An Overview of Quantitative Aspects of Epidemiology in Animal Disease Control in Kenya

1. An Overview of Quantitative
Aspects of Epidemiology in
Animal Disease Control in Kenya
Prepared by: Dr. Momanyi Kelvin Nyariaro
Msc One Health student at the University of
Edinburgh
Contact: momanyink@gmail.com
June, 2015

2. Presentation outline
 Introduction: Kenyan context (VS)
 Aspect 1: Monitoring and Surveillance
 Aspect 2: Epidemiologic &Diagnostic surveys
 Aspect 3: Disease tracking, DFZs and prophylaxis
 Aspect 4: Participatory Disease Surveillance
 Aspect 5: Disease modeling
 Intervention areas: Kenyan context (VS)
 Conclusion: Take home message

3. Introduction: Kenyan context(VS)
Definition: Quantitative epidemiology
Veterinary service delivery system in Kenya:
- Directorate of Veterinary Services = PVS
pathway [Trained workforce, diagnostic
capacity, containment & policy]
- Role of other institutions in surveillance e.g.
ILRI, NGOs, Universities, ZDU
- Subscription to WTO Agreement on SPS
(1995)
Image source: http://zdukenya.org/

4. Aspect 1: Monitoring and Surveillance
 Approaches:
- Active surveillance
- Passive surveillance
 Disease focus:
- Targeted surveillance
- General surveillance
 Other:
- Mobile syndromic
surveillance
- Outbreak investigation
Cattle blood sampling (brucellosis incidence study at Kajiado, Kenya;
Photo credit: Momanyi N.K)
Goat blood sampling (brucellosis incidence study at Kajiado, Kenya;
Photo credit: Momanyi N.K)

5. Aspect 2: Epidemiological and Diagnostic
surveys
• Epidemiological surveys
– Animal census/area tests
– Cross-sectional survey
– Longitudinal survey
• Diagnostic surveys
– Strategic animal screening
Mapping Value chains to assess emergence and transmission of
zoonotic diseases; Photo credit: ZED group
PAZ Project-screening goats for brucellosis;
Photo credit: ZED group
Cross border census in the
Amboseli-
Kilimanjaro/Magadi-
Natron Conservation
Area;
Photo source:
http://www.kws.org/info/
news/2013/24april2013ta
nzania.html

6. Aspect 3: Disease tracking, DFZs and
prophylaxis
• Systems for disease tracking
– Geographical Positioning Systems
– Mobile systems
• Prophylaxis
Source: http://www.lidc.org.uk/news/maasai-vets-carry-out-disease-surveillance-86000-animals-google-
mobile-phones
Mass vaccination of rabies;
Photo credit: ZDU
Spraying to control tick-borne infections;
Photo credit: ZED group

7. Aspect 4: Participatory Disease
Surveillance (PDS)
PDS applied in a value chain study in Nairobi;
Photo credit=ZED group
 Definition: What is PDS?
 Examples
- PE in pastoral areas
- Urban Zoo study (value chain component)
- RVF in Kenya (new insights)
- Vet service change
- Cost effectiveness study
 Benefits of PDS
Source: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21736

8. Aspect 5: Disease modeling
• Definition: What is Disease modeling?
• Example: Prospective climate-based models
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/NanyingiMcNanyingi/perspectives-of-predictive-epidemiology-and-early-warning-systems-for-rift-valley-fever-in-garissa-kenya

9. Intervention areas: Kenyan context (VS)
• Reporting & communication
• Laboratory capacity & network
• Quarantine & isolation
• Early warning systems
• Community participation
• Resource mobilization

10. Conclusion: Take home message
 There are many fully-unexploited surveillance and
disease control tools in Kenya
 Disease control in Kenya is stratified i.e. some
areas have excellent surveillance and control e.g.
airport, cities etc. while others are marginalized
e.g. pastoral areas
 BUT There is good progress