The document provides an outline for a presentation by Dr. Kelvin Momanyi of World Animal Protection on humane and sustainable poultry farming. The presentation covers: an introduction to World Animal Protection and their work; the Farm Animal Responsible Minimum Standards (FARMS) for poultry; an assessment of animal welfare using the Five Animal Freedoms framework; asks of producers, retailers, and governments to support higher welfare farming; and a conclusion. The document also includes definitions and discussions of key concepts like factory farming, sustainability, and animal welfare.

1. Humane and Sustainable Poultry Farming
Dr Kelvin MOMANYI
Campaigns Officer – Animals in Farming
World Animal Protection (Africa office)
Phone: +254 727 739 772
KelvinMomanyi@worldanimalprotection.org
Presentation made at the Poultry Management Farmers training at the Standard Group Farmers
Connect Platform on 9th July 2021 at Stima Members Club, Nairobi, Kenya

2. Training Outline
Part 1
•About World Animal Protection and how we work
Part 2
•Farm Animals responsible Minimum Standards (for poultry)
Part 3
•Five animal freedoms assessment
Part 4
•Our asks (for producers, retailers, governments etc.)
Part 5
•Conclusion

3. Who we are
• We are a global organization
• We have moved the world to protect animals for
more than 50 years
• We work to make Higher Welfare farming normal
• We base our work on the internationally recognized
5 animal welfare freedoms 1 Australia
2 Brazil
3 Canada
4 Costa
Rica
5 China
6 Denmark
7 India
8 Kenya
9 Netherlan
ds
10 New
Zealand
11 Sweden
12 Thailand
13 UK
14 USA
Our offices

4. Select then click Insert Picture
A World where Animals Live free
from Cruelty and Suffering

5. Select then click Insert Picture
We Move the World to Protect
Animals
Our
Mission

6. Definitions: Factory farming
Factory farming is characterized by:
• Animals treated like production machines rather than individual sentient beings
• Involves ‘intensive’ farming - use of close confinement systems (cages and crates) or
overcrowded sheds or barren indoor/outdoor environments intended to maximize
production at minimal cost
• Energy-intensive - concentrated feed, high mechanisation and low labour requirements
• Intensive farming is often practised on a massive scale hence - ‘industrial’ agriculture
• Feeding & breeding for maximum growth at the expense of welfare where the animals
are prone to painful production-related diseases
• Limit animals’ ability to engage in social interactions and behaviours important to them
• Painful procedures

7. Which photo is a factory farm and why (prize)?
1
2
3

8. Definitions: Sustainable
A sustainable food system delivers food security and nutrition for all in such
a way that the economic, social and environmental bases to generate food
security and nutrition for future generations are not compromised
Five principles of sustainable food and agriculture:
• Improve efficiency of resources
• Protect critical resource
• Enhance human benefits
• Manage risks and build resilience
• Develop governance and institutions

9. Discussions: what comes to mind?

10. Definitions: Humane
We consider a humane food system to be one that gives animals a
good life. A good life is one where positive experiences and welfare
dominate over negative

11. The Quality of life framework
• The quality of life framework is used to
make an overall judgement on the
animals welfare or quality of life, based
on a welfare assessment
• When animals experience mostly
negative experiences, they have a life
not worth living or a life worth avoiding
• When animals experience a balance of
positive and negative states, they have
a life worth living
• To have a ‘Good Life’, animals must
experience mostly positive mental states,
they must be provided with conditions in
domains 1-4 that result in mostly positive
mental states in domain 5

12. Our Strategy: towards a humane and
sustainable food system
• Our food systems strategy (2021-
2030) aims to move the world
towards a food system that that has
the potential to give all farm animals
a good life and is within planetary
limits
• By 2030, we want to see an end to
the growth of factory farming or no
knew factory farms with existing
farms working towards or meeting
the farm animal responsible minimum
standards (FARMS)

13. Our High Level Outcomes

14. What we do:
our farming work areas
Expose the problem: We expose the suffering of animals behind the closed doors
of factory farms and the hidden animal welfare, climate, environment and public
health costs of an unsustainable food system from ‘feed to fork’.
1.
Enable the solutions: We engage and influence industry, regulators, and the
community to hasten the transition to a humane and sustainable food system.
2.
Redirect financial flows: We follow the public and private finance flows propping
up factory farming and push for them to be redirected to humane and sustainable
foods.
3.
People-powered campaigning: We work with the groundswell of public concern
relating to the food system’s impact on animals, people and planet, and work with
allies to enable people to be part of the solution.
4.

15. Billions of factory farmed animals globally
The problem:
Industrial farming
Fast growth, barren and cramped environments
Severe physical and mental impacts
Use of cages
Painful procedures
Food safety and superbug crisis

16. Good
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Animal welfare frameworks + FARMS
Responsible Minimum Standards with
respect to how farm animals are raised,
transported and slaughtered
Producers
How we bring change for animals:
our work is based on science
◦ Technical resources
◦ Research
◦ Global business cases

17. Defining Animal Welfare
OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code
2011 Article 7.1.1 defines Animal
welfare as how an animal is coping
with the conditions in which it lives
• Welfare concerns the quality of an
animal’s life, not how long the life lasts
(quantity)
• Animal welfare describes the state of the
animal in terms of their physical condition
(health, growth and functioning), their
mental state (feelings of pleasure,
happiness, pain or frustration) and their
ability to live naturally (to perform their full
range of behaviour).

18. The Animal Rights Position The Animal Welfare Position
Morality Using animals is morally wrong Using animals is morally right
Benefits We should not use animals to benefit
ourselves
Our interests are always more
important than the interests of
animals
Pain We should not inflict pain or death on
animals
We should not cause animals
unnecessary pain or death
Humane
treatment
We should always treat animals
humanely and eliminate the human
made causes of animal suffering
We should trat animals as humanely
as convenient to us
Animal Rights vs Animal Welfare

19. The Five Animal Freedoms
The Five Animal Freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, UK
1992) are often used as a framework to assess animal
welfare:
• Freedom from hunger and thirst (malnutrition)
– ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain
full health and vigor
• Freedom from (physical & thermal) discomfort
– providing an appropriate environment including
shelter and a comfortable resting areas.
• Freedom from pain, injury and disease
– prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment
• Freedom to express normal behaviour
– providing sufficient space, proper facilities and
company of the animals kind
• Freedom from fear and distress
– ensuring conditions and treatment that avoid
mental suffering

20. Discussion: What are
some of the welfare issues
you have come across
among poultry farms in
your area?

21. Why higher welfare?
Reputation
Consumers
Production
Risk and Opportunity:
Companies

22. Motivations for change to
higher welfare:
• Unacceptable for consumers (key survey results
next)
• Good for business: Production, quality,
reputation, market differentiation, social
responsibility.
• Important for Investors: to reduce risk and future
proof. BBFAW ranking.

23. Motivations for change: consumers
want higher welfare
Our 2019 survey: 1,346 respondents from 4
countries: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia
• 79% are indicated awareness that poor animal
welfare affects the quality of animal products
• 72.6% indicated willingness to pay more for
antibiotics free meat/products
• 61.7% of respondents aware that animals in
poor welfare production systems receive
antibiotics
• 76.4% indicated that antibiotics have an impact
on consumer health

24. Motivations for change: news – food
scandals

25. Motivations for change: news – food
scandals

26. Motivations for change: Important for
Investors: to reduce risk and future proof

27. Motivations for change: Important for
retailers
Source: https://www.carrefour.com/en/group/food-transition

28. Farm Animal Responsible
Minimum Standards (FARMS)

29. • The FARMS Initiative was founded by Compassion in World
Farming, Humane Society International and World Animal
Protection, three global animal protection organisations.
• The farm animal responsible minimum standards (FARMS)
provide a minimum standard with respect to how farm
animals are raised, transported and slaughtered
• They are designed to eliminate conditions resulting in the
worst forms of suffering on factory farms, during transport
and slaughter

30. Is FARMS influential?

31. FARMS – Chickens Raised for Meat

32. Welfare Risk 1: Limitations on Space
Mitigation standard
• Implement a maximum stocking density of 30 kg/m2 or less
• Thinning is discouraged and if practiced must be limited to one thin per flock
Welfare outcomes:
• Natural behaviours – improved rest,
activity, preening, gait and related
development and gait scores
• Reduced fear and stress, improved
immunity
• Reduced heat stress (in certain
climates)
• Improved litter condition and related
welfare including skin, feather and
feet conditions and cleaner plumage.
• Reduced respiratory challenge.
• Reduced risk of public health risks
(Salmonella spp, necrotic enteritis)
and improved carcass quality

33. Welfare Risk 1: Limitations on Space
Mitigation standard
No cages or multi-tiered systems
for either broilers or broiler
breeders
Welfare outcomes:
• Natural behaviors and choice of
space: to exercise, foraging, wing
flap, explore, dustbathe, retreat,
escape aggressive encounters
• Improved activity and leg health
• Improved plumage and comparable
feather coverage

34. Welfare outcomes:
• Natural behaviours: dustbathing,
exploring/ foraging.
• Comfort
• Improved leg, feet and plumage
health
• Reduced lameness, pain and
respiratory irritation
Tip: Importance of dust bathing

35. Welfare Risk 2: Barren and Unsuitable
Environments
Mitigation standard
At least 2m of perches /platforms and 2 pecking substrates per 1,000 birds (or 1 type of
enrichment per 750ft2) from 10 days onwards.
Welfare outcomes:
• Increased natural behaviours: perching,
forgaing, exploration, retreat and control
over their environment
• Reduced fearfulness, aggressive
encounters and disturbance when
resting
• Improved activity and walking, gait
score, leg health
• Reduced incidence of skin lesions e.g.,
contact dermatitis
• Access to perch's aids thermoregulation
(reduces heat stress), improves plumage
cleanliness, space use.

36. Welfare Risk 2: Barren and Unsuitable
Environments
Mitigation standard
• At least 50 lux of light, including natural light (minimum of 6hours continuous darkness)
• On air quality, the concentration of ammonia (NH3) must not exceed 20 ppm and the
concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) must not exceed 3 000 ppm measured at the
level of the chickens’ heads.
Welfare outcomes:
• Better eye and sight development
• Better daily natural rhythm; including
greater activity, preening and foraging
behaviours.
• Better leg development and gait score.
• Improved leg, eye and immune health.
• Increased leg and foot health, activity,
feeding, drinking, preening, dustbathing,
leg and wing stretching, and litter
pecking.

37. Importance of light to chicken

38. Welfare Risk 3: Breeding and Genetics
Mitigation standard
Adopt breeds that demonstrate higher welfare outcomes, including the Hubbard JA757,
787, 957, or 987, Rambler Ranger, Ranger Classic, and Ranger Gold, or others that meet
the criteria of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals’ Broiler Breed
Welfare Assessment Protocol (Average Daily Gain - ADG 50g/day).
“A study comparing the walking patterns of
alternative breeds and commercial breeds
(Ross 308) found that the Ross birds walked
more slowly, took shorter steps, and had
decreased cadence as they grew heavier.”
Welfare outcomes:
• Proper physical and behavioral
development.
• More natural behavior.
• Greater leg strength and walkability
• Reduced leg deformities and lameness
• Reduced FPD and hock burn and
associated pain and discomfort.
• Improved heat tolerance.
• Reduced on farm and transport
mortality.
• Reduced parent / breeder feed
restriction and chronic hunger.
• Improved carcass quality.
“Slower growing chickens benefit with more
normal and balanced skeletal development
and function, better able to carry body weight
and does not lead to bone and tissue
problems, significantly less walking problems.”
“Rapid growth creates a high metabolic
demand that reduces energy available for
activity and negatively impacts the ability of
broiler chickens to move.”

39. Welfare Risk 4: Slaughter
Mitigation standard
• Slaughter that minimizes handling, avoids inversion and renders birds rapidly and
painlessly unconscious before killing.
• Adopt controlled atmospheric stunning using inert gas or multi-phase systems, or effective
electrical stunning without live inversion.
Welfare outcomes:
• Avoids pre-stun handling
and associated stress and
injury, pain and discomfort.
• Renders unconscious and
minimizes pain and
suffering during slaughter
• Improved carcass quality

40. Welfare Risk 9: Compliance and
Transparency
Mitigation standard
• Demonstrate compliance with the above standards via annual third-party
auditing and annual public reporting on progress towards this commitment
• Keep proper farm records

41. FARMS – Laying Hens

42. Welfare Risk 1: Limitations on Space
Mitigation standard
• Cages, whether barren/battery or enriched/furnished, must not be used
• Stocking density must be no more than 9 hens per m2 of useable space

43. Why optimum space to chicken matters

44. Welfare Risk 2: Barren and Unsuitable
Environments
Mitigation standard
• At least one nest box for every six hens or 1m2 of nesting substrate per 120
hens for group nesting must be provided
• A perch area of at least 18 cm of perch space per hen must be provided

45. Welfare Risk 2: Barren and Unsuitable
Environments
Mitigation standard
When hens are enclosed in a house, whether barn raised or free range, when
housed indoors at night or during inclement weather, a minimum of one third of
the available floor space must be covered with litter for comfort and to enable
dustbathing and foraging activities

46. Welfare Risk 2: Barren and Unsuitable
Environments
Mitigation standard
Enrichment materials must be provided to enable proper foraging and other natural
activities, e.g., scattered grains and hay bales, for all stages of production

47. Welfare Risk 2: Barren and Unsuitable
Environments
Mitigation standard
• The ammonia concentration at bird height must be no more than 20 ppm
• Hens must have an uninterrupted period of darkness of at least 8 hours per day

48. Welfare Risk 3: Inappropriate Diets
Mitigation standard
Forced molting is not permitted

49. Welfare Risk 4: Painful Procedures
Mitigation standard
• Beak trimming should not be carried out routinely.
• Producers must have a management plan to prevent and address feather
pecking without beak trimming.
Disadvantages of beak trimming
Inadvertent feed deprivation
Feed efficiency
Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/13.3.468

50. Welfare Risk 5: Transport and Slaughter
Mitigation standard
• As end-of-lay hens are fragile and prone to bone fractures, they should be euthanized on
the farm using a non-aversive gas.
• In cases where they are transported for slaughter, end-of-lay hens should be caught
gently without inverting the birds, and the journey should be no more than four hours.
• Killing day-old male chicks should be avoided, e.g., by rearing them for meat or by the
identification and destruction of males while still in the hatching egg and before sentience
has developed.

51. What’s your observation?

52. Welfare Risk 6: Compliance and
Transparency
Mitigation standard
• Demonstrate compliance with the above standards via annual third-party
auditing and annual public reporting on progress towards this commitment
• Keep proper farm records

53. Discussion: your thoughts? (prize)

54. Five Freedoms Assessment

55. 1. Freedom from Hunger & Thirst
• Animals must have access to:
- Fresh water
- Appropriate diet for the animals
age and status
• Diet important for maintaining full
health and vigor
• Good nutrition ensures progeny
are fit and strong
– Regular review of flock and
adjusting feeding
– Health progeny grow optimally
and produce more milk / eggs /
meat

56. 1. Freedom from Hunger & Thirst
Routine husbandry associated with
feeding include:
» Reviewing flock health condition and
adjusting diet accordingly
» Adjusting diets during production to
meet changes in nutritional needs
» Ensuring that feedstuffs are suitable
and safe
» Providing access to suitable and
sufficient drinking water.
Prevention of Cruelty Act 360:3(1) A person shall be
guilty of an offence of cruelty if he—(d) without
sufficient cause, starves, underfeeds or denies water
to an animal.

57. Discussion: What comes to mind?

58. Discussion: What comes to mind?

59. 2. Freedom from discomfort
• Provide animals with good housing
that protects them from elements of the
weather.
• In extreme weather conditions like
rains provide comfortable shelter and
dry beddings / litter.
• Handling poultry in a calm, stress free
environment is good for poultry,
people and egg/meat production.
Prevention of Cruelty Act 360:3(1) A person shall be
guilty of an offence of cruelty if he — (f) being the
owner of an animal, keeps it in a grossly dirty or
verminous condition or, without reasonable cause or
excuse, fails to procure or administer veterinary
treatment or attention for the animal in case of disease,
injury or delivery of young

60. Discussion: What comes to mind?

61. 3. Freedom from pain, injury & disease
• Disease prevention & control critical
• When sick rapid diagnosis and
treatment important
• Prevent injury to animals by maintaining
farm facilities in safe working order.
• Poultry should receive regular health
care checks and preventive treatments
such as:
» Daily flock evaluation to ensure the flock
is healthy
» Comprehensive disease prevention
treatments e.g., Deworming &
vaccinations
» Inspecting flock to identify poultry with
disease/injury & treating them
Prevention of Cruelty Act 360:3(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence of cruelty if he —
(f) being the owner of an animal, keeps it in a grossly dirty or verminous condition or,
without reasonable cause or excuse, fails to procure or administer veterinary treatment or
attention for the animal in case of disease, injury or delivery of young;

62. Discussion: What comes to mind?

63. Discussion: What comes to mind?

64. Discussion: What comes to mind
(prize)?

65. 4. Freedom to express normal behavior
• Provide sufficient space, proper
facilities and company of the
animals kind
• Ensure the environment allows
animals to remain in their natural
social order
• Recognize that each animal in
the flock is an important asset
and should be cared for,
protected and valued
• Record group performance to
determine the norm. Records to
keep include:
» Production records
» Feeding records
» Vaccinations, illness and
treatments
» Breeding details

66. Discussion: What comes to mind?

67. Discussion: What comes to mind?

68. Discussion: What comes to mind?

69. 5 Freedom from fear and distress
• Minimize conditions and treatment that lead to mental suffering
• Animals in intensive farming systems are reliant on humans for most of their needs,
requiring people with knowledge and experience and the observance of high
standards
Prevention of Cruelty Act 360:3(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence of cruelty if he — (l) being
the owner of any animal, without reasonable cause or excuse, does or omits to do an act which
causes unnecessary suffering to the animal

70. 5 Freedom from fear and distress
• Trained and well-motivated
personnel
• Knowledge and
professional competence
to maintain animal health
and welfare
• Good stockmanship is
crucial and requires people
who are competent and
well-trained, patient, careful,
and caring, and who display
empathy with animals and
handle them quietly and
firmly

71. Discussion: What comes to mind?

72. Discussion: What comes to mind?

73. Discussion: What comes to mind?

74. Discussion: What comes to mind
(prize)?

75. Our asks

76. What we ask for:
Global food retail and animal protein production sectors should:
• Meet FARMS animal welfare requirements for production or
procurement as a minimum
• Commit to using antibiotics responsibly in farming: ending the routine
use of antibiotics including to promote fast growth and to prevent
disease across groups
• Publish annual reports on their progress towards implementing high
welfare commitments in conjunction with antibiotic use data on supplier
farms
• Increase the proportion of plant-based protein options
• Ensure traceability to the point of origin with animal feed supply chains
and phase out the use of commodity animal feed.

77. What we ask for:
Financial investors in food systems should:
• Require companies to meet FARMS animal welfare requirements as a
minimum.
• Require companies to commit to using antibiotics responsibly in farming
• Increase the proportion of plant-based protein in the investment
portfolio
• Influence policy such as supporting regulations on corporate and
financial services sustainability disclosures
• Ensure traceability to the point of origin within the animal feed supply
chain… with zero tolerance to deforestation

78. What we ask for: Governments and
intergovernmental organisations should
• Introduce and enforce regulations in line with FARMS animal welfare requirements as
a minimum
• Introduce and enforce regulations ending the routine use of antibiotics including to
promote fast growth and to prevent disease across groups
• Commit to national surveillance and public reporting of antibiotic use at farm level in
conjunction with reporting on welfare practices on farms
• Redirect industry subsidies and financial incentives to high welfare systems that align
with the Five Domains welfare framework
• Introduce and enforce regulations that ensure traceability to the point of origin within
the animal feed supply chain and zero tolerance for deforestation

79. Conclusion

80. Conclusion
• Animal welfare is first important for the Animal:
Farm animals can feel, experience and suffer.
Farm animals are Sentient beings.
• Animal welfare also important to humans for reasons of
food security and nutrition.
Better management of and care for livestock improves
productivity and food quality, thereby addressing nutritional
deficiencies, food security and food safety (decreased AMR)
Animal welfare standards are a prerequisite to enhancing
business efficiency and profitability, satisfying international
markets and meeting consumer expectations.

81. What are you commiting to improve on?

82. Humane and Sustainable Poultry Farming
Dr Kelvin MOMANYI
Campaigns Officer – Animals in Farming
World Animal Protection (Africa office)
Phone: +254 727 739 772
KelvinMomanyi@worldanimalprotection.org
Presentation made at the Poultry Management Farmers training at the Standard Group Farmers
Connect Platform on 9th July 2021 at Stima Members Club, Nairobi, Kenya