This document provides information about the chilli thrips pest through a seminar presentation. It introduces chilli thrips and provides its scientific classification. It then covers the pest's economic importance, host range, distribution, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management methods. The presentation concludes by summarizing that a field study found certain botanical and chemical insecticides, including Spinosad at 0.015%, to be effective in managing chilli thrips on chili crops.
Insect pests of soyabean and their managementNavneet Mahant
This document provides information about the pest Oberea brevis that infests soybean crops. It describes the lifecycle and appearance of the larva and adult forms of O. brevis. The pest causes damage by boring into soybean stems as larvae and forming tunnels, which can sever the stems and dry out plant portions. Management strategies include deep plowing, removing infested plant parts, and applying appropriate pesticides when economic thresholds are reached.
This document discusses 8 major pests that affect brinjal crops:
1. Brinjal fruit and shoot borer caterpillars bore into and feed on growing shoots, leaves, and fruits, damaging the plant.
2. Epilachna beetles and their grubs eat chlorophyll from brinjal leaves, creating skeletonized patches.
3. Brown leaf hoppers suck plant juices and transmit diseases, stunting plant growth.
4. Whiteflies suck plant juices and excrete honeydew, promoting sooty mold that reduces photosynthesis.
5. Aphids suck plant juices, deforming and drying leaves.
6. Brinjal lace bugs suck plant juices, causing
This document describes several common insect pests that affect okra, including their identification, lifecycles, nature of damage, and management strategies. It discusses the okra shoot and fruit borer, leafhoppers, whiteflies, aphids, red spider mites, and leaf rollers. For each pest, it provides details on identification, larvae and adult appearance, the type of damage caused through feeding, and recommended control measures such as insecticide applications or biological control agents.
Pest risk analysis and detection and diagnosis. ppt.pptxDharmendrakr4
This document discusses methods for diagnosing and detecting insect pests and plant diseases. It outlines the steps in diagnosis, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, determining the timing of damage, and identifying the cause. Diagnosis methods distinguish between living factors like pathogens and insects and non-living factors. The document also discusses pest risk analysis which evaluates the probability and impact of pests to determine appropriate management and regulatory responses.
The document summarizes information on several pests that affect tomatoes, including the tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae), thrips (Thrips tabaci), and red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.). It describes the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management strategies for each pest. Key pests mentioned are the tomato fruit borer, which bores into and destroys tomato fruits, and whitefly, which transmits the tomato leaf curl virus.
This document discusses several major pests that affect coffee crops and their management. It describes 11 pests in detail:
1. White stem borer, its identification, damage symptoms, and management including pruning, scrubbing, and chemical control.
2. Coffee berry borer, its identification, damage symptoms of holes and fruit drop, and management including quarantine, gleaning, and traps.
3. Shot hole borer, its identification, symptoms of wilting branches, and management of pruning and removal of infested materials.
4. Additional pests described include mealybugs, scales, leaf miners, cockchafers, snails, and termites. Control methods include maintaining shade, removing
This document provides information about the chilli thrips pest through a seminar presentation. It introduces chilli thrips and provides its scientific classification. It then covers the pest's economic importance, host range, distribution, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management methods. The presentation concludes by summarizing that a field study found certain botanical and chemical insecticides, including Spinosad at 0.015%, to be effective in managing chilli thrips on chili crops.
Insect pests of soyabean and their managementNavneet Mahant
This document provides information about the pest Oberea brevis that infests soybean crops. It describes the lifecycle and appearance of the larva and adult forms of O. brevis. The pest causes damage by boring into soybean stems as larvae and forming tunnels, which can sever the stems and dry out plant portions. Management strategies include deep plowing, removing infested plant parts, and applying appropriate pesticides when economic thresholds are reached.
This document discusses 8 major pests that affect brinjal crops:
1. Brinjal fruit and shoot borer caterpillars bore into and feed on growing shoots, leaves, and fruits, damaging the plant.
2. Epilachna beetles and their grubs eat chlorophyll from brinjal leaves, creating skeletonized patches.
3. Brown leaf hoppers suck plant juices and transmit diseases, stunting plant growth.
4. Whiteflies suck plant juices and excrete honeydew, promoting sooty mold that reduces photosynthesis.
5. Aphids suck plant juices, deforming and drying leaves.
6. Brinjal lace bugs suck plant juices, causing
This document describes several common insect pests that affect okra, including their identification, lifecycles, nature of damage, and management strategies. It discusses the okra shoot and fruit borer, leafhoppers, whiteflies, aphids, red spider mites, and leaf rollers. For each pest, it provides details on identification, larvae and adult appearance, the type of damage caused through feeding, and recommended control measures such as insecticide applications or biological control agents.
Pest risk analysis and detection and diagnosis. ppt.pptxDharmendrakr4
This document discusses methods for diagnosing and detecting insect pests and plant diseases. It outlines the steps in diagnosis, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, determining the timing of damage, and identifying the cause. Diagnosis methods distinguish between living factors like pathogens and insects and non-living factors. The document also discusses pest risk analysis which evaluates the probability and impact of pests to determine appropriate management and regulatory responses.
The document summarizes information on several pests that affect tomatoes, including the tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae), thrips (Thrips tabaci), and red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.). It describes the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management strategies for each pest. Key pests mentioned are the tomato fruit borer, which bores into and destroys tomato fruits, and whitefly, which transmits the tomato leaf curl virus.
This document discusses several major pests that affect coffee crops and their management. It describes 11 pests in detail:
1. White stem borer, its identification, damage symptoms, and management including pruning, scrubbing, and chemical control.
2. Coffee berry borer, its identification, damage symptoms of holes and fruit drop, and management including quarantine, gleaning, and traps.
3. Shot hole borer, its identification, symptoms of wilting branches, and management of pruning and removal of infested materials.
4. Additional pests described include mealybugs, scales, leaf miners, cockchafers, snails, and termites. Control methods include maintaining shade, removing
This document provides information on the white grub pest that damages ginger crops. It begins with the systematic classification of white grubs, then describes the different life stages including eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Diagrams are included. The document discusses the host plants of white grubs, their distribution, nature of damage caused, and life cycle. It then provides details on cultural, biological, and chemical control methods that can be used to manage white grub populations.
The document discusses various insect pests that affect cotton crops in India. It identifies 14-15 major pests, including sucking pests like the cotton leafhopper and aphids, bollworms like the American bollworm and spotted bollworm, and defoliators such as the cotton whitefly. These pests can cause up to 60% crop loss. The document provides details on the identification, lifecycles, damage symptoms, and control of these major cotton insect pests. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management and avoiding overuse of pesticides, which can lead to resistance and resurgence of pests.
This document discusses three major diseases that affect turmeric: leaf spot, leaf blotch, and rhizome rot.
Leaf spot of turmeric is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici. It is the most important turmeric disease and can cause up to 62% yield losses. Leaf blotch is caused by the fungus Taphrina maculans and results in reddish-brown leaf discoloration. Rhizome rot is caused by the oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum and leads to soft, rotten rhizomes with brown discoloration. Management of these diseases involves field sanitation, fungicide sprays, and cultural practices like drainage and resistant varieties.
This document discusses the insect pest gram cutworm (Agrotis flammatra) that affects chickpea crops. It describes the taxonomy and distribution of gram cutworm, noting it is found in Pakistan, India, Australia and New Zealand but absent from some tropical and cold regions. Gram cutworm is a minor but regular pest that feeds on cereals, pulses and grasses. The document outlines the lifecycle and identifies the eggs, larvae and adults of gram cutworm. It also details the types of damage gram cutworm causes to crops and recommends cultural, mechanical and chemical controls to manage the pest.
This document discusses two diseases that affect ragi (finger millet): blast and smut. Blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea, is the most important disease and can cause up to 90% yield loss. It affects leaves, stems, and earheads, producing lesions. Smut, caused by Melanopsichium eleusinis, has minor economic impact and transforms grains into black galls. Both diseases are spread through spores and favored by warm, humid conditions. Management includes crop rotation, removing debris, treating seeds, growing resistant varieties, and fungicide application.
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
The document describes 20 different weed species found in dry lands and wastelands in India. For each species it provides the family, common name in English and Kannada (local language), morphology, habit/growth form, propagation method, and habitat/location where commonly found. The weeds described include species from families like Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae and others. Many are described as common or troublesome weeds of dry lands, wastelands, cultivated fields, and roadsides.
This document provides information on several pests that affect Moringa oleifera plants. It describes the botanical classification of Moringa and then outlines 5 major insect pests: the bud worm Noorda moringae, the leaf caterpillar Noorda blitealis, the pod fly Gitona distigma, and two hairy caterpillars - Eupterote mollifera and Metanastria hyrtaca. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management approaches. It also briefly mentions 4 other pests that can occasionally affect Moringa: aphids, scale insects, bud midge, and leaf eating weevils.
This document summarizes pests that affect potatoes and their management. It describes 5 major pests: 1) Potato Tuber Moth, a pest of field and storage potatoes, 2) Cutworms, which damage potato seedlings, 3) Epilachna beetle, also known as spotted leaf beetle or hadda beetle, which eats chlorophyll from potato leaves, 4) Green Leaf Hopper, which sucks sap from leaves causing yellowing, and 5) Mites, which also suck sap from leaves. For each pest, key details are provided on identification, lifecycle, damage caused, and management strategies.
This document discusses hybrid seed production in cotton. It begins by providing background on India's role in developing hybrid cotton varieties. It then discusses the types of hybrids produced, including conventional and male sterility-based hybrids. The document outlines important considerations for the agronomy of hybrid seed production, including site selection, isolation distances, fertilizer use, and sowing of parental lines. It then describes the key steps in the hybrid seed production process, including emasculation of the female parent, crossing of the parents, and picking of bolls. Maintaining proper isolation, trained personnel, and favorable growing conditions are emphasized for successful hybrid seed production.
This document discusses insects pests of cotton and their integrated pest management (IPM) in Pakistan. It provides details on the importance of cotton production in Pakistan's economy. It then lists and describes 11 major insect pests that affect cotton, including aphids, jassids, whiteflies, mealybugs, bollworms, and armyworms. The document outlines pest scouting methods and details integrated control approaches, including cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control techniques. Major biological control agents like parasitoids and predators are identified. Recommended insecticides and application rates are provided for different cotton pests.
Sorghum is a drought-resistant crop native to Africa that is cultivated worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. It can be grown for grain, fiber, or fodder. As a fodder crop, it is high-yielding and nutritious, though it contains some anti-nutritional factors like tannins and dhurrin. It is best sown in spring or summer as a rain-fed or irrigated crop using improved varieties. Proper agronomic practices like soil preparation, seed treatment, fertilizer application, and pest and disease management can optimize fodder sorghum production. Harvesting as silage helps preserve the nutritive value of the fodder for extended animal
This document provides information about lentils (Lens culinaris), including:
1. Lentils are an important pulse crop grown mainly in Canada, India, Turkey, US, and Australia, with India producing about 0.6 million tons annually.
2. Lentils have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. Their center of origin is the Near East and they were first domesticated there.
3. Breeding objectives for lentils include increasing yield, improving seed size/color/quality for different market classes, and improving resistance to diseases, insects, drought, and lodging.
This document provides information on mass production techniques for Trichogramma and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs). It describes the steps for rearing the rice grain moth Corcyra cephalonica which is used as a host for producing Trichogramma. The techniques for mass rearing Trichogramma including parasitizing Corcyra eggs and storing the parasitized eggs are summarized. It also outlines the basic steps for mass producing NPVs which involve rearing host insects like Helicoverpa armigera on artificial diet, infecting the larvae with viruses, harvesting and purifying the viruses. Field application doses of different NPVs for crops are also mentioned.
This document provides information on the white grub pest that damages ginger crops. It begins with the systematic classification of white grubs, then describes the different life stages including eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Diagrams are included. The document discusses the host plants of white grubs, their distribution, nature of damage caused, and life cycle. It then provides details on cultural, biological, and chemical control methods that can be used to manage white grub populations.
The document discusses various insect pests that affect cotton crops in India. It identifies 14-15 major pests, including sucking pests like the cotton leafhopper and aphids, bollworms like the American bollworm and spotted bollworm, and defoliators such as the cotton whitefly. These pests can cause up to 60% crop loss. The document provides details on the identification, lifecycles, damage symptoms, and control of these major cotton insect pests. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management and avoiding overuse of pesticides, which can lead to resistance and resurgence of pests.
This document discusses three major diseases that affect turmeric: leaf spot, leaf blotch, and rhizome rot.
Leaf spot of turmeric is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici. It is the most important turmeric disease and can cause up to 62% yield losses. Leaf blotch is caused by the fungus Taphrina maculans and results in reddish-brown leaf discoloration. Rhizome rot is caused by the oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum and leads to soft, rotten rhizomes with brown discoloration. Management of these diseases involves field sanitation, fungicide sprays, and cultural practices like drainage and resistant varieties.
This document discusses the insect pest gram cutworm (Agrotis flammatra) that affects chickpea crops. It describes the taxonomy and distribution of gram cutworm, noting it is found in Pakistan, India, Australia and New Zealand but absent from some tropical and cold regions. Gram cutworm is a minor but regular pest that feeds on cereals, pulses and grasses. The document outlines the lifecycle and identifies the eggs, larvae and adults of gram cutworm. It also details the types of damage gram cutworm causes to crops and recommends cultural, mechanical and chemical controls to manage the pest.
This document discusses two diseases that affect ragi (finger millet): blast and smut. Blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea, is the most important disease and can cause up to 90% yield loss. It affects leaves, stems, and earheads, producing lesions. Smut, caused by Melanopsichium eleusinis, has minor economic impact and transforms grains into black galls. Both diseases are spread through spores and favored by warm, humid conditions. Management includes crop rotation, removing debris, treating seeds, growing resistant varieties, and fungicide application.
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
The document describes 20 different weed species found in dry lands and wastelands in India. For each species it provides the family, common name in English and Kannada (local language), morphology, habit/growth form, propagation method, and habitat/location where commonly found. The weeds described include species from families like Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae and others. Many are described as common or troublesome weeds of dry lands, wastelands, cultivated fields, and roadsides.
This document provides information on several pests that affect Moringa oleifera plants. It describes the botanical classification of Moringa and then outlines 5 major insect pests: the bud worm Noorda moringae, the leaf caterpillar Noorda blitealis, the pod fly Gitona distigma, and two hairy caterpillars - Eupterote mollifera and Metanastria hyrtaca. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management approaches. It also briefly mentions 4 other pests that can occasionally affect Moringa: aphids, scale insects, bud midge, and leaf eating weevils.
This document summarizes pests that affect potatoes and their management. It describes 5 major pests: 1) Potato Tuber Moth, a pest of field and storage potatoes, 2) Cutworms, which damage potato seedlings, 3) Epilachna beetle, also known as spotted leaf beetle or hadda beetle, which eats chlorophyll from potato leaves, 4) Green Leaf Hopper, which sucks sap from leaves causing yellowing, and 5) Mites, which also suck sap from leaves. For each pest, key details are provided on identification, lifecycle, damage caused, and management strategies.
This document discusses hybrid seed production in cotton. It begins by providing background on India's role in developing hybrid cotton varieties. It then discusses the types of hybrids produced, including conventional and male sterility-based hybrids. The document outlines important considerations for the agronomy of hybrid seed production, including site selection, isolation distances, fertilizer use, and sowing of parental lines. It then describes the key steps in the hybrid seed production process, including emasculation of the female parent, crossing of the parents, and picking of bolls. Maintaining proper isolation, trained personnel, and favorable growing conditions are emphasized for successful hybrid seed production.
This document discusses insects pests of cotton and their integrated pest management (IPM) in Pakistan. It provides details on the importance of cotton production in Pakistan's economy. It then lists and describes 11 major insect pests that affect cotton, including aphids, jassids, whiteflies, mealybugs, bollworms, and armyworms. The document outlines pest scouting methods and details integrated control approaches, including cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control techniques. Major biological control agents like parasitoids and predators are identified. Recommended insecticides and application rates are provided for different cotton pests.
Sorghum is a drought-resistant crop native to Africa that is cultivated worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. It can be grown for grain, fiber, or fodder. As a fodder crop, it is high-yielding and nutritious, though it contains some anti-nutritional factors like tannins and dhurrin. It is best sown in spring or summer as a rain-fed or irrigated crop using improved varieties. Proper agronomic practices like soil preparation, seed treatment, fertilizer application, and pest and disease management can optimize fodder sorghum production. Harvesting as silage helps preserve the nutritive value of the fodder for extended animal
This document provides information about lentils (Lens culinaris), including:
1. Lentils are an important pulse crop grown mainly in Canada, India, Turkey, US, and Australia, with India producing about 0.6 million tons annually.
2. Lentils have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. Their center of origin is the Near East and they were first domesticated there.
3. Breeding objectives for lentils include increasing yield, improving seed size/color/quality for different market classes, and improving resistance to diseases, insects, drought, and lodging.
This document provides information on mass production techniques for Trichogramma and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs). It describes the steps for rearing the rice grain moth Corcyra cephalonica which is used as a host for producing Trichogramma. The techniques for mass rearing Trichogramma including parasitizing Corcyra eggs and storing the parasitized eggs are summarized. It also outlines the basic steps for mass producing NPVs which involve rearing host insects like Helicoverpa armigera on artificial diet, infecting the larvae with viruses, harvesting and purifying the viruses. Field application doses of different NPVs for crops are also mentioned.
An introduction to South American Leaf Miner | Tuta absoluta | टुटा | गोलभेडाको पात खन्ने पुतली |
1. गोलभेँडाको पात खन्ने पुतली:
एक परिचय
प्रस्तुतकताा :
मदन सुवेदी
कृ षि तथा वन षवज्ञान षवश्वषवद्यालय
िामपुि, चचतवन
2. परिचय
पुतली वगामा (Order: Lepidoptera, Family: Gelechiidae) पने
सुक्ष्म ककिा
अंग्रेजी नाम: साउथ अमेरिकन टोमाटो ललफ माइनि (South American
Tomato Leaf Miner)
वैज्ञाननक नाम: Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)
उत्पनत: दक्षिण अमेरिका
कीिाको फै लावट: दक्षिण अमेरिका >> युिोप >> नाइजेरिया >> मध्य पुवा
एलसया >> दक्षिण एलसया >> भाित >> नेपाल
आचिकारिक रुपमा नेपालमा षव.सं. २०७३ साल जेठ ३ गते यस कीिाको
उपस्स्थनत प्रमाणणत भएको
गोलभेडाको फल तथा प्याके स्जंग सामग्रीबाट यो कीिा नेपालमा लभत्रिएको
अनुमान
हाल गोलभेडा खेती गरिने प्राय सबैजसो स्जल्लामा टुटाको प्रकोप पाइएको
3. पहहचान तथा जीवनी
जीवनीलाई ४ अवस्थामा बााँड्न सककने:
• अण्डा
• लाभाा
• प्युपा
• वयस्क
उपयुक्त वाताविणमा २४-२८ हदनमा जीवन चक्र पुिा गना सक्ने
उपयुक्त वाताविण लमलेमा एकै विामा १०-१२ पुस्ता उत्पादन गना सक्ने
आचित त्रबरुवाको अभावमा अण्डा, प्युपा, वा वयस्क अवस्थामा सुसुप्त
रुपमा िहने
4. ……पहहचान तथा जीवनी
अण्डा
एउटा वयस्क पोथीले सिदि २६० वटा अण्डा पाने
अण्डा पाने त्रबरुवाका भागहरु: पात (मुख्यतः तल्लो भाग) , डााँठ,
मुना, भेट्नो, फलको पिदल
अण्डा पाने तरिका: एउटा-एउटा गिेि (मुख्यत) / झुण्डमा
आकाि: सानो, बेलानाकाि ( ०.३५ लमली लमटि लामो)
िंग: सुरुमा सेतो/ कफक्का पहेंलो, पनि पहेंलो
४-७ हदनमा अण्डाबाट लाभाा ननस्कने
8. ……पहहचान तथा जीवनी
लाभाा
अण्डाबाट ननस्के को लाभाा कफक्का पहेंलो देणख हरियो िंगको ि
माि ०.५ लमलललमटिको हुने,
यो अवस्थाको लाभााले मुख्यत: पातमा सुरुंग खनेि िनत पुयााउने
लाभााले सािािणतया ३ पटक कााँचुली फे ने ि १४ -१६ हदनमा ४
वटा अवस्था पाि गिी प्युपा अवस्थामा जाने
पनिल्ला अवस्थामा लाभाा गाढा हरियोदेणख गुलाबी िंगको हुने ि
आकाि ९ लमलललमटिसम्म हुने
पनिल्ला अवस्थाका लाभाा (तेस्रो/चौथो) पातको सुरुंगबाट ननस्के ि
मुख्यतः फलमा आक्रमण गने
पनिल्ला अवस्थाका लाभााको टाउको पिाडीको माचथल्लो भागमा
कालो अिाचंद्रमाकाि िब्बा प्रस्टै देणखने
23. आियदाता त्रबरुवाहरु
मुख्यतः सोलानेसी परिवािका षवरुवालाई आक्रमण गने
मुख्य आियदाता त्रबरुवा: गोलभेडा
अन्य परिवािका त्रबरुवामा लसमीमा पनन आक्रमण भएको पाइएको
गोलभेडाको अनुपस्स्थनतमा अन्य त्रबरुवामा आिय ललएि बस्ने
32. िनत
िनत: वाताविण ि कीिाको प्रकोप हेिी ५०-१००% सम्म
सुरुको अवस्थाका लाभााले पातमा सुरुंग बनाएि िनत गने
लाभााले पातको बाहहिी ििात्मक णझल्ली (Epidermis) बाट लभि
नििी मेसोकफल तन्तु (जसमा हरियो क्लोिोकफल हुन्ि) खाएि
सुरुंग बनाउने जसले गदाा सुरुंगको िंग सेतो हुने
सुरुंगको आकाि अरु पात खन्ने कीिाको तुलनामा के ही ठुलो ि
जोडडएको हुने
सुरुङमा प्रशस्त मािामा लाभााको कालो िंगको चचयापषिजस्तो
हदसा देख्न सककने
लाभााले बनाएका सुरुंगमा ढुसी तथा ब्याक्टेरियाले आक्रमण गरि
थप िनत पुयााउन सक्ने