In recent years, the wireless spectrum has become increasingly scarce as demand for wireless services has grown, requiring imaginative approaches to increase capacity within a limited spectral resource. This article proposes a new method that combines modified symbol time compression with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MSTC-OFDM), to enhance capacity for the narrow-band internet of things (NB-IoT) system. The suggested method, MSTC-OFDM, is based on the modified symbol time compression (MSTC) technique. The MSTC is a compressed waveform technique that increases capacity by compressing the occupied symbol time without losing bit error rate (BER) performance or data throughput. A comparative analysis is provided between the traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and the MSTC-OFDM method. The simulation results show that the MSTC-OFDM scheme drastically decreases the symbol time (ST) by 75% compared to a standard OFDM system. As a result, the MSTC-OFDM system offers four times the bit rate of a typical OFDM system using the same bandwidth and modulation but with a little increase in complexity. Moreover, compared to an OFDM system with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM-OFDM), the MSTC-OFDM system reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 3.9 dB to transmit the same amount of data.
Proportional fair buffer scheduling algorithm for 5G enhanced mobile broadband IJECEIAES
The impending next generation of mobile communications denoted 5G intends to interconnect user equipment, things, vehicles, and cities. It will provide an order of magnitude improvement in performance and network efficiency, and different combinations of use cases enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive internet of things (mIoT) with new capabilities and diverse requirements. Adoption of advanced radio resource management procedures such as packet scheduling algorithms is necessary to distribute radio resources among different users efficiently. The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm and its modified versions have proved to be the commonly used scheduling algorithms for their ability to provide a tradeoff between throughput and fairness. In this article, the buffer status is combined with the PF metric to suggest a new scheduling algorithm for efficient support for eMBB. The effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is proved through à comprehensive experimental analysis based on the evaluation of different quality of service key performance indicators (QoS KPIs) such as throughput, fairness, and buffer status.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAPAND- ADD LENGTH OVER MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ON SN...cscpconf
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
Evaluation and Design an Efficient Mobile WiMax Architecture Using Coded OFDM...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of a coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system for mobile WiMAX applications. It models an OFDM system using different trellis coded structures with variable constraint lengths and a 1/2 code rate. It evaluates the performance of the different trellis structures for a coded interleaved OFDM system with variable fast Fourier transform sizes and different modulation orders like BPSK, QPSK, and 4QAM. The paper finds that using trellis encoding significantly improves the bit error rate performance of the system, and that higher constraint lengths like 7 provide better performance at higher signal-to-noise ratios above 12 dB.
Energy efficient power control for device to device communication in 5G netw...IJECEIAES
Next generation cellular networks require high capacity, enhanced efficiency of energy and guaranteed quality of service (QoS). To reach these goals, device-to device (D2D) communication is a candidate technologie for future 5th Generation especially applications that require the reuse, the hop and the proximity gain. The present paper studies the energy efficient power control for the uplink of an OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access) system composed of both regular cellular users and device-to-device (D2D) pairs. First, we analyze and model mathematically the prerequisites for D2D communications and classical cellular links in terms of minimum rate and maximum power requirement. Second, we use fractional programming in order to convert the initial problem into a concave one and we apply non-cooperative game theory in order to characterize the equilibrium. Then, we got the solution of the problem from the results of a water-filling power allocation. Moreover, we employ a distributed design for power allocation by means of three methods: a) Theory of fractional programming b) Closed form expression (the novelty is the use of Wright Omega function). c) Inverse water filling. Finally, simulations in both static and dynamic channel setting are realized to demontrate the enhanced gain in term of EE, SE (spectral efficiency) and time of execution of the iterative algorithm (Dinkelbach) than the closed form algorithms.
Establishment Network by Using FSO Link Based on MD Code for Hybrid SCM-SAC-O...IJECEIAES
Since the wireless systems are working under nature environments and influenced by turbulence, weather in Iraq that leads to extended amount of fading signal, dissipation or attenuation. Basic “hybrid Subcarrier Multiplying Spectral Amplitude Coding (SCM-SAC) of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA)" indoor or outdoor optical system depends on generally “Multi-Diagonal (MD)" security code by using optical space known as “Free Space Optic (FSO)" that was proposed in this work. It is found that the mention hybrid wireless systems can be used in operating mesh networks. The main proposed idea of hybrid optical technique was analyzed and simulated by normally taking into simulation account that the directly effecting by rain and haze attenuations. In addition, there are mention and description for atmospheric effects, FSO mesh network, modulation scheme, simulation, and the data security. From simulation results, the hybrid system using MD code produces reduced “bit-error rate (BER)" at heavy storm rain to distance or range of 500 m and at drizzle rain up to 2500 m range. And also investigates the performance of using the proposed system with radio over fiber (RoF) for UWB signals through indoor propagation in building applications of wireless channel.
IRJET- Analysis of 5G Mobile Technologies and DDOS DefenseIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies and defenses against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses two key 5G technologies: photonic technologies for 5G transport and data centers, which use fiber optics to transmit large amounts of data, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which allows more users to be served simultaneously. It also discusses challenges of 5G such as interference and proposes software-defined networking and network function virtualization approaches to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
The document analyzes the system capacity and spectral efficiency of a fixed-grid optical network using different modulation formats. It simulates a fixed-grid network using polarization division multiplexing and transmits 100-200 Gbps data rates using PM-QPSK, PM-8QAM, and PM-16QAM modulation. The achieved spectral efficiencies were 2, 3, and 4 bits/s/Hz respectively. The modulation formats provided system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps, reaching transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 km with a bit error rate below 2x10-3. It examines the received optical power and bandwidth requirements for different modulations in a fixed grid
Proportional fair buffer scheduling algorithm for 5G enhanced mobile broadband IJECEIAES
The impending next generation of mobile communications denoted 5G intends to interconnect user equipment, things, vehicles, and cities. It will provide an order of magnitude improvement in performance and network efficiency, and different combinations of use cases enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive internet of things (mIoT) with new capabilities and diverse requirements. Adoption of advanced radio resource management procedures such as packet scheduling algorithms is necessary to distribute radio resources among different users efficiently. The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm and its modified versions have proved to be the commonly used scheduling algorithms for their ability to provide a tradeoff between throughput and fairness. In this article, the buffer status is combined with the PF metric to suggest a new scheduling algorithm for efficient support for eMBB. The effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is proved through à comprehensive experimental analysis based on the evaluation of different quality of service key performance indicators (QoS KPIs) such as throughput, fairness, and buffer status.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAPAND- ADD LENGTH OVER MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ON SN...cscpconf
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
Evaluation and Design an Efficient Mobile WiMax Architecture Using Coded OFDM...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of a coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system for mobile WiMAX applications. It models an OFDM system using different trellis coded structures with variable constraint lengths and a 1/2 code rate. It evaluates the performance of the different trellis structures for a coded interleaved OFDM system with variable fast Fourier transform sizes and different modulation orders like BPSK, QPSK, and 4QAM. The paper finds that using trellis encoding significantly improves the bit error rate performance of the system, and that higher constraint lengths like 7 provide better performance at higher signal-to-noise ratios above 12 dB.
Energy efficient power control for device to device communication in 5G netw...IJECEIAES
Next generation cellular networks require high capacity, enhanced efficiency of energy and guaranteed quality of service (QoS). To reach these goals, device-to device (D2D) communication is a candidate technologie for future 5th Generation especially applications that require the reuse, the hop and the proximity gain. The present paper studies the energy efficient power control for the uplink of an OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access) system composed of both regular cellular users and device-to-device (D2D) pairs. First, we analyze and model mathematically the prerequisites for D2D communications and classical cellular links in terms of minimum rate and maximum power requirement. Second, we use fractional programming in order to convert the initial problem into a concave one and we apply non-cooperative game theory in order to characterize the equilibrium. Then, we got the solution of the problem from the results of a water-filling power allocation. Moreover, we employ a distributed design for power allocation by means of three methods: a) Theory of fractional programming b) Closed form expression (the novelty is the use of Wright Omega function). c) Inverse water filling. Finally, simulations in both static and dynamic channel setting are realized to demontrate the enhanced gain in term of EE, SE (spectral efficiency) and time of execution of the iterative algorithm (Dinkelbach) than the closed form algorithms.
Establishment Network by Using FSO Link Based on MD Code for Hybrid SCM-SAC-O...IJECEIAES
Since the wireless systems are working under nature environments and influenced by turbulence, weather in Iraq that leads to extended amount of fading signal, dissipation or attenuation. Basic “hybrid Subcarrier Multiplying Spectral Amplitude Coding (SCM-SAC) of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA)" indoor or outdoor optical system depends on generally “Multi-Diagonal (MD)" security code by using optical space known as “Free Space Optic (FSO)" that was proposed in this work. It is found that the mention hybrid wireless systems can be used in operating mesh networks. The main proposed idea of hybrid optical technique was analyzed and simulated by normally taking into simulation account that the directly effecting by rain and haze attenuations. In addition, there are mention and description for atmospheric effects, FSO mesh network, modulation scheme, simulation, and the data security. From simulation results, the hybrid system using MD code produces reduced “bit-error rate (BER)" at heavy storm rain to distance or range of 500 m and at drizzle rain up to 2500 m range. And also investigates the performance of using the proposed system with radio over fiber (RoF) for UWB signals through indoor propagation in building applications of wireless channel.
IRJET- Analysis of 5G Mobile Technologies and DDOS DefenseIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies and defenses against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses two key 5G technologies: photonic technologies for 5G transport and data centers, which use fiber optics to transmit large amounts of data, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which allows more users to be served simultaneously. It also discusses challenges of 5G such as interference and proposes software-defined networking and network function virtualization approaches to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
The document analyzes the system capacity and spectral efficiency of a fixed-grid optical network using different modulation formats. It simulates a fixed-grid network using polarization division multiplexing and transmits 100-200 Gbps data rates using PM-QPSK, PM-8QAM, and PM-16QAM modulation. The achieved spectral efficiencies were 2, 3, and 4 bits/s/Hz respectively. The modulation formats provided system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps, reaching transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 km with a bit error rate below 2x10-3. It examines the received optical power and bandwidth requirements for different modulations in a fixed grid
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
56_5G Wireless Communication Network Architecture and Its Key Enabling Techno...EdisonAndresZapataOc
The document summarizes a proposed 5G wireless communication network architecture with an indoor/outdoor segregated design using cloud-based radio access networks (C-RAN). It aims to address challenges of 4G like higher data rates and network capacity by leveraging emerging technologies like massive MIMO, device-to-device communication, visible light communication, ultra-dense networks, and millimeter wave technology, which would be managed by software defined networking/network function virtualization through the C-RAN. The new 5G architecture separates indoor and outdoor networks to avoid penetration losses associated with current designs and allow indoor users to connect to dedicated indoor access points for improved quality of experience.
This document discusses candidate modulation waveforms for 5G communication systems. It compares OFDM, UFMC, and FBMC modulation schemes in terms of their spectral efficiency, power spectral density, peak-to-average power ratio, and robustness to asynchronous multi-user uplink transmission. The document provides background on the evolution of 5G and expected 5G applications including enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable low latency communications, and massive machine-type communications. Evaluation results using MATLAB show that having prior information on signal-to-noise ratio can significantly increase the spectral efficiency of the transmission scheme.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes improving the performance of 5G systems using maximum ratio transmission (MRT) with multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) by incorporating weighted overlap-add (WOLA) precoding. It compares the proposed WOLA-MRT system to a standard MRT system with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Simulation results show the proposed system achieves approximately 60% higher throughput and a 2% lower bit error rate than the standard system, demonstrating significant performance enhancements for 5G massive MIMO networks.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and large-scale par...IJECEIAES
The proliferation of handheld devices has continued to push the demand for higher data rates. Network providers will use small cells as an overlay to macrocell in fifth-generation (5G) for network capacity enhancement. The current cellular wireless backhauls suffer from the problem of insufficient backhaul capacity to cater to the new small cell deployment scenarios. Using the 3D digital map of Lagos Island in the Wireless InSite, small cells are deployed on a street canyon and in high-rise scenarios to simulate the backhaul links to the small cells at 28 GHz center frequency and 100 MHz bandwidth. Using a user-defined signal to interference plus noise ratiothroughput (SINR-throughput) table based on an adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS), the throughput values were generated based on the equation specified by 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 0, which estimates the peak data rate based on the modulation order and coding rate for each data stream calculated by the propagation model. Finding shows achieved channel capacity is comparable with gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) used in fiber to the ‘X’ (FTTX) for backhauling small cells. The effect of channel parameters such as root mean squared (RMS) delay spread and RMS angular spread on channel capacity are also investigated and explained.
CL-SA-OFDM: cross-layer and smart antenna based OFDM system performance enha...IJECEIAES
The growing usage of wireless services is lacking in providing high-speed data communication in recent times. Hence, many of the modulation techniques are evolved to attain these communication needs. The recent researches have widely considered OFDM technology as the prominent modulation mechanism to fulfill the futuristic needs of wireless communication. The OFDM can bring effective usage of resources, bandwidth, and system performance enhancement in collaboration with the smart antenna and resource allocation mechanism (adaptive). However, the usage of adaptive beamforming with the OFDM leads to complication in the design of medium access layer and which causes a problem in adaptive resource allocation mechanism (ARAM). Hence, the proposed manuscript intends to design an OFDM system by considering different switched beam smart antenna (SBSA) along with the cross-layer adaptive resource allocation (CLARA) and hybrid adaptive array (HAA). In this, various smart antenna mechanism are considered to analyze the quality of service (QoS) and complexity reduction in the OFDM system. In this paper, various SA schemes are used as per the quality of service (QoS) requirement of the different users. The performance analysis is conducted by considering data traffic reduction, bit-rate reduction, and average delay.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
This paper discusses key aspects of 4G mobile communication systems. 4G aims to provide high-quality services from voice to video as well as high-speed wireless internet access. It describes technologies like OFDMA, MIMO and software defined radio that enable high data rates of 50-500 bits/Hz/km2. 4G will use a multi-technology approach including 3G, WiFi and WiMAX. Seamless coverage will be achieved through a parent network and smaller picocells. Caching and multimedia adaptation will improve quality of experience for users. 4G promises ubiquitous high-speed connectivity through integration of networks, terminals and applications.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
This document provides a comparative study of 4G and 5G wireless technologies. Some key points:
- 4G networks are based on LTE technology using MIMO and OFDM to achieve high data throughput. 5G will provide even higher speeds and connectivity for many devices.
- 5G will operate at higher frequencies of 3-300GHz and support data rates over 1Gbps for many connections. It is designed to handle a wide variety of connected devices and traffic types.
- 5G networks will use technologies like cloud RAN and virtual RAN for more centralized network establishment. They will also use cognitive radio techniques to dynamically adapt to conditions.
- When 5G replaces 4G, it aims
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IRJET-BER Improvement in OFDM-IM using TCMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Index Modulation (OFDM-IM) by using Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM). OFDM-IM is an efficient multi-carrier transmission technique, but some subcarriers can be affected by fading, reducing performance. The paper proposes using TCM for OFDM-IM to increase the Hamming distance between index subcarriers and improve diversity order. Mapping rules are devised for a 1x2 TCM encoder. Simulation results show the proposed TCM-OFDM-IM scheme can lower the probability of index error compared to conventional OFDM-IM.
Performance Evaluation of MIMO OFDM using AWGN Channel with Different Modulat...ijtsrd
MIMO OFDM is a critical technology and a good option for 5G telecommunications networks. The present MIMO hardware and software developments, as well as MIMO OFDM equalisation approaches, are briefly covered. Mobile devices have grown into very sophisticated communication tools that serve as sensors in a cloud computing environment. Several improvements have been made to the core network in order to provide a high quality of service QoS and to support novel and diverse access ways. With the introduction of the IEEE 802.22 standard, cognitive radio CR networks have become increasingly important in the optimal utilisation of available spectrum resources with less interference between neighbouring users. In this paper, performance analysis of MIMO ODFM using AWGN with different modulation scheme in WiMAX technology. The results of this investigation are performing between signal to noise ratio verses BER using MatlabR2013a tool. Mangukiya Hiteshkumar Bhupatbhai "Performance Evaluation of MIMO-OFDM using AWGN Channel with Different Modulation Scheme in WiMAX Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52201.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/52201/performance-evaluation-of-mimoofdm-using-awgn-channel-with-different-modulation-scheme-in-wimax-technology/mangukiya-hiteshkumar-bhupatbhai
Design of high scalability multi-subcarrier RoF hybrid system based on optica...nooriasukmaningtyas
The technology of radio over fiber (RoF) regard a crucial point to solve
problems in wireless communication system. As well as, the growth of
internet applications also reveals a tremendous increase in bandwidth for
different applications. Therefore, the development of optical networks is very
important that have maximum bandwidth by using different multiple access
techniques. Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique has
considered as a good solution for high bandwidth network. Hybrid optical
systems of OCDMA and time division multiplexing (OTDM) has been
proposed in this paper to increase the number of simultaneous users. The
results of hybrid OCDMA and OTDM system demonstrate that this system
can make a considerable increase in the network scalability while ensuring
sufficient data rate and an acceptable bit error rate. Where M-user OCDMA
signals can be transmitted in different channels of an OTDM system. Due to
its wide band facility compared with other access techniques, OCDMA used
here. In addition to its high scalability for our radio network, the OTDM and
SCM utilized. The combination of these efficient access technique and
powerful time-sharing media are lead to increase the framework system
scalability.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks IJECEIAES
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of WiMAX systems using FEC zigzag coding and MIMO techniques. It first provides background on WiMAX and discusses how OFDM, MIMO, and various channel coding schemes like zigzag codes work. It then evaluates the bit-error rate performance of WiMAX systems using zigzag-coded modulation with different code rates and lengths. The results show zigzag coding presents stronger error correction than Reed-Solomon with Convolutional coding. Encoding and decoding of zigzag codes is explained, along with how concatenated zigzag codes provide even stronger error correction through interleaving and turbo processing.
Power Consumption Modeling and Analysis of Integrated Optical-Wireless Access...IJECEIAES
The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere. However, the power consumption of this network demands a particular attention because access networks are the largest contributor the network related electricity consumption. Therefore, in this paper we evaluate the power consumption of integrated optical-wireless access network which is based on independent ONU-BS architecture. We proposed a power consumption model for such network and the assessment has been done under different simulation scenarios. The constructed model will provide insight of the energy performance of the integrated access network so that in the network design process, focus can be done to the most energy saving strategies.
This document discusses the performance evaluation of 4G LTE-SCFDMA schemes under different channel models. It provides an overview of LTE fundamentals and specifications, including bandwidths, data rates, frame structure and resource blocks. It also explains SCFDMA, describing its advantages over OFDMA in terms of lower peak-to-average power ratio and improved power efficiency. The document evaluates SCFDMA system performance using two equalization methods (zero forcing and MMSE) and two subcarrier mapping techniques (localized and distributed) under ITU and SUI channel models. The results show better performance with localized mapping and MMSE equalization.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and large-scale par...IJECEIAES
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DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
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These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
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- 4G networks are based on LTE technology using MIMO and OFDM to achieve high data throughput. 5G will provide even higher speeds and connectivity for many devices.
- 5G will operate at higher frequencies of 3-300GHz and support data rates over 1Gbps for many connections. It is designed to handle a wide variety of connected devices and traffic types.
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A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IRJET-BER Improvement in OFDM-IM using TCMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Index Modulation (OFDM-IM) by using Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM). OFDM-IM is an efficient multi-carrier transmission technique, but some subcarriers can be affected by fading, reducing performance. The paper proposes using TCM for OFDM-IM to increase the Hamming distance between index subcarriers and improve diversity order. Mapping rules are devised for a 1x2 TCM encoder. Simulation results show the proposed TCM-OFDM-IM scheme can lower the probability of index error compared to conventional OFDM-IM.
Performance Evaluation of MIMO OFDM using AWGN Channel with Different Modulat...ijtsrd
MIMO OFDM is a critical technology and a good option for 5G telecommunications networks. The present MIMO hardware and software developments, as well as MIMO OFDM equalisation approaches, are briefly covered. Mobile devices have grown into very sophisticated communication tools that serve as sensors in a cloud computing environment. Several improvements have been made to the core network in order to provide a high quality of service QoS and to support novel and diverse access ways. With the introduction of the IEEE 802.22 standard, cognitive radio CR networks have become increasingly important in the optimal utilisation of available spectrum resources with less interference between neighbouring users. In this paper, performance analysis of MIMO ODFM using AWGN with different modulation scheme in WiMAX technology. The results of this investigation are performing between signal to noise ratio verses BER using MatlabR2013a tool. Mangukiya Hiteshkumar Bhupatbhai "Performance Evaluation of MIMO-OFDM using AWGN Channel with Different Modulation Scheme in WiMAX Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52201.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/52201/performance-evaluation-of-mimoofdm-using-awgn-channel-with-different-modulation-scheme-in-wimax-technology/mangukiya-hiteshkumar-bhupatbhai
Design of high scalability multi-subcarrier RoF hybrid system based on optica...nooriasukmaningtyas
The technology of radio over fiber (RoF) regard a crucial point to solve
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important that have maximum bandwidth by using different multiple access
techniques. Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique has
considered as a good solution for high bandwidth network. Hybrid optical
systems of OCDMA and time division multiplexing (OTDM) has been
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sufficient data rate and an acceptable bit error rate. Where M-user OCDMA
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A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks IJECEIAES
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of WiMAX systems using FEC zigzag coding and MIMO techniques. It first provides background on WiMAX and discusses how OFDM, MIMO, and various channel coding schemes like zigzag codes work. It then evaluates the bit-error rate performance of WiMAX systems using zigzag-coded modulation with different code rates and lengths. The results show zigzag coding presents stronger error correction than Reed-Solomon with Convolutional coding. Encoding and decoding of zigzag codes is explained, along with how concatenated zigzag codes provide even stronger error correction through interleaving and turbo processing.
Power Consumption Modeling and Analysis of Integrated Optical-Wireless Access...IJECEIAES
The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere. However, the power consumption of this network demands a particular attention because access networks are the largest contributor the network related electricity consumption. Therefore, in this paper we evaluate the power consumption of integrated optical-wireless access network which is based on independent ONU-BS architecture. We proposed a power consumption model for such network and the assessment has been done under different simulation scenarios. The constructed model will provide insight of the energy performance of the integrated access network so that in the network design process, focus can be done to the most energy saving strategies.
This document discusses the performance evaluation of 4G LTE-SCFDMA schemes under different channel models. It provides an overview of LTE fundamentals and specifications, including bandwidths, data rates, frame structure and resource blocks. It also explains SCFDMA, describing its advantages over OFDMA in terms of lower peak-to-average power ratio and improved power efficiency. The document evaluates SCFDMA system performance using two equalization methods (zero forcing and MMSE) and two subcarrier mapping techniques (localized and distributed) under ITU and SUI channel models. The results show better performance with localized mapping and MMSE equalization.
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model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
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An effective technique for increasing capacity and improving bandwidth in 5G narrow-band internet of things
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023, pp. 5232∼5242
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i5.pp5232-5242 ❒ 5232
An effective technique for increasing capacity and
improving bandwidth in 5G narrow-band internet of things
Abdulwahid Mohammed1
, Hassan Mostafa2,3
, Abdelhady Abdelazim Ammar1
1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
3Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Science and technology, Giza, Egypt
Article Info
Article history:
Received Nov 30, 2022
Revised Mar 15, 2023
Accepted Apr 7, 2023
Keywords:
Internet of things
Fifth generation
Modified symbol time
compression
Symbol time compression
Narrow-band internet of things
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the wireless spectrum has become increasingly scarce as demand
for wireless services has grown, requiring imaginative approaches to increase
capacity within a limited spectral resource. This article proposes a new method
that combines modified symbol time compression with orthogonal frequency di-
vision multiplexing (MSTC-OFDM), to enhance capacity for the narrow-band
internet of things (NB-IoT) system. The suggested method, MSTC-OFDM, is
based on the modified symbol time compression (MSTC) technique. The MSTC
is a compressed waveform technique that increases capacity by compressing the
occupied symbol time without losing bit error rate (BER) performance or data
throughput. A comparative analysis is provided between the traditional orthog-
onal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and the MSTC-OFDM
method. The simulation results show that the MSTC-OFDM scheme drastically
decreases the symbol time (ST) by 75% compared to a standard OFDM sys-
tem. As a result, the MSTC-OFDM system offers four times the bit rate of a
typical OFDM system using the same bandwidth and modulation but with a lit-
tle increase in complexity. Moreover, compared to an OFDM system with 16
quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM-OFDM), the MSTC-OFDM system
reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 3.9 dB to transmit the same amount
of data.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Abdulwahid Mohammed
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Al-Azhar University
Nasr Street, Permanent Camp, Cairo 11651, Egypt
Email: abdulwahid.21@azhar.edu.eg
1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has evolved tremendously. The IoT provides a
wide range of possibilities for novel applications to enhance our lives [1]. The number of connected devices is
constantly increasing, and new IoT applications in vehicles, transport, the electric grid, agriculture, metering,
and other fields have developed [2]. In particular, IoT enables humans to live in a smarter environment than
ever before. For instance, residents all around the world receive personalized urban services on a continuous,
automated, and collaborative basis [3]. IoT devices have emerged in different environments, such as smart
grids [4], industrial automation [5], smart cities, healthcare, and home appliances [6]. According to the global
system for mobile communications association (GSMA), IoT connections forecast (5) and Ericsson mobility’s
report (4), both of which were issued in June 2020 (these two reports include the impact of the coronavirus
disease (COVID-19) epidemic on the IoT industry), the total number of IoT device connections is expected to
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5233
approach over 75 billion among all IoT markets by 2025 [7]. The smart home, consumer electronics, wearables,
and smart vehicle sectors are expected to be the primary drivers of development in consumer IoT [7].
A variety of low power wide area (LPWA) systems have evolved to handle this massive data need [8].
In addition to the wide coverage, low power consumption, and large number of users, these technologies also
provide a low level of device complexity [9], [10]. There are several standardization committees working on
standardizing LPWA technology, including IEEE, 3GPP, and others [2]. LPWA can employ cellular or non-
cellular wireless technologies. Cellular technologies include machine type communication (MTC), enhanced
machine type communication (eMTC), and narrow-band internet of things (NB-IoT) [11], whereas non-cellular
technologies include long range (LoRa), ZigBee, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, and others [12]–[14]. With the explosive
growth of 5G new radio technologies, industry and academia are focusing their efforts on enhanced mobile
broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTCs), and ultra-reliable low latency commu-
nications (URLLCs) [15]. To meet the 5G vision, it is required to not only make substantial advancements in
new wireless technologies, but also to consider the harmonic and equitable coexistence of diverse networks,
and the compatibility of 4G and 5G systems [16].
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 summarizes the related work and contribu-
tion. Section 3 describes the overall mathematical model of the proposed system. The simulation results and
comments are presented in section 4. This study is summarized in section 5 by outlining the advantages of the
proposed technique.
2. RELATED WORK AND CONTRIBUTION
The third generation partnership project (3GPP) produced the NB-IoT radio technology standard for
cellular devices and services [17]. As opposed to conventional multi-carrier systems, NB-IoT typically uses
low-order modulation techniques like binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and fewer sub-carriers. The drawback
of NB-IoT is that it cannot be used for critical systems due to its constrained bandwidth and transmission rate
[18]. Therefore, this article focuses on increasing data rates and improving performance within the constrained
NB-IoT bandwidth.
Xu and Darwazeh [19] proposed an NB-IoT architecture based on a sophisticated signal waveform
known as non-orthogonal spectrum efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM). Compared with OFDM,
the developed waveform might enhance the data rate without requiring extra bandwidth. According to the sim-
ulation results, the suggested waveform might enhance data rates by 25% when compared to the OFDM signal
waveform. However, the non-orthogonality of the sub-carriers may lead to inter-carrier interference (ICI), re-
quiring additional power consumption on the receiver side. Since the signal processing is done at the base
stations, it is appropriate for the up-link channel [19]. But this is not practicable since it requires additional
processing at the down-link channels.
Xu and Darwazeh [20] described solutions for NB-IoT employing fast orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (Fast-OFDM), as this technique shows its advantages compared to the standard orthogonal fre-
quency division multiplexing (OFDM). When compared to a typical OFDM system, fast-OFDM reduces the
space between sub-carriers by 50% and avoids bit error rate (BER) degradation. As a result, it doubles the num-
ber of connected devices by reducing the utilized bandwidth of each device without affecting BERperformance.
However, Fast-OFDM may cause carrier frequency offset (CFO) due to lowering sub-carrier spacing.
Xu et al. [21] employed non-orthogonal multi-carrier SEFDM wave-forms for single and
multiple-antenna systems and demonstrate how these wave-forms may improve down-link (DL) bandwidth
by 11% when compared to NB-IoT. The results demonstrated that enhanced NB-IoT (eNB-IoT) has the same
efficiency as NB-IoT in both single and multiple antennae for modulation schemes such as quadrature am-
plitude modulation (4QAM and 8QAM). However, NB-IoT outperforms eNB-IoT in higher-order modulation
formats such as 16QAM.
Liu and Darwazeh [18] proposed a new signaling technique for NB-IoT mobile systems based on
the Fast-OFDM scheme coupled with a time orthogonal Hilbert transform (HT) pair (HT-Fast-OFDM), which
quadruples the data rate by applying two orthogonal methods: the Fast-OFDM scheme combined with the
time orthogonal hilbert transform (HT) pair. According to their simulation studies, the HT-Fast-OFDM system
offers four times the data rate compared with an OFDM system using the same modulation technique (BPSK)
and utilizing the same bandwidth. However, because of the reduced sub-carrier spacing, F-OFDM may suffer
from a carrier frequency offset (CFO). Furthermore, the combination of two orthogonal techniques increases
An effective technique for increasing capacity and improving bandwidth in ... (Abdulwahid Mohammed)
3. 5234 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
the complexity of the HT-Fast-OFDM system.
In this study, the modified symbol time compression with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(MSTC-OFDM) is suggested as a promising and effective system for 5G and beyond for the following reasons:
i) increase the data rate four times compared with a typical OFDM system; ii) using one-dimensional modu-
lation leads to lower power consumption; iii) as opposed to Fast-OFDM in [20], it does not cause a mismatch
in the sampling rate or CFO since the space between the sub-carriers is not reduced; iv) enhances system per-
formance by further keeping the system from degrading in BER; and v) the MSTC-OFDM outperforms the
HT-Fast-OFDM in terms of complexity. Furthermore, unlike the HT-Fast-OFDM system in [18], the MSTC-
OFDM system maintains the same spacing between the sub-carriers, making it more robust against CFO and
inter-carrier interference.
3. SYSTEM MODEL
The symbol time compression (STC) technique is initially presented in [22], where it compresses the
symbol time to half and saves 50% of bandwidth. This article suggests the MSTC technique, which reduces the
used bandwidth to a quarter while saving 75% of symbol time. Moreover, using MSTC does not cause deteri-
oration in BER, as will be demonstrated in further detail in section 4. The MSTC technique is applied on the
transmitter side, while the modified symbol time extension (MSTE) technique is employed on the receiver side.
The mathematical model can be divided into three parts as: i) the MSTC mathematical model at the transmitter
side; ii) the MSTE mathematical model at the receiver side; and iii) the system model of the suggested system,
MSTC-OFDM.
3.1. MSTC system model
On the transmitter side, the MSTC scheme is applied through two procedures. The spreading proce-
dure is carried out first, and subsequently the combining process. Two comparable units are joined to create
the MSTC technique. The output of the second unit is multiplied by “j” to obtain the imaginary component,
which is then added to the output of the first unit to produce the complex output Xc, as depicted in Figure 1.
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Source 2
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𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
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Source 3
N Bits
Source 4
N Bits
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𝟐𝟐
�
𝐛𝐛𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍
𝟐𝟐
𝐛𝐛𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍
𝟑𝟑
Second Unit
𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝟐𝟐
𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝟐𝟐
𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝟑𝟑
-𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝟑𝟑
Figure 1. Block diagram of M-STC technique
Figure 1 displays the block diagram of the MSTC technique. First, the input data (S0, S1, S2, and S3)
is converted to the polar form ((b0
Nx1, b1
Nx1, b2
Nx1, and b3
Nx1). The polar form for the first unit is (b0
Nx1 and
b1
Nx1), and for the second unit is (b2
Nx1 and b3
Nx1). The polar form for the two units is expressed as (1):
b0
N×1 =
b0
11
.
b0
N1
, b1
N×1 =
b1
11
.
b1
N1
, b2
N×1 =
b2
11
.
b2
N1
b3
N×1 =
b3
11
.
b3
N1
(1)
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5232-5242
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5235
Second, the polar form is spread using the Walsh code (c), which is constructed using the Hadamard
matrix (H). The Hadamard matrix is a symmetric square matrix, and each row of the Hadamard matrix is
orthogonal to every other row. The (2×2) Hadamard matrix is used in this article and is given as (2) [23]:
H2x2 =
1 1
1 −1
(2)
The Hadamard matrix represents a different Walsh code and each row or column of this matrix represents a
different Walsh code. The two spreading Walsh codes are given as (3) [24]:
c0 = [1 1] and c1 = [1 − 1]. (3)
The spread data is obtained by multiplying the polar data (b0
Nx1, b1
Nx1, b2
Nx1 and b3
Nx1) by the Walsh codes (c0
and c1) as (4):
S0
N×2 = b0
N×1 × c0 =
S0
11 S0
12
.
S0
N1 S0
N2
=
b0
11 b0
11
.
b0
N1 b0
N1
, S1
N×2 = b1
N×1 × c1 =
S1
11 S1
12
.
S1
N1 S1
N2
=
b1
11 −b1
11
.
b1
N1 −b1
N1
,
S2
N×2 = b2
N×1 × c0 =
S2
11 S2
12
.
S2
N1 S2
N2
=
b2
11 b2
11
.
b2
N1 b2
N1
S3
N×2 = b3
N×1 × c1 =
S3
11 S3
12
.
S3
N1 S3
N2
=
b3
11 −b3
11
.
b3
N1 −b3
N1
(4)
where S0
N×2 and S1
N×2 are the spread data of the first unit, whereas S2
N×2 and S3
N×2 are the spread data of the
second unit. The combining process is then applied to the spread data for both the first and second units after
the spreading procedure. The spread data S0
N×2 and S1
N×2 are joined in the first unit to produce the combined
data x1
Nx2. Similarly, in the second unit, the spread data S2
N×2 and S3
N×2 are grouped to provide the combined
data x2
Nx2. The combining process for the first and second units is given as (5):
x1
Nx2 = 1
2
S0
M1 + S1
M1
S0
M1 − S1
M1
, x2
Nx2 = 1
2
S2
M1 + S3
M1
S2
M1 − S3
M1
(5)
where x1
Nx2 is the combining data for the first unit, x2
Nx2 is the combining data for the second unit, 1 ≤ M ≤ N,
and N represents the input’s bits. As displayed in Figure 1, the complex output Xc is created by adding the
imaginary component, obtained by multiplying the output of the second unit by ”j,” to the first unit’s output.
The output of the MSTC technique is expressed as (6).
Xc
Nx2 = x1
Nx2 + jx2
Nx2. (6)
Figure 2 illustrates how the MSTC methodology employs the spread and combining procedures to
compress the symbol time and increase the data rate. The MSTC approach delivers four bits per symbol time
rather than one bit per symbol time. However, as will be demonstrated in Section 4, the BER obtained using
the MSTC method is identical to the BER obtained using BPSK modulation. In Figure 2, we use four symbols
to transfer four bits (b1, b2, b3 and b4). Each symbol time has a bit rate of R. The transmitted bits are multiplied
by Walsh codes c0 and c1, as illustrated in Figure 2, to produce spread data as (7), (8):
Sd1 = b1 × c0 = [b1 b1], Sd2 = b2 × c1 = [b2 − b2], (7)
Sd3 = b3 × c0 = [b3 b3], Sd4 = b4 × c1 = [b4 − b4], (8)
where Sd1, Sd2, Sd3, and Sd4 are spread data for the transmitted bits b1, b2, b3 and b4 respectively. The
combining process of spreading data is defined as (9), (10):
Cd1 = [bc
1 bc
2] = [(b1 + b2) (b1 − b2)] (9)
Cd2 = [bc
3 bc
4] = [(b3 + b4) (b3 − b4)] (10)
An effective technique for increasing capacity and improving bandwidth in ... (Abdulwahid Mohammed)
5. 5236 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
It is clear from Figure 2 that the rate of combining data Cd1 = 2R and the rate of Cd2 = 2R. The
output of the MSTC technique is written as (11):
Xc = [xc
1 xc
2] = [(bc
1 + jbc
3) (bc
2 + jbc
4)], (11)
where Xc is the output of the MSTC technique. The data rate of Xc is 4R. Therefore, using the MSTC
technology enhances capacity by compressing symbol time and sending data at a fourfold higher rate.
S𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏
Combined 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏
𝐛𝐛𝟏𝟏
Ts
t
𝐑𝐑ate
=
R
𝐛𝐛𝟐𝟐
Ts
t
𝐑𝐑ate
=
R
𝐛𝐛𝟑𝟑
Ts
t
𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑
=
R
𝐛𝐛𝟒𝟒
Ts
t
𝐑𝐑ate
=
R
𝐛𝐛𝟏𝟏
Ts
2
t
𝐛𝐛𝟏𝟏
𝐛𝐛𝟐𝟐
t
- 𝐛𝐛𝟐𝟐
𝐛𝐛𝟑𝟑
t
𝐛𝐛𝟑𝟑
𝐛𝐛𝟒𝟒
t
- 𝐛𝐛𝟒𝟒
�
�
𝐛𝐛𝟏𝟏
𝐜𝐜
t
𝐑𝐑ate
=
2
R
𝐛𝐛𝟐𝟐
𝐜𝐜
𝐛𝐛𝟑𝟑
𝐜𝐜
t
𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑
=
2
R
𝐛𝐛𝟒𝟒
𝐜𝐜
�
𝐱𝐱𝟏𝟏
𝐜𝐜
t
𝐑𝐑ate
=
4
R
𝐱𝐱𝟐𝟐
𝐜𝐜
Transmitted 𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃
j
𝐛𝐛
𝟏𝟏
𝐜𝐜
𝟎𝟎
𝐛𝐛
𝟐𝟐
𝐜𝐜
𝟏𝟏
𝐛𝐛
𝟑𝟑
𝐜𝐜
𝟎𝟎
𝐛𝐛
𝟒𝟒
𝐜𝐜
𝟏𝟏
Note: c0 = [1 1] c1 = [1 -1]
Ts
Output 𝐗𝐗𝐜𝐜
Ts
Ts
2
Ts
2
Ts
2
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
2
Ts
Ts
2
Ts
Ts
Ts
2
Figure 2. Illustrative example of the increasing data rate using the MSTC technique
3.2. MSTE system model
The mathematical analysis is explained in detail for the MSTE technique in this subsection. To re-
verse the procedures that the MSTC technique performed in the transmitter, the MSTE technique is employed
at the receiver side. As indicated in Figure 3, the received signal (Yc
2Nx1 = Yreal + jYimag) is divided into two
parts: real (part 1) and imaginary (part 2). For the first unit, the real portion of the received signal is initially
transformed to a Nx2 matrix in the following manner:
MR
N×2 =
Y R
11 Y R
12
·
Y R
N1 Y R
N2
. (12)
The Walsh codes c0 and c1 are multiplied by (12) to disseminate data in the first unit as (13):
MR0
N×2 = MR
N×2 × c0 =
Y R
11 Y R
12
·
Y R
N1 Y R
N2
, MR1
N×2 = MR
N×2 × c1 =
Y R
11 −Y R
12
·
Y R
N1 −Y R
N2
. (13)
where, c0=[1 0 ; 0 1] and c1=[1 0 ; 0 -1]. The combining process is applied to the spread data to produce the
combined data. In (14) illustrates the process of combining data:
D0
R
|{z}
Nx1
=
PN
i=1
MR0
i1 + MR0
i2
+ 1
2
, D1
R
|{z}
Nx1
=
PN
i=1
MR1
i1 + MR1
i2
+ 1
2
(14)
Int J Elec Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5232-5242
6. Int J Elec Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5237
Received
Signal
Real
Part
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐱𝐱𝐱𝐱
𝐑𝐑𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐱𝐱𝐱𝐱
𝐑𝐑𝟏𝟏
Combiner
𝐃𝐃𝐑𝐑
𝟎𝟎
(𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍)
𝐃𝐃𝐑𝐑
𝟏𝟏
(Nx1)
Source 1
Source 2
Matrix Form
=
𝐜𝐜𝟎𝟎 = [1 1]
Combiner
𝐜𝐜𝟏𝟏 = [1 -1]
Imaginary
Part
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐱𝐱𝐱𝐱
𝐈𝐈𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐱𝐱𝐱𝐱
𝐈𝐈𝟏𝟏
Combiner
𝐃𝐃𝐈𝐈
𝟎𝟎
(𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍)
𝐃𝐃𝐈𝐈
𝟏𝟏
(𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍)
Source 3
Source 4
Matrix Form
=
𝐜𝐜𝟎𝟎 = [1 1]
Combiner
𝐜𝐜𝟏𝟏 = [1 -1]
Second Stage
First Stage
Decision
Block
If ≥ 0.5
D = 1
Else
D = 0
Decision
Block
If ≥ 0.5
D = 1
Else
D = 0
Figure 3. Block diagram of M-STE technique
Similarly, the second unit repeats all of the prior unit’s steps. As a result, the imaginary portion of the
received signal is expressed as (15):
MI
N×2 =
Y I
11 Y I
12
·
Y I
N1 Y I
N2
(15)
in (15) is multiplied by Walsh codes c0 and c1 to obtain the spread data in the second unit:
MI0
N×2 = MI
N×2 × c0 =
Y I
11 Y I
12
·
Y I
N1 Y I
N2
, MI1
N×2 = MI
N×2 × c1 =
Y I
11 −Y I
12
·
Y I
N1 −Y I
N2
. (16)
to generate the combined data in the second unit, the spread data in (16) are grouped as (17):
D0
I
|{z}
Nx1
=
PN
i=1
MI0
i1 + MI0
i2
+ 1
2
D1
I
|{z}
Nx1
=
PN
i=1
MI1
i1 + MI1
i2
+ 1
2
. (17)
Finally, the combined data is inserted to the decision block in order to recover the transmitted data. It
should be emphasized that the decision block is uncomplicated, as illustrated in Figure. 3. The decision block
will transform the data to one if it is larger than 0.5 and to zero in all other cases. Consequently, the suggested
approach can send more data without increasing complexity.
3.3. MSTC-OFDM system model
The mathematical analysis of the proposed system (MSTC-OFDM) is presented in this subsection.
Figure 4 depicts a generic block diagram of the MSTC-OFDM, which compresses symbol time and increases
the data rate by using the MSTC at the transmitter and the MSTE at the receiver. The input data (D0, D1, ..., DN )
is first processed by the MSTC block to compress the symbol time to one-fourth of its original length and in-
crease capacity. Therefore, instead of utilizing one bit for each symbol, four bits are used. As a consequence,
the MSTC block’s output ranges from X0 to XN/4. The complex data symbol on the Kth
sub-carrier is denoted
by Xk, where k = 1, 2, ..., N/4. The N/4 resultant waveforms are transmitted into the N/4 input ports of an
inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block. Following IFFT, a discrete-time OFDM symbol is represented in
the form:
xk =
2
N
N
4 −1
X
m=0
Xmej2πkm/ N
4 , 0 ≤ k ≤
N
4
− 1, (18)
where k indicates the time index, N is indeed the number of sub-carriers, xk is in fact the kth
OFDM symbol,
and Xm denotes the mth
transferred data symbols. The generated time domain symbols are passed through a
parallel-to-serial (P/S) converter. To ensure orthogonality and avoid ISI, a cyclic prefix (CP) of an appropriate
An effective technique for increasing capacity and improving bandwidth in ... (Abdulwahid Mohammed)
7. 5238 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
length (Lcp) is placed before each OFDM signal as a guard interval (GI) between OFDM symbols to mitigate
the impact of multi-path propagation. The transmitted OFDM symbol with CP is written as (19):
xcp
k =
2
N
N
4 −1
X
m=0
Xmej2πkm/ N
4 , −Lcp ≤ k ≤
N
4
− 1. (19)
in order to retrieve the sent data, the transmitter procedures is effectively reversed in opposite order at the
receiver side, as indicated in Figure 4.
𝐓𝐓𝐱𝐱
RF
UP
Converter
Data
P/S
CP
Insertion 𝐑𝐑𝐱𝐱
RF
Down
Converter
Data
FFT
CP
Removal
M-STE
𝐃𝐃𝟏𝟏
𝐃𝐃𝐍𝐍
𝐗𝐗𝟏𝟏
𝐗𝐗𝐍𝐍/𝟒𝟒
𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙𝐍𝐍/𝟒𝟒
IFFT
S/P
𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚𝐍𝐍/𝟒𝟒
𝐘𝐘𝟏𝟏
𝐘𝐘𝐍𝐍/𝟒𝟒
M-STC
𝐃𝐃𝟏𝟏
𝐃𝐃𝐍𝐍
Figure 4. Block diagram of MSTC-OFDM system
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This part presents the numerical simulation results for the suggested method, including the perfor-
mance metrics such as BER, OFDM symbol time, and power spectral density (PSD). The input data is mod-
ulated via binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The bandwidth is 180 kHz, the Spacing frequency
∆f = 15 kHz, the sampling frequency f= 1.92 MHz, the FFT size is 128, the CP = 1/4 of the OFDM symbol,
and the model of the channel is additive white gaussian noise (AWGN). Using Monte-Carlo simulations, the
BER is computed by totaling 1,000 OFDM symbols.
Figure 5 shows the performance comparison between the OFDM system using BPSK (BPSK-OFDM)
and the MSTC-OFDM system based on the time domain of the transmitted signal. As shown in
Figures 5(a) and 5(b), the MSTC-OFDM system reduces the OFDM symbol time to one-fourth compared
to the BPSK-OFDM system. Consequently, employing the proposed approach saves 75% of the symbol time
and can be exploited to transmit four times as much data as the BPSK-OFDM system.
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time sample
0
0.5
1
1.5
Amplitude
10
-3
BPSK-OFDM system
Amplitude
(a)
Amplitude
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time sample
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
10
-3
MSTC-OFDM system
Save 75% of symbol Time
Amplitude
(b)
Figure 5. Performance comparison based on symbol time (a) BPSK-OFDM and (b) MSTC-OFDM systems
The spectra for three separate systems are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6(a) illustrates the spectrum
of a BPSK-OFDM system, whereas Figure 6(b) depicts the spectrum of an HT-Fast-OFDM system, and
Figure 6(c) displays the spectrum of the MSTC-OFDM system. It is obvious that all systems have the same
bandwidth when parallel sinc pulses are employed as representations of 12 subcarriers for all systems. Despite
having the same bandwidth as the BPSK-OFDM system, the HT-Fast-OFDM and MSTC-OFDM systems can
transfer four times as much data compared to the BPSK-OFDM system. Unlike the HT-Fast-OFDM system,
the MSTC-OFDM system does not modify the distance between the subcarriers, making it more resistant to
ICI.
Int J Elec Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5232-5242
8. Int J Elec Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5239
Figure 7 shows the power spectral density (PSD) for three different systems: the BPSK-OFDM sys-
tem, the MSTC-OFDM system, and the HT-Fast-OFDM system. It can be seen clearly from Figure 7 that
the three spectra occupy the same frequency range (approximately 180 kHz). However, when the three sys-
tems (BPSK-OFDM, HT-Fast-OFDM, and MSTC-OFDM) occupy the same bandwidth, the HT-Fast-OFDM
system and the proposed MSTC-OFDM system have the ability to transmit four times the data as compared
to the BPSK-OFDM system. Moreover, the MSTC-OFDM and the HT-Fast-OFDM systems do not affect the
degradation of the bit error rate.
0
0.5
1
Sub-carrier Index
Amplitude
(a)
Sub-carrier Index
(b)
Sub-carrier Index
(c)
Figure 6. Sub-carriers representation for (a) BPSK-OFDM, (b) HT-Fast-OFDM [19], and (c) MSTC-OFDM
-100 0 100
Frequency (KHz)
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
PSD[dB]
BPSK-OFDM system
-100 0 100
Frequency (KHz)
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
PSD[dB]
MSTC-OFDM system
-100 0 100
Frequency (KHz)
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
PSD[dB]
HT-Fast-OFDM system
Figure 7. Comparison between BPSK-OFDM, MSTC-OFDM, and HT-Fast-OFDM [18] based on PSD
As mentioned in section 3, the proposed method can send four times as much data as a BPSK-OFDM
system using the same bandwidth. Moreover, the BER is not degraded because the suggested method (MSTC-
OFDM) uses one-dimensional modulation. Figure 8 compares OFDM BPSK, MSTC-OFDM, and HT-Fast-
OFDM systems based on BER and data rate measurements. The two systems, MSTC-OFDM and HT-Fast-
OFDM, can transfer four times more data than the BPSK-OFDM system; however, there is no degradation in
the bit error rate, as illustrated in Figure 8(a). For the same BER (BER = 10−4
) and the same data rate, the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the 16QAM-OFDM system is 12.3 dB, whereas the SNR of the MSTC-OFDM
system is 8.4 dB. Therefore, the SNR gain while employing the MSTC-OFDM system is 3.9 dB. As a result, it
may be concluded that the MSTC-OFDM system can transport data at a high rate while consuming less power.
It is clear from Figure 8(b) that the suggested MSTC-OFDM system has the same efficiency as the
HT-Fast-OFDM and 16QAM-OFDM systems. The three systems can transmit 720 kbps at Eb/N0 = 10 dB,
which is four times the data of the BPSK-OFDM system (RateBP SK−OF DM = 180 kbps). Furthermore, the
suggested system outperforms the 16QAM-OFDM system in terms of BER, as demonstrated in Figure 8(a),
and outperforms the HT-Fast-OFDM system in terms of complexity.
4.1. Computational complexity
The complexity of BPSK-OFDM, MSTC-OFDM, and HT-Fast-OFDM is explained in this subsection.
The FFT complexity for additions is N log2 N, whereas it is (N/2) log2 N for multiplication [25]. The following
assumptions are applied to calculate complexity: i) the complexity of subtraction equals the complexity of
An effective technique for increasing capacity and improving bandwidth in ... (Abdulwahid Mohammed)
9. 5240 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
addition and ii) the complexity of division equals the complexity of multiplication. In the BPSK-OFDM system,
it requires a total of Nlog2(N) additions and (N/2)log2(N) multiplications. The HT-Fast-OFDM system in
[18] is divided into two units, each with N FFT points. The Hilbert transform pair, namely g(t) and ˆ
g(t), is
multiplied by the two units. The first unit is multiplied by the Hilbert transform g(t), while the second unit
is multiplied by the Hilbert transform ˆ
g(t). The two components are then joined. As a result, this system
will require Nlog2(N) + 2 multiplications and 2Nlog2(N) + 1 additions. The computational complexity of
our suggested system (MSTC-OFDM) is as follows: in addition to the computational complexity of the BPSK-
OFDM system, the MSTC technique requires 4N multiplication operations and 6N addition operations. As a
result, the suggested approach, MSTC-OFDM, has a total of (N/2)log2(N) + 4N multiplication operations and
Nlog2(N) + 6N addition operations. Table 1 highlights the computational complexity of the BPSK-OFDM,
HT-Fast-OFDM, and MSTC-OFDM systems. It can be observed that the computational complexity of the
suggested system, MSTC-OFDM, is lower than that of the HT-Fast-OFDM system.
0 5 10 15
Eb/No (dB)
10-6
10-4
10-2
100
Bit
Error
Rate
(BER)
BPSK-OFDM Theoretical
BPSK-OFDM Simulation
HT-Fast-OFDM
MSTC-OFDM
16QAM-OFDM Theoretical
12.3
8.4
G
a
i
n
=
3
.
9
d
B
(a)
0 5 10 15 20
Eb/No (dB)a
180
360
540
720
Data
Rate
(kbits/s)
Bpsk-OFDM system
16QAM-OFDM system
HT-Fast-OFDM system
MSTC-OFDM system
(b)
Figure 8. Comparison between BPSK-OFDM, MSTC-OFDM, and HT-Fast-OFDM [18] based on (a) BER
and (b) data rate
Table 1. Computational complexity analysis
BPSK-OFDM system HT-Fast-OFDM system [18] MSTC-OFDM system
No. Multiplications No. Additions No. Multiplications No. Additions No. Multiplications No. Additions
N (N/2)log2(N) Nlog2(N) Nlog2(N) + 2 2Nlog2(N) + 1 (N/2)log2(N) + 4N Nlog2(N) + 6N
N=128 896 448 1793 898 1536 960
N=1024 10240 5120 20481 10242 15360 9216
N=4096 49152 24576 98305 49154 69632 40960
5. CONCLUSION
The MSTC technique is proposed in this article as a promising technique for 5G. This technique com-
presses the symbol time to one-fourth of its original length. According to simulation results, the proposed
method (MSTC-OFDM) dramatically reduces the required time for each OFDM symbol by 75% when com-
pared to a traditional OFDM system. This ultimately leads to an increase in capacity. The simulation results
indicate that the proposed system (MSTC-OFDM) is equally efficient to the HT-Fast-OFDM and 16QAM-
OFDM systems. Where the simulation results prove that the proposed system (MSTC-OFDM) can transmit
data at the same rate (720 kbps) as the 16QAM-OFDM system, which is four times the rate of the BPSK-
OFDM system (180 kbps). However, the suggested system outperforms the 16QAM-OFDM system in terms
of BER, where the 16QAM-OFDM system requires an SNR that is 3.9 dB higher than the MSTC-OFDM
system in order to achieve the same BER (BER = 10−4
). As a result, the MSTC-OFDM system can transfer
the same amount of data as the 16QAM-OFDM system while consuming less power. In terms of computa-
tional complexity, the MSTC-OFDM outperforms the HT-Fast-OFDM system, while the BPSK-OFDM system
outperforms the MSTC-OFDM. However, all three systems still have the same order of complexity O(n).
Int J Elec Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5232-5242
10. Int J Elec Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5241
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Abdulwahid Mohammed received the B.S. degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from Saad Dahlab University, Algeria, in 2010, and the M.S. degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Cairo University, Egypt, in 2019. During his Master’s study,
Abdulwahid worked as a research assistant in the Opto-Nanoelectronics Laboratory (One LAB),
Department of Electronics and Communications, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.
He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Al-
Azhar University, Egypt. He is presently employed as a research assistant at the Smart Engineering
Systems Research Center (SESC), Faculty of Engineering, Nile University, Egypt. His research
interests include NB-IoT, wireless communication systems, 5G/6G communication networks, and
artificial intelligence. He can be contacted at email: abdulwahid1520121@eng1.cu.edu.eg.
Hassan Mostafa received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees (Hons.) in electronics engineer-
ing from Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, in 2001 and 2005, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in
electrical and computer engineering from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, in 2011. He is currently an Associate Professor
with the Nanotechnology and Nano-electronics Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology,
Giza, Egypt, on leave from the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Cairo
University. He was an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow with the Department of Electrical and Com-
puter Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. He was a Postdoctoral Researcher
in collaboration with Fujitsu Research Laboratories in Japan and USA with a focus on the design
of the next-generation FPGA. He has authored/coauthored more than 300 articles in international
journals and conferences and five published books. His research interests include neuromorphic
computing, the IoT hardware security, software-defined radio, reconfigurable low-power systems,
analog-to-digital converters, low-power circuits, subthreshold logic, variation-tolerant design, soft
error-tolerant design, statistical design methodologies, next-generation FPGA, spintronics, memris-
tors, energy harvesting, MEMS/NEMS, power management, and optoelectronics. He has been a
member of the IEEE Technical Committee of VLSI Systems and Applications since 2017. He was a
recipient of the University of Waterloo SandFord Fleming TA Excellence Award in 2008, the Ontario
Graduate Scholarship in 2009, the Waterloo Institute of Nano- Technology Nanofellowship Research
Excellence Award in 2010, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Presti-
gious Postdoctoral Fellowship in 2011, and the University of Toronto Research Associate Scholarship
in 2012. He can be contacted at email: hmostafa@uwaterloo.ca.
Abdelhady Abdelazim Ammar received the B.Sc. degree in Electronics and Commu-
nication Engineering from Alex University, Egypt, in 1963, the DEA and Ph.D. degrees from Paris
University, France, in June 1965 and Dec 1968, respectively. He joined nuclear Engineering Depart-
ment, in Madison Wisconsin, USA for two years from 1969 to 1971. He is a professor in Electronics
and Communications Engineering department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo,
Egypt since 1988. His research activities are within digital communications, mobile communications
and digital signal processing. He can be contacted at email: hady42amar@gmail.com.
Int J Elec Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5232-5242