This study examined public awareness of and engagement with global warming and sustainable development in Shimla, India. A survey was administered to a stratified random sample of residents from different demographic groups. Statistical analysis found relationships between demographic factors like age, gender, occupation and education level and levels of environmental awareness and participation in eco-friendly initiatives. The study aims to enhance understanding and action around global warming issues in India by informing education and outreach efforts. Overall results indicate that while awareness of global warming exists, knowledge of its causes and impacts is still limited and efforts are needed to increase understanding and encourage greater public involvement in mitigation.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development brundtland report, ppp, equityMegha Majoe
A Brief idea on "Our Common Future" - Brundtland report - Sustainable development and different Principles adopted in the conference. i.e Precautionary Principle, polluter pays principle, Inter and intragenerational equity, Public Trust Doctrine etc.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development brundtland report, ppp, equityMegha Majoe
A Brief idea on "Our Common Future" - Brundtland report - Sustainable development and different Principles adopted in the conference. i.e Precautionary Principle, polluter pays principle, Inter and intragenerational equity, Public Trust Doctrine etc.
Climate change and the policies instituted to combat it are affecting the realization of the right to food in myriad, often unnoticed ways. This study highlights how the climate change regime and the human rights regime addressing the right to food have failed to coordinate their agendas and to collaborate to each other’s mutual benefit.
The current climate change regime fails to accurately address the human harms resulting from climate change itself, and is not operating with the necessary safeguards and preventive measures to ensure that mitigation and adaptation measures are fully complementary to the right to food obligations of states and non-state actors.
The study proposes concrete methods by which institutions can address climate change problems and realize the right to food symbiotically, in compliance with the principles of systemic integration under international law.
The paper arises many questions related to issues covered under the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development mainly focuses on quality of life which is highly dependent upon use of natural resources and thus these resources must be sustained. The present concept of sustainable global enterprise will help to achieve three basic goals known as corporate responsibility, environmental protection and social responsiveness. The concept of sustainable development also focuses on issues related to women as they play a significant role in policy of sustainable development. Women issues are basically linked with population and fertility. The development process worldwide has contributed to increase in economic and social inequalities, environment degradation and has also led to growth in poverty.
The influence of politics on environmental managementcaxtonk2008
Politics is part and parcel of environmental management
This calls for integration of political and environmental aspects in environmental management
It also calls for proper understanding of legislations and other political aspects in order to ensure effective and sustainable management processes
This is a group work carried out in the field of economics of sustainability. It looked at hidden cost and externalities. Also tried to appraise the emergence of carbon economics and carbon tax systems.
This is the 6th lesson of the course - Climate Change & Global Environment taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Climate change and the policies instituted to combat it are affecting the realization of the right to food in myriad, often unnoticed ways. This study highlights how the climate change regime and the human rights regime addressing the right to food have failed to coordinate their agendas and to collaborate to each other’s mutual benefit.
The current climate change regime fails to accurately address the human harms resulting from climate change itself, and is not operating with the necessary safeguards and preventive measures to ensure that mitigation and adaptation measures are fully complementary to the right to food obligations of states and non-state actors.
The study proposes concrete methods by which institutions can address climate change problems and realize the right to food symbiotically, in compliance with the principles of systemic integration under international law.
The paper arises many questions related to issues covered under the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development mainly focuses on quality of life which is highly dependent upon use of natural resources and thus these resources must be sustained. The present concept of sustainable global enterprise will help to achieve three basic goals known as corporate responsibility, environmental protection and social responsiveness. The concept of sustainable development also focuses on issues related to women as they play a significant role in policy of sustainable development. Women issues are basically linked with population and fertility. The development process worldwide has contributed to increase in economic and social inequalities, environment degradation and has also led to growth in poverty.
The influence of politics on environmental managementcaxtonk2008
Politics is part and parcel of environmental management
This calls for integration of political and environmental aspects in environmental management
It also calls for proper understanding of legislations and other political aspects in order to ensure effective and sustainable management processes
This is a group work carried out in the field of economics of sustainability. It looked at hidden cost and externalities. Also tried to appraise the emergence of carbon economics and carbon tax systems.
This is the 6th lesson of the course - Climate Change & Global Environment taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This book attempts to address the movement of the Young Indians who want fight against the environment crisis facing the global world, who have ideas and solutions.
Emerging Issues and Challenges of Sustainable Development A National Level Pr...ijtsrd
This paper analyses the emerging issues and challenges of sustainable development in India by using secondary data. The growth of the population is very high which poses serious challenges for economic growth and environment sustainability. The use of modern technology, good communication facilities and creating new innovations affects the environment and lifestyle of the people. On the other hand, increasing production and consumption of goods puts a strain on the environment causing pollution and emissions of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere, The issues of sustainable development is influenced by several factors like utilization of the available resources, urbanization, industrialization, climatic variability, and poor technology. Sustainable development mainly focuses to raise productivity, income, improve health, economic prosperity, and protect environment degradation. It also meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The government has initiated several programmes and policies to increase sustainability. But, the programmes and policies have failed to achieve their goals. Climate change impacts human life immensely. For instance, air pollution directly harms human health and affects environment biodiversity. Dr. Ram Gopal "Emerging Issues and Challenges of Sustainable Development: A National Level Prospective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52352.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/52352/emerging-issues-and-challenges-of-sustainable-development-a-national-level-prospective/dr-ram-gopal
Environmental Accounting and Sustainable Development: A Study of Niger Delta ...inventionjournals
This work was borne out of the expectation of the gap that exists between the companies operating in Niger Delta and their host communities; years of neglect, environmental degradation, pollution and massive outcry for redress which resulted to arm struggle with attendant consequences. The objective of this study is to determine how environmental accounting has influenced the sustainable development in Nigeria, particularly Niger Delta area. Two (2) hypotheses were formulated and tested as an off shoot of the research questions. Environmental Accounting as Independent variable was measured by Sustainable development variables such as infrastructural amenities, poverty eradication, health care delivery, natural disaster and pollution. Quasi experimental research design was employed in the research. Data were gathered using questionnaires which were distributed to garner opinion from accountants, auditors, environmentalist, and community leaders in six states in Niger Delta area. Of 400 questionnaires distributed 388 were retrieved out of which 8 were invalid. Chi-square, Spearman’s coefficient correlation among others under SPSS Version 23 package was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The result showed that there is relationship between Environmental accounting, Sustainable development and Economic Stability in Nigeria. We conclude that Environmental accounting is imperative for sustainable development and therefore suggests that all companies operating in Niger Delta area should imbibe environmental accounting as part of their operational standard.
Environmental Accounting and Sustainable Development: A Study of Niger Delta ...inventionjournals
This work was borne out of the expectation of the gap that exists between the companies operating in Niger Delta and their host communities; years of neglect, environmental degradation, pollution and massive outcry for redress which resulted to arm struggle with attendant consequences. The objective of this study is to determine how environmental accounting has influenced the sustainable development in Nigeria, particularly Niger Delta area. Two (2) hypotheses were formulated and tested as an off shoot of the research questions. Environmental Accounting as Independent variable was measured by Sustainable development variables such as infrastructural amenities, poverty eradication, health care delivery, natural disaster and pollution. Quasi experimental research design was employed in the research. Data were gathered using questionnaires which were distributed to garner opinion from accountants, auditors, environmentalist, and community leaders in six states in Niger Delta area. Of 400 questionnaires distributed 388 were retrieved out of which 8 were invalid. Chi-square, Spearman’s coefficient correlation among others under SPSS Version 23 package was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The result showed that there is relationship between Environmental accounting, Sustainable development and Economic Stability in Nigeria. We conclude that Environmental accounting is imperative for sustainable development and therefore suggests that all companies operating in Niger Delta area should imbibe environmental accounting as part of their operational standard.
Two years of NewsLeTERRE. Two years of adding meaning sustainable living. Two years of giving back, satisfaction and rejuvenation. Two years of Emergence of ideas of giving back to our TERRE.
Running head POPULATION GROWTH1POPULATION GROWTH2.docxglendar3
Running head: POPULATION GROWTH1
POPULATION GROWTH2
Analysis of the Effects of Population Growth
Name
Institution
Date
Analysis of the Effects of Population GrowthIntroduction
The global population growth rate has been increasing at a significant rate. Currently, it is estimated that the world has an annual 1.07% or an estimated 82 million people increase in population every year (Worldometers, 2019). These numbers are significantly high and they have caused several impacts to the environment today. The UN has requested a research on the impacts of the increasing global population on increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and how they affect developing nations. This paper focuses on Nigeria, a developing country in West Africa, whose greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly because of its constantly increasing population (Climate Links, 2019). The research paper will include three main sections; an evaluation of the background of greenhouse gas emissions, how emissions cause problems for the developing world, and the causes and recommended solutions for greenhouse gas emissions. The paper focuses on increasing human activity and economic activities as leading cause of greenhouse gas emissions in Nigeria. Encouraging the use of renewable energy, using energy-efficient products, and planting trees have been recommended as the best solution for the greenhouse gas issue affecting the world today. Background
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are gases that emit and absorb radiant energy in the thermal infrared range. GHG have the ability to raise the temperature in the earth’s atmosphere through the greenhouse effect (Emanuel, 2018). The greenhouse effect is a process through which the GHG absorb radiation from the sun, thus, raising the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere to a level that is much higher than what would have been without the availability of these gases. It is estimated that the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere would be -18 °C as opposed to the current 15 °C (Blasing, 2016). The earth’s atmosphere has several GHGs including methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor.
The natural greenhouse effect has been mainly beneficial on earth by making it warmer for the survival of living things. However, an increasing emission of GHG to the atmosphere is causing an increasing level of temperatures beyond natural levels causing a phenomenon that is commonly known as global warming (Schlesinger, 2017). Human activity has caused a significant increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Methane and Nitrous Oxide levels have also increased significantly over the years. Scientists estimate that an unprecedented increase in the levels of these gases is causing negative effects on the earth’s climate(Emanuel, 2018). There has been an observed global warming, characterized by abnormal increments in the average atmospheric temperature, since mid-20th century.
The increasing greenhouse effect has.
Running head POPULATION GROWTH1POPULATION GROWTH2.docxtodd581
Running head: POPULATION GROWTH1
POPULATION GROWTH2
Analysis of the Effects of Population Growth
Name
Institution
Date
Analysis of the Effects of Population GrowthIntroduction
The global population growth rate has been increasing at a significant rate. Currently, it is estimated that the world has an annual 1.07% or an estimated 82 million people increase in population every year (Worldometers, 2019). These numbers are significantly high and they have caused several impacts to the environment today. The UN has requested a research on the impacts of the increasing global population on increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and how they affect developing nations. This paper focuses on Nigeria, a developing country in West Africa, whose greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly because of its constantly increasing population (Climate Links, 2019). The research paper will include three main sections; an evaluation of the background of greenhouse gas emissions, how emissions cause problems for the developing world, and the causes and recommended solutions for greenhouse gas emissions. The paper focuses on increasing human activity and economic activities as leading cause of greenhouse gas emissions in Nigeria. Encouraging the use of renewable energy, using energy-efficient products, and planting trees have been recommended as the best solution for the greenhouse gas issue affecting the world today. Background
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are gases that emit and absorb radiant energy in the thermal infrared range. GHG have the ability to raise the temperature in the earth’s atmosphere through the greenhouse effect (Emanuel, 2018). The greenhouse effect is a process through which the GHG absorb radiation from the sun, thus, raising the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere to a level that is much higher than what would have been without the availability of these gases. It is estimated that the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere would be -18 °C as opposed to the current 15 °C (Blasing, 2016). The earth’s atmosphere has several GHGs including methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor.
The natural greenhouse effect has been mainly beneficial on earth by making it warmer for the survival of living things. However, an increasing emission of GHG to the atmosphere is causing an increasing level of temperatures beyond natural levels causing a phenomenon that is commonly known as global warming (Schlesinger, 2017). Human activity has caused a significant increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Methane and Nitrous Oxide levels have also increased significantly over the years. Scientists estimate that an unprecedented increase in the levels of these gases is causing negative effects on the earth’s climate(Emanuel, 2018). There has been an observed global warming, characterized by abnormal increments in the average atmospheric temperature, since mid-20th century.
The increasing greenhouse effect has.
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies: Natural Resources, Renewab...Time Pharmaceutical P.Ltd
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies,Ranjit Justice
Natural Resources, Renewable and non-renewable resources, Natural resources and associated problems, a) Forest resources; b) Water resources; c) Mineral resources; d)Energy resources; e) Land resources Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem and Structure and function of an co system. Environmental hazards: Hazards based on Air, Water, Soil and Radioisotopes.
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PUBLIC’S OPINION ON GLOBAL WARMING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH REFERENCE TO SHIMLA
1. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
Page | 53
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PUBLIC’S OPINION ON GLOBAL WARMING AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH REFERENCE TO SHIMLA
Chette Srinivas Yadav, Asst.Professor, Dept. of commerce, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher
Learning, Bangalore.
Nalge Gunaji Pandurang, Director, Dept. of Physical education , Shivaji college Hingoli,
SRTMU, Nanded.
Dr. Somwanshi Manojkumar Yadhavrao, Asst. professor & HOD, Dept. of Economics,
Shivneri college, Shiruranantpal, Latur, SRTMU, Nanded.
ABSTRACT
Their various environmental issues, global warming threatens the well being of both developed and
developing countries. Many studies have conducted in both developed countries and under developed
countries to maintain sustain development. The research is conducted to assess level of awareness of
global warming. The Study further focused on eco-friendly measures to develop sustainable
development in Shimla. A survey of considers a stratified samples of six segments (students, teachers,
businessmen, corporate, home maids and government officials) of the society. The study analyses
using ANOVA (level of significance at 95%) to identify relationship between demographical
variables (Age, Gender, Occupation and education) and awareness. further identify relationship
between demographical variables (Age, Gender, Occupation and education) and eco-initiatives to the
test significance .
Key words: Global Warming, Demographical variables, Sustainable development, eco-friendly.
Like no other environmental issue, global warming threatens the well being of both developed and
developing countries. Public awareness regarding global warming started only after Rio de Janerio in
1992, earth summit conducted by the united nation discussed on climatic change and green house
gases(GHG) to address to be stabilizing them. Our Common Future is 1987 report. In it, the UN
World Commission of Environment and development issued a call for a new charter –The Earth
Charter - to maintain livelihoods and life on our shared planet and to guide state behaviour in the
transition to sustainable development. A new Earth Charter was drafted in 1994 at the Rio Earth
Summit. A global consultation process was started. Hundreds of groups and thousands of individuals
became involved in this process. Between 1997 and 1999 over forty national Earth Charter
committees were formed. The Earth Charter was finally launched at a meeting in March 2000 at
UNESCO’s Paris headquarters.
2. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
Page | 54
The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) has been instrumental in stablishing
the fact that anthropogenic GHG emissions will lead to many changes in global climate such as
melting ice-caps, rising sea-levels, changing agricultural patterns, expansion of deserts, warmer
summers, and colder winters (IPCC, 2007). Although global warming is merely one of the
consequences of climate change, the term global warming is being used widely in public and media
discourse to refer to all impacts of climate change.
The 1997 The Kyoto Protocol seeks to reduce global warming through GHG cutbacks by developed
countries, as per specific targets. The Kyoto Protocol categorized countries into three groups on the
basis of their levels of economic development. India acceded to The Kyoto Protocol in August 2002
as a non-Annex I group member, and in June 2004 submitted to the United Nations its first and only
national GHG inventory (NATCOM, 2004). Among other things, the inventory states that with rising
incomes, households at all socioeconomic levels in India are increasingly using energy through
electric bulbs, fans, televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, aircoolers, air-conditioners, water
heaters, scooters, and cars. The related GHG emissions are expected to rise even though energy
efficiencies of these appliances are continually improving (NATCOM, 2004). Carbon dioxide (CO2)
forms 65% of all GHG emissions in India and the energy sector accounts for 61% of GHG emissions
in from all sectors.
Developing countries, including India, have been absolved of any responsibility towards reducing
emissions in the first commitment period, i.e., 2008–12, of the Kyoto Protocol. India’s per capita
carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is very low: only 1.36 tonnes per annum, which is less than one-third
of the world average per capita emission of 4.39 tonnes per annum. In absolute terms, India is the
fifth largest emitter of fossil fuel-derived carbon dioxide, and its total emissions are growing rapidly.
India is now under severe international pressure to accept binding commitments for emission
reduction in the post–2012 phase of the Protocol, which it has managed to evade for the time being,
as evinced at Copenhagen in December 2009.
Review of literature:
Although The Kyoto Protocol doesn’t require developing countries like India to reduce GHG
emissions, India is being called upon to decrease its GHG emissions, which are expected to increase.
A perusal of India’s official documents and policies on climate change and environment indicates that
India is not ready to accept quantitative restrictions on its per capita GHG emissions which are much
lower than that of developed countries.
India also argues that it must continue on the path of development and growth for some years in order
to reach the same level of development as that of the rich countries. India asserts that even while
pursuing economic growth and development, its per-capita GHG emissions will not exceed those of
developed countries which it considers responsible for much of the current global warming (Prime
Minister’s Office, 2007). Like other developing countries, India perceives global warming as a
problem caused chiefly by wasteful energy use by developed countries. Therefore it would be
difficult for India to promote domestic measures to prevent global arming unless it held benefit for
the country (Nomuri Research Institute, 2004).
India is aware that global climate change will have an adverse impact on the country’s ecosystems,
agriculture, forests, disease vectors, and marine resources. The Prime Minister’s Council on Climate
Change oversees the integration of climate change concerns into the national development planning
through a “relatively GHG benign sustainable growth path” which includes diffusion of renewable
3. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
Page | 55
energy, energy efficiency, forest and water resources management, and environmental education
(National Environment Policy, 2006).
India is also implementing sector-specific GHG reduction programs in partnership with multi-lateral
organizations and under bilateral programs with developed countries. Global warming needs a multi-
pronged approach which involves changes in technology, energy prices, business practices, consumer
behavior, and other activities affecting people’s daily lives (Sterman & Sweeney, 2007). Since a low
level of awareness about climate change in developing countries is one of the impediments to global
warming mitigation, it is necessary to promote and facilitate education, training, and awareness
programs in such countries (Chatterjee, 2002).
Since public support for and participation in global warming mitigation are crucial for successfully
addressing this issue, this research ascertained the level of public awareness and knowledge about
global warming in India. A stratified survey of 851 respondents was done in the year 2007 in
Hyderabad, India’s fifth largest metropolis, to learn about public perceptions on energy and
environment, causes and effects of global warming, and willingness to take action to reduce GHGs
and found that This study shows that even in developing countries like India, people are aware of the
issue of global warming and its seriousness. However, they do not have a clear understanding of the
causes and impacts of this environmental issue and what they can do
to mitigate global warming. Since global warming has wide-ranging impacts, awareness about the
problem and effective solutions must be enhanced through concerted efforts by stakeholders in the
government, the corporate sector, the media, the NGOs, and educational institutions. Public
participation in global warming mitigation programs could be enhanced significantly by increasing
people’s understanding of and knowledge about all aspects of global warming. (Rao,2011).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Statement of problem:
The study is looking at awareness of global warming effects on the individuals and eco-friendly
measures taken by the individuals, earlier studies Chatterjee(2002) and Rao(2011) have found that
people have people have less awareness about global warming test hypothesis does it hold this hold
good in shimla.
Objectives of the study:
To identify the awareness of global warming among the general public in Shimla, the demographical
(age, gender, education, occupation and income) relationship between awareness of the public and
what are the eco-friendly initiatives & sustainable development, taken by the public to reduce
pollution.
Hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis 1: People have less awareness of environment
Alternative Hypothesis 1: people have more awareness of environment.
Null Hypothesis 2: People are not using eco-friendly
4. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
Page | 56
Alternative Hypothesis 2: people are using eco-friendly.
Study –Site:
The study is conducted in Shimla. Shimla is capital city of Himachal Pradesh, with population size of
8, 14,010 as per 2011 census (male 425,039 and female 388,971). Literacy rate among men is 95.75%
and female is 93.35%. The primary occupation of people is agriculture. The geographical area (in km2
) is 5131Sq.Km , forest area is 119331 hectares, cultivated area is 101160 hectares and usable area is
49051 hectares.
Nature of the study:
The study is purely explorative , conclusive and evidence based in nature
Data collection method:
The study considers data from both secondary data and primary data. The primary data is collected
through questionnaires from the various people living in the Shimla and secondary is collected
through text books, magazines, journal and various websites.
The questionnaires development:
These questionnaires are designed under stage first covers demographical indicators like age,
Gender, Income, occupation and education qualification. Second stage covers awareness of
individuals toward global warming through structure questionnaires. Third stage covers eco-friendly
initiatives taken by individual and willingness to be eco-friendly.
The sample nature:
the sample is stratified random sample, A survey of considers stratified samples of six segments
(students, teachers, businessmen, corporate, home maids and government officials) of the society
The Sampling procedure:
the sample is selected based on convenient available people with the specified strata.
Respondents’ demographical profile:
a. Gender: The gender of individuals is classified as Male, Female and Transgender.
b. Occupation: The occupation of individuals is classified as students, teachers, businessmen,
corporate, home maids and government officials
c. Age: The age groups of individuals are classified as 18 -25 years, 26-35 years, 36-50 years
and 51 and above.
d. Educational Qualification: The Qualification of individuals are classified as XII and below,
Graduate, Post-Graduate & Doctorate and above
e. monthly income: The monthly income of individuals are classified as Up to Rs 10,000, Rs
11,000 -25,000 , Rs 26,000-50,000 and Rs51,000 & above.
5. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
Page | 57
Period of the study:
The study is conducted in 20 days.
The flied work:
The flied work is conducted by using questionnaires to selected people, who supports and encourage
research. It is conducted in summer hill and Shimla.
The data analysis:
the data analysis using qualitative data into quantitative data by allotting numerical values such as
“None” is Zero, “ A little” is one, “ Quite a lot” is two and “A lot” is three. “None” is Zero, “No
problem at all” is one, “Slightly serious” is two and “Very serious” is three. Numerical values such as
“Don’t know” is Zero, “No changes” is one, “Minor changes” is two, “ Major changes” is three and
“Extreme changes” is four. Numerical values such as “Don’t know” is Zero, “Disagree” is one,
“Strongly Disagree” is two ,“ Agree” is three and “Strongly agree” is four. Numerical values for
various income levels such as “Rs51, 000 & above” is one, “Rs 26,000-50,000” is two, “11,000 -
25,000” is three and “Up to Rs 10,000” is four. Numerical values for gender such as “male” are one,
“female” is two, “transgender” is three. Numerical values for various qualification levels such as
“PhD & above” is one, “PG” is two, “degree” is three and “XII” is four. Numerical value the age
groups of individuals as “18 -25 years” as four, 26-35 years as three, 36-50 years as two and 51 and
above as one. The occupation of individuals numerical values are classified as, teachers as one,
government officials as two, businessmen as three, corporate as four, home maids as five and students
as six.
Statistical tools used:
The study considers descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to find relationship
between the variables i.e., Demographical factors and awareness of global warming( The level of
significance at 95%.) to identify relationship between demographical variables (Age, Gender,
Occupation and education) and awareness. Further study identifies relationship between
demographical variables (Age, Gender, Occupation and education) and eco-initiatives to the test
significance. Using SPSSvs20 and MS-Excel is used for analyzing the data.
Scope of the study:
The study is limited to that Shimla city , awareness of global warming and preventing measures taken
by the individuals to maintain sustainability, other environmental problems are taken in to consider
and policy matters are not considered.
6. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
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Data Analysis and Interpretation:
Table:1 Demographical characteristics of respondents:
Age % Occupation %
18-25 21.43 Teachers 54.29
26-35 28.57 Services 04.29
36-50 45.71 Corporate 05.71
51 and above 04.29 Business 14.28
Income % House maid 11.42
Up to 10,000 17.14 Students 10.00
11K-25K 11.43 Qualification %
26K-50K 37.14 XII 10
51K & above 34.29 Degree 21.43
Male 62.9 PG 38.57
Female 37.1 Doctorate 30
Interpretation:
The survey has shown various results of respondents’ demographical characteristics such as
a. Age group: age group between 18-25 is 21.43%,26-35 is 28.57%, 36-50 is 45.71%, 51 and
above is 4.29%.
b. income level: income level of various respondents are Up to 10,000 is 17.14, 11K-25K is
11.43%, 26K-50K is 37.14% and 51K & above is 34.29%.
c. gender: gender of respondents male is 62.9% and Female is 37.1%
d. occupation: occupation of the respondents are teachers is 54.29%, services is 4.29%,
corporate is 5.71%, business is 14.28%, house maid is 11.42% and students is 10%
e. Qualification: Respondent’s qualifications are XII is 10%, degree is 21.43%, PG is 38.57%
and Doctorate is 30%.
Table:2 Anova : Single Factor-demographical factors vs environmental Awareness.
Source of
Variation SS df MS F
P-
value F crit
Between Groups 96.64571429 4 24.16142857 18.32941
1.14E-
13 2.397828
Within Groups 454.7714286 345 1.318178054
Total 551.4171429 349
*at 5% level of significance.
Null Hypothesis 1: People have less awareness of environment
Alternative Hypothesis: people have more awareness of environment.
The column in table2, which shows cumulative awareness score for different individuals, F<Critical,
the mean awareness score across the individuals is equally aware. Hence F>F critical values,
therefore the mean awareness score across is difference. Hence we reject the null hypothesis and
accept alternative hypothesis. People are aware of global warming
7. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
Page | 59
Table:3 Anova : Single Factor-demographical factors vs environmental- friendly.
Source of
Variation SS df MS F
P-
value F crit
Between Groups 96.64571429 4 24.16143 18.32941
1.14E-
13 2.397828
Within Groups 454.7714286 345 1.318178
Total 551.4171429 349
*at 5% level of significance.
Null Hypothesis 2: People are not using eco-friendly
Alternative Hypothesis: people are using eco-friendly.
The column in table 3, which shows cumulative are eco-friendly score for different individuals,
F<Critical, the mean eco-friendly score across the individuals is equally aware. Hence F>F critical
values, therefore the mean are eco-friendly score across is difference. Hence we reject the null
hypothesis and accept alternative hypothesis. People are using eco-friendly.
Suggestions by individuals :
1. Reduce, reuse and recycled products
2. Conserve resources and renewable resources should be used
3. Conduct more awareness programme to protect environment (rural, tribal and urban areas)
4. Individual should initiative activities through social groups for environmental development
and government (state, central and local bodies) should support environmental protection.
5. one has save earth and resources
6. control population to this problem
7. avoid deforestation
Conclusion:
The study has done on global warming and sustainable development was done through survey
through sample size 70 individuals, six stratified samples (teachers, students, home-maids, business,
government employees and corporate). The study is done using simple descriptive statistics and
ANOVA. The hypotheses are concluding with rejection of Null Hypothesis and accept of alternative
hypothesis i.e., people are aware of global warming and people are aware of eco-friendly. The study
showed majority of age group is 36-50, income level between26,000 to 50,000, male is
62.9%,occupation are 54.9% and qualification are Post Graduates are 68.57%.
The study awareness among people is high and more environment friendly products.
Future scope of the research:
The study can be extended to with the larger samples size, in multiple location, various professions,
policy makers and experts in international arena.
8. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I Issue XIV, June 2014
ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793
Page | 60
Bibliography:
1. Rao(2011), “Public Awareness about Global Warming in Hyderabad, India”, Master's Theses.
Paper 4072 Retrieved from. http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses
2. Chatterjee, K. (2002). Education, training and public awareness on climate change. A paper
presented by Development Alternatives to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change. Retrieved from http://www.devalt.org/newsletter/sep03/of_1.htm
3. http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_tourism.htm#General Information
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla
5. http://www.weathervane.rff.org/
6. http://www.ipcc.ch
7. http://www.sustainabledevelopmentinfo.com/the-definition-of-sustainable-development/