suspense through imagination like Jaws rather than rely solely on shock, aiming for a 12A certification. Further research will explore camera techniques, editing, sound, and story influences from films like Don't Breathe to build tension without heavy gore.
The trailer for The Exorcism of Emily Rose summarizes the plot of a young woman, Emily Rose, who is possessed by the devil. Her family and a priest perform an exorcism to try and heal her, but they are taken to court and accused of performing an illegal procedure. The trailer uses dialogue from the film and disturbing shots of Emily's possessed behavior to portray the narrative and conflict between those who believe she is possessed versus those in the court who question the exorcism. It aims to leave the audience wondering what is real.
Theory %20 meaning%20pro-forma%20(3)(1)LukeHeadland2
The document discusses various film theory concepts including denotation versus connotation of symbols, iconography in different genres, narrative structures, and analyzing film clips. It provides examples of linear narratives like Get Out and non-linear narratives like Jigsaw. It also analyzes a clip from Star Wars, noting how lighting, costumes, music and camerawork are used to depict the contrast between good and evil characters and convey a sense of danger for the good characters.
Similar to Analysis Of Films Horror Slasher and research (20)
The document discusses conventions for designing digipak album covers in the real media industry. It summarizes conventions such as placing the artist name above the album name in the center of the front cover, including lyrics on the back cover, using simple, bold fonts consistently across the cover, limiting the number of colors used, including a close-up of the artist on the front cover, and not displaying store logos where the album can be purchased. It then discusses how the designer's media product both followed and challenged some of these conventions in its design.
Genie is filming a scene from a 2010 film where she throws her phone and exits the school toilets at night. The scene takes place in the toilet location and will be filmed at the studio. It is a short scene that does not require many extras, stunts, or vehicles.
This document provides a risk assessment for a film production. It includes a risk matrix that rates the likelihood and consequences of risks as insignificant, minor, moderate, major or catastrophic. It then lists several specific risks for the film including slippery toilet floors, hygiene in the toilets, and throwing a phone against glass. Controls already in place and the assessed risk level for each are detailed. Emergency contact numbers are also provided.
Group members tasks and responsibilities updatedJordan
The document outlines the updated tasks and responsibilities for members of a group project. Jordan is responsible for organizing, editing, filming, equipment, acting, creating a filming schedule, writing a prop list, obtaining a vintage phone and TV, and buying tape. Genie will work on the treatment/script, act, edit, locate a nightclub for filming, and arrange costumes. Naomi will email Cragga, edit, storyboard, obtain permissions for locations, film, acquire the original song on DVD, and source a bicycle.
Group members tasks and responsibilities updatedJordan
The document outlines the updated tasks and responsibilities for members of a group project. Jordan is responsible for organizing, editing, filming, equipment, acting, creating a filming schedule, writing a prop list, obtaining a vintage phone and TV, and buying tape. Genie will work on the treatment/script, act, edit, locate a nightclub for filming, and arrange costumes. Naomi will email Cragga, edit, storyboard, obtain permissions for locations, film, acquire the original song on DVD, and source a bicycle.
The document analyzes several album covers and discusses common techniques used. Most covers have clear and simple designs with a connection between the album name and pack-shot. The artist or group name is prominently displayed on the front cover with limited use of colors. The pack-shot typically relates in some way to the artist or group.
The magazine advertisement uses several techniques to promote Gareth Emery's debut album. It displays the artist name and album name prominently in bold text towards the center. It also shows the album cover prominently, and includes the release date, record label, and locations where the album can be purchased. The advertisement utilizes a simple black and white color scheme, with the artist and album names repeated for emphasis. The goal is to clearly communicate the key details about the artist and album in a straightforward visual design.
This document provides a risk assessment for a film production. It identifies several hazards like actors falling off the stage, uncontrolled dog behavior, and burns from campfires. For each hazard, it lists who may be harmed, what property could be damaged, existing risk controls, the assessed risk level, and any further actions needed. It also includes a risk assessment matrix that rates likelihood and consequences to determine risk levels. Contact numbers for emergency services are listed in case of problems during filming.
Group members tasks and responsibilities updatedJordan
This document assigns tasks and responsibilities to group members for a film project. Jordan is the organizer and is responsible for filming equipment, the actor, and the filming schedule. Naomi and Cragga will work on editing, storyboarding, and permissions for locations. Other tasks include writing a treatment, finding costumes and locations, and acquiring props.
Group members tasks and responsibilities update 3Jordan
This document assigns tasks and responsibilities to group members for a film project. Jordan is the organizer and is responsible for filming equipment, the actor, and the filming schedule. Naomi and Cragga will work on editing, storyboarding, and permissions for locations. Other tasks include writing a treatment, finding costumes and locations, and acquiring props.
This document is a script breakdown sheet for a party scene filmed at night in a school's main hall. It lists the cast including Genie and extras dancing to music. No props, wardrobe, or vehicles are needed beyond a Facetime phone. Filming will take place on October 18th at the school's media suite.
This document is a script breakdown sheet for a scene taking place at night in the main hall of a school. It involves a party scene with extras dancing to music. The main character Genie will be on a Facetime phone call with her boyfriend. No stunts or vehicles are required. Props include a Facetime phone. Wardrobe is not needed. Filming will take place on Friday, October 15th at 1:00pm in the school's main hall.
This document provides a template for conducting a risk assessment for film production activities. It includes an example risk assessment that identifies hazards such as riding a bike on the road and carrying a TV, the persons and property that could be harmed, existing risk controls, the risk level, and any further actions needed. A table is also included to help determine the risk level based on the likelihood and consequences of each hazard. Contact numbers for emergency services are listed at the end.
1. The breakdown sheet is for a film titled "FILM TITLE" and script breakdown sheet #1.
2. The scene takes place during the daytime outside and inside a house. It involves a woman watching a song on TV and then a postman delivering a letter and the woman dancing in her garden.
3. The cast includes Jordan Adeyemi and Genie Abbott. No extras or stunts are needed. Props include a TV, laptop, postman bag, and wig. A bicycle is also needed. Crew are to meet at 1:00pm on Friday, October 8th, 2010 and remember to bring the props.
A woman watches a song on her TV and laptop inside her house. When the postman rides up on his bicycle to deliver a letter. The scene takes place during the daytime outside and inside a house. It involves two main cast members, Jordan Adeyemi and Genie Abbott, along with a postman delivering mail on a bicycle. Props include a TV, hat, laptop and bag. Filming is scheduled for Friday, October 8th 2010 at the media suite.
The document outlines tasks and responsibilities for a group project to film a short video. Jordan is the organizer and is responsible for editing, filming equipment, and finding a location. Genie will write the treatment/script and act in the video. Naomi will handle emailing Cragga about editing, storyboarding, and obtaining permissions for locations.
Music videos first became popular in the 1980s with the rise of MTV, which based its channel around music videos and brought them into mainstream popularity. Previously, music videos were less important and used as a marketing tool to promote songs and artists. Nowadays, most mainstream artists are signed to record labels that control the development and production of their music videos, though some genres and independent artists maintain full control. New technologies like affordable cameras, editing equipment, and the internet—particularly YouTube—have greatly increased the relevance and importance of music videos by providing new platforms for viewing and promoting artists.
The document discusses a target audience for a dubstep song, analyzing various aspects of the genre and audience. It determines that the target audience is 16-24 year olds, as they frequently listen to dubstep in clubs and on sites like YouTube. The genre meets their needs by having danceable beats around 130-148 BPM and lyrics focused on relationships and love that this age group can relate to. A performance and narrative music video concept is proposed, using live elements to appeal to festival-goers and visuals that amplify the lyrics for easy comprehension.
1. Analysis of films: Horror/Slasher-and Research Saw, Scream, Misery, Halloween, Creep and Texas chainsaw Massacre
2. Meaning of Horror and Slasher films A slasher film is a sub-genre of the horror film genre typically involving a psychopathic killer stalking and killing a sequence of victims in a graphically violent manner, often with a cutting tool such as a chainsaw. Although the term "slasher" may be used as a generic term for any horror movie involving graphic acts of murder, the slasher as a genre has its own set of characteristics which set it apart from related genres like the splatter film. Horror films are movies that strive to elicit the emotions of fear, horror and terror from viewers. Their plots frequently involve themes of death, the supernatural or mental illness. Many horror movies also include a central villain. The 18 certificate was created in 1982 as the successor of the previous X certificate, which in turn was the successor of the H certificate (with H standing for "horror"). See History of British Film Certificates for more details. Typical reasons for restricting films to the 18 certificate category have included scenes of hard drug use, supernatural horror, explicit sex, sadistic violence and sexual violence — the last two of which have in the past led to a certificate not being issued at all, effectively banning the film in the UK. It was only recently that the censors passed films with explicit ('hardcore') sexual acts despite the 18 certificate existing for many years.
3. Guideline stating certificates for 12/As 12 rated movies can only be watched in a cinema or in an arts of entertainment location by people who are 12 and above. 12A rated movies can only be watched in a cinema or in an arts of entertainment location by anyone from the age of 3 but if the person is under the age of 12 the person would have to be accompanied by an adult. This is done so if the adult fells the categories of the film may upset children under 12 or contain material which many parents will find unsuitable for them. The criteria on how the director states the age certificate, relevant to horror and slasher film: Horror- Moderate physical and psychological threat may be permitted, provided disturbing sequences are not frequent or sustained. Imitable behaviour- Dangerous behaviour (for example, hanging, suicide and self-harming) should not dwell on detail which could be copied, or appear pain or harm free. Easily accessible weapons should not be glamorised. Language- Moderate language is allowed. The use of strong language (for example, ‘fuck’) must be infrequent. Nudity- Nudity is allowed, but in a sexual context must be brief and discreet. Theme- Mature themes are acceptable, but their treatment must be suitable for young teenagers. Violence- Moderate violence is allowed but should not dwell on detail. There should be no emphasis on injuries or blood, but occasional gory moments may be permitted if justified by the context. Sexual violence may only be implied or briefly and discreetly indicated, and must have a strong contextual justification.
4. Guidelines stating certificates for 15s 15 rated movies can only be watched in a cinema or in an art of entertainment location by people who are 15 and above. The criteria on how the director states the age certificate, relevant to horror and slasher film: Discrimination- overall must not endorse discriminatory language or behaviour. Horror- Strong threat and menace are permitted unless brutal or sexualised. Imitable behaviour- Dangerous behaviour (for example, hanging, suicide and self-harming) should not dwell on detail which could be copied. Easily accessible weapons should not be glamorised. Language- There may be frequent use of strong language (for example, ‘fuck’). The strongest terms (for example, ‘cunt’) may be acceptable if justified by the context. Aggressive or repeated use of the strongest language is unlikely to be acceptable. Nudity- Nudity may be allowed in a sexual context but without strong detail. There are no constraints on nudity in a non-sexual or educational context. Theme- No theme is prohibited, provided the treatment is appropriate for 15 year olds. Violence- Violence may be strong but should not dwell on the infliction of pain or injury. The strongest gory images are unlikely to be acceptable. Strong sadistic or sexualised violence is also unlikely to be acceptable. There may be detailed verbal references to sexual violence but any portrayal of sexual violence must be discreet and have a strong contextual justification
5. Guidelines stating certificates for 18s 18 rated movies can only be watched in a cinema or in an art of entertainment location by people who are 18 and above. The criteria on how the director states the age certificate, relevant to horror and slasher film: • Material which may encourage illegal activity material which is obscene or otherwise illegal material created by means of the commission of a criminal offence portrayals of children in a sexualised or abusive context sexual violence or sexualised violence which endorses or eroticises the behaviour of brutal violence or torture which invites the viewer to identify with the perpetrator in a way which raises a risk of harm explicit images of real injury, violence or death presented in a scandalous or shocking manner which risks harm by encouraging cold-hearted or brutal attitudes sex works which contain material listed as unacceptable at ‘R18’. When the issue relates to the circumstances of filming (for example, in relation to animal cruelty or public indecency) the submitting company will normally be given an opportunity to present evidence before a final decision is reached.
6. Titling Titling was shown before the film started only in Scream and Halloween, the tilting of Scream was shown in red, white and bold on a black background with also diegetic sound of screaming. Where as Halloween was shown in white in bold on a black background. Also both do not show credits apart from the film studio who have made the film and whose presents the film e.g. Dimension. Titling in Creep and Misery appears after setting the scene, in Creep after the first 2 minutes where as in Misery titling appears after 8 minutes. Creep’s titling is coloured yellow/orange in contrast to the on-screen images. Also, it is placed on a black background. However the credits of the key actors in Creep are on a black background but the names of the production and co-production where shown over the on-screen images maybe showing the importance of there role, in terms of taking part in the film. Misery titling appears in red and bold on a background of the scenery- snow on road/cliff. The appears to be no credit within the starting of the film Misery apart from who presents the film.
7. Titling sequence Scream Title goes from big to small in bold on a black background, twice once in the colour red then in the colour white. This suggest that the word scream has great significance within the film suggesting that there will be a lot of screaming going on from the characters but also from the audience. Also the colour of which it is being displayed in also connotes bad atmospheres where red can be seen to connate danger and white can be seen to connate ghosts. Within the opening of Scream it is only the films name which is shown which may express how low there budget was in terms of not having a company presenting the film. However it could express how quickly they want to get straight to the action. Saw Shows the companies film name LGF (Lion gate films) on a black background within the centre of the screen suggesting the companies importance and value. Then the companies name who presents the pictures is shown, its dominant within the middle of the screen expressing this companies importance . Also this suggest that they had a decent amount of budget to get film and picture presenters. Then who the production people are, was shown next again on a black background. Next who's film it is shown in bold and in white. Then the films title name (Saw) was shown in a fluorescent light colour (blue/silver). However it is shown small in comparison to the black background but it still effective because it shown to be in a metal material and then it fades outwards which makes the title shown effectively. Misery Shows the trade mark lion roaring, which suggest that they had a decent budget to get companies to take part in there film. Then shows who pictures they are using (Columba pictures), this is dominant on the screen and suggests this companies importance. Lastly they show the entertainment company (Castle rock). These are the only titling which are shown within the opening of the film suggesting that there was not any popular actors within the within the film for them to show there name at the start which the audience may know. Also it may also suggest that there budget was not large.
8. Continued – Titling sequence Halloween Shows who presents the film (Dimension films) which is dominant on the black background expressing the value of this company and their importance on how they promote the film. It is also show twice once in bold blue on a black background and then again in white on a black background. Then the production persons name ( Malck Akkad) was shown suggesting that he had a big part to play in the film and that he has a high status. Then the title name is shown in bold white on a black background Texas chainsaw Massacre Showed ‘news line cinema‘ this is where it’s being shown and at what level. Showed who the presents the film Next entertainment this was bold and dominant on the screen and was displayed on a bright fluorescent light. Showing titling on a black back ground is most common within these films, this expresses the names shown importance, within or outside the film because some just help promote the film. Also on this background the audience can clearly see the titling. However in Creep they also show some of the titling ( the casting- Vas Blackwood and Jeremy Sheffield, who it’s written by, co- producers and producers) blending in with the background which within this film is a fluorescent light colour. As well as this they display these titling ( Hair and make up designer, costume designer) at the edge of the screen again suggesting that these people are less significant but they show the important people names on a black background. Creep also have a lot of titling suggesting that they had a decent budget compared to the other films which did not have many titling. Also the titling were shown in rhythm to the sound which were being used the films.
9. Camera Angles/Shots Extreme/close ups, medium close ups, tracking shots and zooming in/out of images were most commonly used in these films and in some used in different ways. Within Scream, Halloween and Misery there were tracking shots produced for various reasons in Misery to convey to the audience that something bad was going to happen and so the audience can anticipate the danger and the incident, this was produced when the main and only character throughout the first few minutes was driving in dangerous conditions (snow) at a fast speed and driving signs were shown within this to suggest that an incident was going to occur. Where as in Scream it was used to build momentum and intensity for the on screen moment and to allow the audience to get into the frame of mind of the character. This was done when tracking the main character where she is hiding from the suspected villain in which she is portraying emotion shown from facial expressions and actions. Then in Halloween this shot was used to create momentum of the movement and to express the characters aggression, shown by the movement. Also this shot linked to the sound in terms of what mood it was used in (images in the bottom right hand corner) Panning shot used in Screamto allow the audience to see what the character is viewing but also in this case builds intensity because we see what the villain is viewing but the audience still doesn’t know who the suspected villain is. (the images in the bottom left hand corner). Extreme close ups and close ups were used throughout all these films the extreme close ups where used to show detail and the importance of it for example in Misery the audience experience a extreme close up of red match which has a connation of danger and also of the character writing ‘the end’ which may suggest the end of someone's life maybe. Close ups were used to portray facial expressions and to introduce the characters so the audience can get a sense of their personality from the off, if they might be the villain or the victim in Scream the audience get the feeling that the main character is a goody and is going to be a victim. This links to Propp’s narrative theory because a close ups enables you to see facial expressions which then allows the audience to tell by the expressions if the character is a villain or victim. Zooming shots in and out, were used to get the audience into the moment and when zooming into the image it stresses the importance of the image. This was used frequently in Scream and Texas chainsaw Massacre. Also the pace of the zooming is either slow which suggest that something is going to happen at that moment where as, fast zooming which loud non diegetic sounds brings a moment to where the audience may get scared and jump.
10. Lightings The main sources of lighting used throughout these films were darkness and bright but sharp lighting. However daylight was used within two of the films, Halloween and Misery suggesting that these films started like any other day for these characters allowing the film seem realistic and that the characters live normal life's. This links to Tzvetan Todorov narrative theory, where disruption of equilibrium may occur by an event. Darkness was used in Saw, Creep and Texas Chainsaw Massacre, this captures the fact that these will be scary/horror films with a connotation of darkness which is danger and evil. The dark mise en scene immediately alerts the audience to the genre of the film, which is important to get across in the opening minutes. Also, what allows the darkness to be effective in Saw is that there are two people in a claustrophobic room with no way out and the characters just wake up there not knowing where they are and also cuffed to a pipe pole. This is effective because the audience are placed in this frame of mind because it suggest that it could happen to anyone makes the scene more realistic. Harsh fluorescent light was used in Creep and slightly in Saw. In Creep it was used in a point of view shot with jagged shots which makes the lighting more effective. Also it allows the audience to ponder on why is the character viewing these disturbing images of bloody knives and bodies where it appears that someone is attempting to murder another. But also most importantly it sets the scene in terms of how scary the film is going to be and what it contains in terms of weapons.
11. Costumes The use of ordinary clothing in terms of what people may wear daily in this case polo-neck and trousers was used in Scream to portray innocence within the character, this was also used in Misery but as well as that their was connation of red used where the character was wearing a red shirt. This all suggest that ordinary clothing portrays the thought that the characters are innocent but it is the innocent people that find that trouble or bad things comes there way. Rough and dirty clothing was used in Saw portraying the thought of there social class and how less important the two characters are in terms of status, because they have been left in a abandon room with barely nothing. In Creep your unable to see costume within the first few minutes because the images are being shown from a point of view angle. Which portrays that the audience have not got a sense of what type of person this character is because your able to tell a lot from what people wear for example wealth and their culture. In Halloween there was a rat on screen which stereotypically nobody likes which makes the image need scarier and nastier. Also the use a mask shows that the character is hiding his face and maybe suggest that he could be a potential villain. In Scream the look of wealth in terms of the material of the clothing suggesting that the victim is portrayed to be better in term of money and class and stereotypically its the upper class who do not seem to cause trouble but however trouble seems to find them.
12. Characters Scream there is 1 character on screen another via the phone this actor having a distorted voice portraying that suspected villain doesn’t use his natural voice instead uses a reformed voice making it seem more mysterious and forces the audience to ponder on who it maybe and why but also most importantly how far this actor may go to torturing the character. Saw has 2 main characters, looking mentally unstable men, scared, panicking, shouting, started with blooded faces these various of emotions are all used together at the start to set the scene and to show what affect the location has on them from the start and the location has done to them mentally. In contrast to this, Halloween have a family as there main characters and seem like a disfunctional family including a middle age man and women and also a female teenager and male child. But also overall within these films there is only on average 2-3 characters at the start these usually being the most important characters throughout the film. Also straight away within the first few minutes the audience can get a sense of the characters’ personality and the mood they’re in. (how can you tell this?)
13. Characters positioning and movement Within all of the films the movement seems to be quick and timely expect in Saw where the 2 characters are in fixed positions because they are cuffed to a pipe pole and also the actor in Scream starts to get hesitant in her movement after receiving treats though the phone. This type of movement from the characters expresses the film is a horror slasher because the characters are trying to get away from somebody suggesting quick pace of movement can have a good effect on the genre of the film and fulfil the potential high momentum which comes with that for the audience. The positioning of the character in Misery seems to be slender because firstly he starts in a position seating down and then he stood up and then next the viewers see him outside so the audience do not see at what pace the character is going at because within first few minutes he is always in a stationary position. Which suggest at the start of the film it may not be a horror slasher, but however with the character shown constantly in a stationary position and the movement of the characters arms is at a steady pace, suggest that the character is calm person so it shows what kind of person the character is. Also the positioning and movement of the character may suggest calmness because the character could end up being the villain because sometimes it is the innocent ones which are the bad ones.
14. Locations In Texas chainsaw massacre its set in a farm yard where they are using axes to chop and kill animals, the axes portraying how violent and dangerous can get throughout the film so is used from the start. Saw is set in a limited surrounding no sight of doors or window all suggest a feeling of claustrophobia and that is the main location because mainly the audience would be pondering on how the characters are going to escape. Scream is set in a house starting in the kitchen, in the middle of nowhere surrounded by big trees and nearby a field showing that within these horror slasher film they are staged within an area where the surroundings are bare and less people are there to witness the potential violence and torture which happens to this character. Also the location of Misery is similar to Scream because u do not see any other houses within sight from where its set location which in this film may suggest that this character is only and keeps himself to himself. As well as this Halloween starts by setting the film in a messy kitchen suggesting that the characters are any normal family and the film starts off as an equilibrium. Also both Scream and Halloween are set in the kitchen, this being the place in the house where sharp and useable weapons are kept such as knives, where in Scream Knives are shown in the centre of the kitchen. Within the first few minutes of Creep it is not clear to see where it is set but however it does not look like a good environment .
15. Editing In Saw fading out was used to flashback in time. Change in colour, fast editing, fast forwarding, cut away shot. These all types of editing added to the effectiveness of the images but also with the fading effects on how the film is shown because flashbacks normally within horror slashes consists with a twist at the end of the film such as in Saw where the villain all along in the film was the character lying apparently dead on the middle of the floor in the claustrophobic room. Reaction shots was used on the victim to allow the audience to get into the narrative and the frame mind for when the irresistible outcome happens. Where in Scream a reaction cut was used when the character heard a comment which scared the character which then the intent reaction for the character was to run where the editing was fast and the facial expression, where her eyes widened and her mouth was left hanging expressed how scared the character was. Also cut away shots where used for the momentum of the scene. A matched shot was used in Misery and Halloween when an incident occurred which allows the incident to have more of an effect and shows the reality of the incident happening. An motivation cuts where used when diegetic sounds were used to enable a reaction from the characters more effective such as in Creep. This is a matched cut below This is a reaction shot below
16. Sounds The most commonly used type of sound was silence overall which adds intensity and builds up momentum that something is going to happen this was used in all of the films apart from Creep. Also non-diegetic sounds were used, for example a piece of music which always matched with the on- screen movement or atmosphere. This allows audience to get more in tuned into the moment and movement. Also with the use of spooky non- diegetic sound, it gets the audience slightly scared also it enables the audience to anticipate that something may suddenly happen. Diegetic sounds for example from a bird were used Creep to then produce a reaction shot from character. As well as this it was used Saw where a character screamed to get the audience scared from the start and to express from the start that the film is a horror. Sounds of metal was also used in Saw and Creep from the start to suggests what weapons may be used in the film but also it adds to make film more scarier and also to express that the films are slashers because of this use of sound as well as this, the sound suggests the involvement of weapons which it is used to connate the genre too. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Opz1kxZSk10 Saw clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peggLQ1fLg8 Creep clip
17. Colour The use of the colour red has been used strongly within all these films but especially in Creep and Misery where its use to connate danger by the use of red clothing (gloves) in Creep and Misery use typography as well clothing and mise en scene to connate danger and blood. Overall within these films the use of red was shown by blood from where violence or an accident has occurred. Black which connotes to darkness, evil, suffering and at times danger was used strongly in these films apart from Misery and Halloween for different uses. Saw and Texas chainsaw massacre use the colour mainly to frighten the characters more because in this case these characters where already suffering and scared, where in Saw the characters where kept and tortured in a claustrophobic and abandoned location so with darkness it makes the situation more effective too. So also the colour influences the location of scenery and the type of atmosphere it holds. White/ Cream clothing was used in Scream to suggest innocence because white can be seen to connate to holiness. But as well as this ghosts where in Scream the mask used is white and is stereotypical looking of a ghost. Also the look of wealth (in terms of the material) suggesting that the victim is portrayed to be better in term of money and class and stereotypically its the upper class who do not seem to cause trouble but however trouble seems to find them.
18. Mise en scene In Saw, Halloween and Texas chainsaw Massacre the background looks rough and dirty. In Saw the walls look jagged and filthy a dead body on the fall covered in blood. Rough and old looking scenery, dirty, messy, looked abandoned, makes audience to ponder on the thought how these characters get there and why are they there. Halloween first set in the kitchen on looks dirty and uncared for because the room is in a mess. But on the other hand it may suggest that this room is looked after like a typical family and that they have family problems within the household. From the mise en scene you can gather a great deal of people’s culture and wealth. Texas chainsaw Massacre had images of smoke which suggests thoughts of danger and fire which again are conventions of horror films because these are things which people are afraid of, also fire is something which the audience can imagine and know fire and smoke is bad. Within Scream and Misery the mise en scene looks tidy and neat and that the characters in these 2 films are normal and wealthy and adds to the sense that they are innocent and are just living a normal life. However in Misery there is connation of red where the character uses a red matchstick. Also in Scream Knives placed in the centre of room as a prop and then used as a weapon, placed in the centre to add to connate the genre, in which horrors involve weapons/arms but also most importantly that it may be used.
19. Evaluation of films Overall I have realise that each convention links to another strongly for example lighting and the location. Also they all have many common similarities in terms of what colours are used and what they connote to and what they suggest. The conventions of titling are strong in a sense that they either relate to the on screen action for example Creep and Saw the colour they in connotes a subject which is significant. Also all titling have a meaning towards the films in terms of how strongly they represent the film. There are numerous camera angles/shots used within these 6 films, but what they have in common are that they all used significant angles/shot from the start so the audience are able to get feel what sort characters are or to allow the audience to get sense of the scenery or the on-screen movement. Close ups, tracking shots and medium shot are few shots used to portray this. Lighting is used in opposites ways, to convey feelings and to set the atmosphere but however in Saw two different types of lighting are used convey the same feeling. The most commonly used lighting which were used within 4 of these films was darkness mainly because within these films they start by getting straight to the action where as Halloween and Misery they start as an equilibrium so daylight lighting is used to show the on screen atmosphere. Costumes vary within these films, where dirty and rough clothing were used to show that the on- screen atmosphere is not at an balance where as in Scream smart clothing were used to show the on- screen atmosphere is stable but however these conventions suggest to the audience that the horridness that happens to these characters can happen to anyone which makes the film that extra scary. The average amount of characters used within these films from the first few minutes are 2 characters . The use of amount of characters within the opening of the film portrays the expression on those characters importance within the film and the significance of them. Also the positioning and movement of the characters allows the audience to get into the mind of the characters and also expresses how the characters are feeling. For example fast movement would suggest that there scared and are panicking trying to escape from something or someone. Also where as a strong positioning of a character such as them standing up tall looking dominant would suggest there importance and the dominant figure they have within the film. The location overall are either in a claustrophobic room or set in an countryside/village where there is a smaller population their. The effectiveness of these locations is that in a claustrophobic room it scares the on-screen character but also leaves the audience with questions. Where as on a countryside/village with a small population their, there is a smaller chance that if there was a murder that the murderer would more likely get away with it because of a less chance of witnesses. The use of editing is important within the opening of films because it has a big part on how the film is set and also expresses what genre the film is such as sharp reaction and motivation shots which causes reactions from the characters but most importantly the audience. Editing is strongly linked to sound in terms of the diegetic/non- diegetic sound or silence makes the editing cuts more effective. Most common type sound which was used was silence in which its used where are audience can anticipate something is going to happen and creates moments of intensity. As well as this diegetic and non- diegetic sound was used to make the on-screen movement and the editing more effective and to build momentum. Black, red, white were common colours used within these films because of what they connote so they have a strong impact on expressing the genre. As well as this fluorescent colours where used to express the genre and to harm the characters because you cannot look at fluorescent light directly. Mis en scene is strongly linked to the location of scenery. Within these films the mis en scene was either rough or dirty looking to show what type of enviroment they are in or what social class the characters are in. But as well as this it expresses on what the genre of the film is, where in Scream and Texas chainsaw massacre they have knives in the background suggest that there is going to be violence within the film.
20. Saw- The Narrative Theory Who is the hero and who is the villain? How do you know? The villain is not known from watching the first few minutes, the characters image has been distorted with a mask and also the characters voice has been distorted so the victims but also the audience have no idea on who the villain is. There are no hero's within this film there are only to victims. Where is the story set? What does this tell you about the genre of the film? This film is set in a claustrophobic room with no sign of any doors portraying no way out. This suggests right from the start that it is a horror because when in a claustrophobic area it makes people feel that they are in danger zone and scared but most importantly makes them and the audience ponder on the thought how are they going to escape. How many principal characters? There are two characters which are visually seen on-screen and another known to be within the film through a speaker and also the allocation is hidden of the character. Also there is a dead suppose dead body in the middle of the room. How is the story told? The story is some what told chronologically but also has flashbacks within the film showing why the victims are placed in this predicament. The effect this has is that it gives the audience a greater understanding on what is happening in the film and why. What questions are you left with? The main question the audience is left with is who is the villain? Also how are these victims going to get out the claustrophobic room? This film also relates to Propp’s narrative theory slightly in which there is a villain but from the first few minutes the audience do not get a sense to if there is hero or princess involved. Also Rolande Barthes’s narrative theory also links to this film in a way that the audience are left with question that they want answering which encourages and engages the audience to want watch more of the film. Typically you could apply Claude Levi Strauss’ theory of narrative structure and binary oppositions in a horror film. However, in the opening to Saw connotations of light and dark, light equalling good and dark equalling bad do not apply. Darkness is used to highlight the suffering of the victim at the hands of the killer, which is what we would expect but, light (albeit a very harsh, fluorescent light) is also used to highlight the suffering of the victim at the hands of the killer – thereby emphasising only the bad, and not the good. This film has not got Todorov narrative theory because the film gets straight to the action, the effect of this is that it allows the audience to get sucked into the film from the off.
21. Scream- The Narrative Theory Who is the hero and who is the villain? How do you know? There is an unknown villain in terms that the character is not on screen but the audience are allowed to hear a distorted voice of the villain character through a telephone call with the potential victim. Within the first few minutes the audience do not get a hint to if there is a hero. Where is the story set? What does this tell you about the genre of the film? In a house where there appears to be just a field and trees surrounding the house. This suggests that because it set in a place where not many people appear to be or go that the film may build up moments of spookiness and that the film is going to be a horror slasher because of the location. Where if the villain attempted murder the on screen character its easily possible the villain could easily get away. Also the location of the film suggest that there might be killings involved because killings are normally done where there are less people there to witnesses the incident. How many principle characters? 2 main characters at the start the villain and the first potential victim. How is the story told? The story is told chronologically. Within this film the effect that is having is that it provides good flow for the sequence of events which happen. Also produces better momentum and tension for when they happen. What questions are you left with? Who is the villain and why is it that these characters are being targeted? Also how far will the villain go to attempt to torture this character? These questions which the audience are left with link to Rolande Barthes narrative theory. Propp’s narrative theory is used vaguely in terms of there is a villain within the opening of film however is not shown on- screen this done so not everything shown and told within the opening but still keeps the audience engaged for the rest of the film so there are still things to find out and to be shocked about for the audience. Todorov narrative theory is not used in this film because the film gets straight to the plot and action. This enables the audience to get into the film from the off and be engaged.
22. Misery- The Narrative Theory Who is the hero and who is the villain? How do you know? There is no hero or villain throughout the start of this film because is starts as at a equilibrium which relates to Todorov’s narrative theory so we the audience do not get a glimpse of a hero or villain. This is gathered by the actions of the character and how the opening is at an equilibrium. Where is the story set? What does this tell you about the genre of the film? On the countryside with the weather being snowy. The snow connotes danger in terms of accidents which occur in the snow. The location of where this is set from the start suggests about the genre that it may not be a horror but however because of what the snow connotes to suggest that any thing could happen at any moment. Especially as white connate ghosts this may suggest that the incident which happens is unpredictable because ghosts are unpredictable where stereotypically they are not visible so you will not be able to predict the outcome of the outcome. How many principle characters? 1 main character this expresses the importance of this character because he is the main and only character in the opening suggesting that he has a key role in the film. How is the story told? It is told chronological which again produces a good flow within the film when the sequence of events happen. What questions are you left with? Why is this character significant? -because he is shown on-screen first for a long period of time. When are the sequence of event going to start for the main plot to happen and how. The opening of this film relates to Todorov’s narrative theory where the opening is at an equilibrium and then a dramatic incident occurs to break the equilibrium the effect of this is that it is unexpected and starts to get the film going, in terms of the action and the plot of the film. Rolande Barthes narrative theory is used within this opening because the audience do not know much about the opening character and want to find out about the characters role and the importance of it. The importance of this theory is that the audience will still be interested in watching the rest of the film that why it is important not to give to much information at the beginning which this film does well but give enough so that the audience are to engaged into the film and interested.
23. Texas chainsaw of massacre (2006)- The Narrative Theory Who is the hero and who is the villain? How do you know? The opening of this film opposes the majority of Propp’s narrative theory because there are not none of his types of characters such as villains and helpers within the opening of this film apart from there being a victim. Where is the story set? What does this tell you about the genre of the film? On a farmyard but also in a location where the animals are killed. This has significance to the genre of the equipment within the allocation for example saws and axes which are potential usable weapons which can be used to kill someone. That suggest that this film is a horror and slasher. How many principle characters? 2 main characters from the start a middle aged female and man. How is the story told? Chronologically, the effect that this has is that in some events it can make most incidents which happen seem unpredictable because your watching the film in sequence where as flashbacks can give hints, so chronological showing leaves the audience pondering on the thought on what might happen next the majority of the time. What questions are you left with? Why did that event happen to the woman?- The death and what is the importance of that event. Rolande Barthes narrative theory is used vaguely in which there is not much questions the audience are left with but however not much goes on in the opening so the audience do not no much about what is going on, in terms of the plot of the film. Todorov’s narrative theory was not applied within this film because there was a death from the start where female character gave birth and died from it. So this film does not start at an equilibrium. Claude Levi Strauss narrative theory was used in the opening in terms of the woman being alive and within seconds dying, the effect of this is that life can taken way at any moment which makes it realistic because some people die from giving birth. So this makes the audience more scared and engaged because the event of the death can happen in real live and this catches the attention of the audience from the start because of the way the character died.
24. Halloween (2007)- The Narrative Theory Who is the hero and who is the villain? How do you know? There appears to be no villains or heroes in the opening It starts at a equilibrium which expresses that. But however with 1 of the characters wearing a mask may suggest that he is going to be the villain. In which the outcome that is seen to be true outside the opening of this film where the teenager is the villain. Where is the story set? What does this tell you about the genre of the film? Set in a house on a appeared to be village. The effect this has on the genre is that villages are small so then less people live there, which gives a sense that its a good location for potential villains to commit a murder which expresses that it is going to be a horror and slasher film because of the location and it suggests. Also in villages there will be less people to be able to witness a murder because of the minority which live in a village. How many principle characters? 4 characters together as a family, 2 teenagers a female and male along with the middle aged parents. How is the story told? Chronologically shown, at the start viewers are shown the date of when it starts from (August). The effect of this is that suggests to the audience that the film may have not started in the present and could potentially the film may consist flashbacks showing other days. This gets the audience wandering on what may had happened previously to the opening of the film and if its going to be revealed. This makes the audience want to watch more and get engaged into the film. What questions are you left with? What is going to happen on Halloween and how significant is the teenager going be in the event. How may the teenager commit a crime?- suggested by the mask suggesting that he is going to have an distorted image. This film starts as an equilibrium where the family is in a conflict as well as the house in looking messy adds to the thought that they shown as working class people which expresses that this consists with Todorov’s narrative theory because of the equilibrium within the opening where the conflict which is being shown on-screen happens in real life. Also with the audience left with question the opening of the film links to Rolande Barthes narrative theory the effect of this is that it makes the audience interested in the film and makes the them want to watch the rest of the film. This film opposes Propp’s narrative theory where there is not seen within the opening to be none of his types of characters such as villains or princess.
25. Creep- The Narrative Theory Who is the hero and who is the villain? How do you know? It is shown to there has been a villain, where there is a character dead lying down Where is the story set? What does this tell you about the genre of the film? In a claustrophobic area which suggests right from the start that it is a horror because when in a claustrophobic area it makes people feel that they are in danger zone and scared. How many principle characters? 1 within the first few minutes- middle aged woman How is the story told? Chronologically with flashbacks within the film. What questions are you left with? What has happened to this woman and why? Why is she seeing what she is seeing? The first few minutes of this film links to Rolande Barthes narrative theory where the audience are left to ponder on questions they want answering which makes them want to watch on and allows the audience to get into the film. Also Propps narrative theory is also linked to this film where the film screens a victim lying down dead. Todorovs narrative theory is opposed where the film does not start at an equilibrium , it gets straight to action. Claude Levi Strauss narrative theory is used with sharp fluorescent light and dark light was used within the opening of the film maybe suggesting there is to sides to the opening character.