The document summarizes a study that assessed the socio-economic impact of a resettlement scheme in Maiganga, Nigeria due to coal mining. 976 people from 3 communities were resettled and provided with housing, infrastructure, and monetary compensation for lost farmland ranging from $36 to $536. However, the local communities claimed the compensation was inadequate and the company failed to fulfill promises. This led to a two week stoppage of mining work in 2014. The study recommends sustaining dialogue and making the provided school and health center functional.
The document discusses environmental ethics and possible solutions to environmental problems. It provides three views on environmental ethics: the libertarian view focuses on equal rights for all human and non-human members; the ecological view sees nature as having its own mechanisms for functioning; and the conservation view sees nature as having instrumental value for human utility. It also discusses disparities between developed and developing countries and identifies population growth, wasteful resource use, poverty, and failure to include environmental costs in market prices as key causes of problems. Three proposed solutions are to rely more on renewable energy, protect biodiversity, and help sustain natural chemical cycles.
Development, Environment and Sustainabilty–the triumvirate on Geographical FrameProf Ashis Sarkar
Development, Environment and Sustainability form the triumvirate of present day World. If human is to survive and development is to remain sustainable, the geographical issues and concerns should be the thrust of analysis.
It is the study of NGOs and Movement; I analyzed the Environmental Movement and NGOs, first I studied what is NGOs? And, what are Movements? And, then it’s difference. I studied the origin of environmental movement. And, then specially studied the “Chipko Movement” and in NGOs I studied the “Baroda Citizen Council” (BCC), an NGO involved in environmental project known as “Clean Baroda Project.”
This document discusses re-wilding strategies and nature-based solutions as a way to address environmental challenges and preserve biodiversity. It argues that focusing on nature-based solutions and improving green infrastructure can help maintain healthy ecosystems, reconnect fragmented natural areas, and restore damaged habitats. The document provides an introduction to nature-based solutions and green infrastructure, and discusses key opportunities around enhancing sustainable urbanization, improving ecosystem restoration, developing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and improving risk management and resilience. It recommends further research and innovative actions in these areas.
Research paper: Community Based Natural Resources Management in VietnamSPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
Using Healthy Eating and Active Living Initiatives to Reduce Health DisparitiesBenBeckers
This document discusses using healthy eating and active living initiatives to reduce health disparities. It identifies eight major national programs working on this issue and develops five strategic principles for making these initiatives effective at reducing disparities. Low-income communities and communities of color have higher rates of diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, which are linked to obesity. Initiatives promoting healthy eating and physical activity can help prevent these diseases and thereby reduce health disparities. The document analyzes lessons from the eight programs to identify principles for successful initiatives, such as contributing to community health, building community networks, addressing access barriers, and acknowledging cultural strengths.
Managing for Social Inclusion: The Risks of Inefficient Public PoliciesUNDP Policy Centre
A presentation delivered by Ms. Leisa Perch, IPC-IG's Team Leader - Rural and Sustainable Development at Brazil's II Public Management National Congress (3-4 April 2012, Brasilia).
The document discusses environmental ethics and possible solutions to environmental problems. It provides three views on environmental ethics: the libertarian view focuses on equal rights for all human and non-human members; the ecological view sees nature as having its own mechanisms for functioning; and the conservation view sees nature as having instrumental value for human utility. It also discusses disparities between developed and developing countries and identifies population growth, wasteful resource use, poverty, and failure to include environmental costs in market prices as key causes of problems. Three proposed solutions are to rely more on renewable energy, protect biodiversity, and help sustain natural chemical cycles.
Development, Environment and Sustainabilty–the triumvirate on Geographical FrameProf Ashis Sarkar
Development, Environment and Sustainability form the triumvirate of present day World. If human is to survive and development is to remain sustainable, the geographical issues and concerns should be the thrust of analysis.
It is the study of NGOs and Movement; I analyzed the Environmental Movement and NGOs, first I studied what is NGOs? And, what are Movements? And, then it’s difference. I studied the origin of environmental movement. And, then specially studied the “Chipko Movement” and in NGOs I studied the “Baroda Citizen Council” (BCC), an NGO involved in environmental project known as “Clean Baroda Project.”
This document discusses re-wilding strategies and nature-based solutions as a way to address environmental challenges and preserve biodiversity. It argues that focusing on nature-based solutions and improving green infrastructure can help maintain healthy ecosystems, reconnect fragmented natural areas, and restore damaged habitats. The document provides an introduction to nature-based solutions and green infrastructure, and discusses key opportunities around enhancing sustainable urbanization, improving ecosystem restoration, developing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and improving risk management and resilience. It recommends further research and innovative actions in these areas.
Research paper: Community Based Natural Resources Management in VietnamSPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
Using Healthy Eating and Active Living Initiatives to Reduce Health DisparitiesBenBeckers
This document discusses using healthy eating and active living initiatives to reduce health disparities. It identifies eight major national programs working on this issue and develops five strategic principles for making these initiatives effective at reducing disparities. Low-income communities and communities of color have higher rates of diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, which are linked to obesity. Initiatives promoting healthy eating and physical activity can help prevent these diseases and thereby reduce health disparities. The document analyzes lessons from the eight programs to identify principles for successful initiatives, such as contributing to community health, building community networks, addressing access barriers, and acknowledging cultural strengths.
Managing for Social Inclusion: The Risks of Inefficient Public PoliciesUNDP Policy Centre
A presentation delivered by Ms. Leisa Perch, IPC-IG's Team Leader - Rural and Sustainable Development at Brazil's II Public Management National Congress (3-4 April 2012, Brasilia).
This document summarizes the key issues around development and displacement in West Bengal. It discusses how agricultural land is acquired for infrastructure and industrial development, displacing farmers from their land and livelihoods. While development is necessary, the state has failed to implement adequate compensation and rehabilitation programs. The document analyzes West Bengal's economic and agricultural scenario, need for industrialization, issues around land acquisition and property rights, and deficiencies in compensation that have led to unrest like in Nandigram and Singur. It concludes that governments must properly address displaced farmers' concerns through fair compensation if development-led displacement is to be successful and sustainable.
The Role of Community Gardens in Sustaining Healthy CommunitiesBenBeckers
Community gardens can play a significant role in improving physical and mental health in urban communities. The document discusses how factors like car dependency, pollution, and lack of access to fresh food have contributed to declining health in cities. It then describes a study of a community garden project in Sydney public housing that resulted in various health benefits for residents, such as opportunities for physical activity, socializing, learning new skills, and accessing low-cost fresh produce. The research confirms that community gardens enhance well-being and can help create healthier, more sustainable communities.
Supporting Community Gardens: Recommendations for Cities and CountiesBenBeckers
Community gardens are increasingly popular as residents seek locally grown food and a way to reduce their carbon footprint. The document recommends several policies cities and counties can adopt to support community gardens, including establishing permanent gardens on public land, providing long-term leases for land access, reducing taxes and fees for garden land, and funding community outreach to strengthen existing gardens. These policies would help gardens fulfill their role in improving neighborhoods, residents' health, and food security.
Pros and cons of community based natural resource management.Dr. Pauline Gitonga
This document summarizes key principles of successful community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) projects based on case studies from several countries in Africa. It finds that CBNRM projects are most likely to succeed when they (1) involve local communities in decision-making and provide direct economic benefits, (2) establish clear incentives for sustainable resource management, and (3) recognize traditional community structures and communal ownership of resources. The document analyzes examples of successful CBNRM projects in Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Namibia that demonstrate these principles. It also examines some cases of CBNRM projects that failed due to a lack of clear benefits, leadership issues, or not incorporating local social norms.
Statins and Greenspaces: Health and the Urban EnvironmentBenBeckers
This document summarizes a conference that discussed the health benefits of urban green spaces.
The conference included panels and presentations on topics such as the accessibility and safety of open spaces, the psychological and mental health benefits of nature, health inequalities in different parts of the world, and how plants and animals in open spaces relate to health.
Presenters found that while green spaces can provide mental health benefits, not all groups access them equally due to issues of lifestyle, values and feeling integrated. Quantitative data also may not capture realities of accessibility. International perspectives showed green spaces are essential in majority world contexts for growing food and reducing mortality versus passive recreation in Western contexts. Effectively communicating the health impacts of green spaces to policymakers requires
1. Citizen science in Japan focuses on human-nature interactions and relationships through qualitative research methods like narrative documentation, mapping, and constructing chronologies.
2. This research is done in collaboration with local communities to understand the social and historical context of resource management from the perspectives of those who know the situations best.
3. The goals are to monitor human-nature relationships, emphasize local values, and build resilience by increasing community involvement, but challenges remain in integrating citizen science more fully into conservation policy and decision-making.
Sustainability principles and its application resort managementAMALDASKH
This document discusses sustainability principles and their application to resort management. It defines sustainability and its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Specific sustainability practices for resorts are outlined, including optimizing guest numbers, generating profits for best practices, prioritizing the local community, reducing pollution through renewable energy and organic farming, and implementing eco-friendly construction and operations. Oyster Island resort is provided as a case study of a sustainable resort practice in India.
Social environmental impacts of mining with special reference to rehabilitati...Safdar Ali
1. The document discusses the social, environmental, and economic impacts of mining projects, including impacts on population, culture, income, employment, health, and loss of assets for local communities.
2. It emphasizes the need for proper rehabilitation and resettlement policies to minimize damage and restore livelihoods. Key aspects of an effective resettlement plan include development packages, compensation, new housing and infrastructure, social integration, community participation, and environmental management.
3. A well-planned resettlement process that incorporates production-based development, compensation, community integration, and participation can help mitigate the negative impacts of displacement and support a positive response from affected communities.
This document discusses environmental degradation and disaster management. It begins by defining environment as the sum of all living and non-living things that surround and affect an organism. Environments can be classified as natural or human-made. The natural environment consists of components formed through natural processes, while the human-made environment contains structures created by humans. The environment is dynamic and constantly changing over time and space due to both natural and human-caused factors. Human activities can degrade the environment and lead to disasters, so environmental protection and disaster management are important.
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
Permaculture is a design system that aims to integrate human settlements and agriculture into sustainable ecosystems modeled after natural ecologies. It takes a holistic approach, applying ethics and design principles to seven domains including land stewardship, built environment, community, and economics. The goal is to meet human needs through renewable resources by focusing on regenerative systems that conserve energy, water, and biodiversity. Permaculture emphasizes observing natural patterns and replicating them to create self-sustaining landscapes and communities. It has spread globally through the Permaculture Design Course and grassroots networks, though faces challenges from entrenched political and economic powers invested in the status quo.
UNEP topic a, topic b and commitee backgroundGera Morton
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established in 1972 to coordinate environmental activities within the UN system. Its objectives are to improve scientific knowledge of environmental issues, promote sustainable development planning and management, and provide assistance to countries on addressing environmental problems through financing, information, technology and education. UNEP aims to address issues caused by unsustainable human population growth such as poverty, conflict, and biodiversity loss. Rapid population growth has overwhelmed conservation efforts and stressed ecosystems by increasing demands on natural resources. Reducing population growth through expanded access to family planning and reproductive health services could help alleviate many environmental problems by slowing resource consumption and allowing time for sustainable management.
The document discusses the transition from unsustainable to sustainable development. Unsustainable development has led to issues like rising inequality between rich and poor nations, environmental degradation, and pollution. The key aspects of sustainable development are intergenerational equity to protect the environment for future generations and intragenerational equity to reduce wealth gaps. Strategies mentioned include using resources within carrying capacity limits, reducing consumption and waste, and ensuring all benefit from development.
Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a systematic approach that allows local communities closest to natural resources to manage those resources and benefit from their management and use. It aims to achieve conservation and community development objectives through sustainably managing natural resources. Some methods to build community participation include house visits, group meetings, health camps, and participatory rural appraisal exercises. Successful CBNRM requires communities be homogeneous, benefits outweigh costs, boundaries are clearly defined, decision-making is decentralized, and long-term engagement exists.
This document introduces a proposed local project ("Live Sustainably – Live Well") to support attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and WHO Health 2020 policy framework through local action. It recommends developing local guidance and monitoring of health and sustainability indicators. This could inform decision-making and have local benefits similar to the Transition Network's REconomy Project. The document outlines the UN and WHO policies and argues local action can help achieve their aims through increased participation and informed decisions made at the appropriate local level.
The document discusses frameworks for sustainable development. It addresses economic, social, environmental, and governance issues. Specifically, it examines three areas of focus: natural resource governance, urbanization and urban governance, and environmental governance. It emphasizes that democratic governance with inclusive institutions is indispensable for sustainable development by allowing for debate, accommodation of conflicting interests, and social consensus building. Key elements discussed include programmatic politics, evidence-based policymaking, and commitment to human development outcomes.
Socio-Ecological Approaches to Integrated Landscape Management for Conservati...IBRADKolkata
Socio-Ecological Approaches facilitated changes in social order for a well-crafted agronomic intervention
of integrated landscape management and adoption of farming system by the particularly vulnerable tribal groups
PVTGs like Birhore, Kamars, and Lodhas who belonged to the pre-agrarian society. The malnutrition, lack of
opportunity for livelihood, degradation of natural resources, the impact of climate change necessitated launching of
the project for Participatory Action Research to sensitize the tribes, build capacity and involve them as a partner for
the development of social action and appropriate social institutions that helped in the successful organic farming. The
success of such a conservation-based sustainable livelihood program tried initially in three landscapes was adopted
in nine landscapes in three states of India as the “Replicable Model’’.
This series of blog has been prepared by the author (Shahadat Hossain Shaki) for the partial
fulfilment of his master’s program course ―Key Debates in Environmental Governance‖, which has been supervised by Prof. Dr. Maria Kaika.
Blog Link: http://environmentalgovernance.wordpress.com/author/shshakil/
Author can be contacted for further query and suggestions at : shshakil.buet@gmail.com
Emergence of Squatter Settlements in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area in G...Premier Publishers
The document discusses the emergence of squatter settlements in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana. It finds that squatter settlements emerged due to both the need for survival by the poor and failures of the state. People live in squatter settlements due to high housing costs, unemployment, poverty, and poor housing policies. Most squatters work in the informal sector. The settlements have poor water, sanitation and waste disposal systems. The government has not adequately regulated the settlements due to lack of resources and political interference. It recommends developing affordable housing, improving planning, and supporting the informal sector to address the issue.
This document discusses various slum rehabilitation schemes and policies in India. It provides an overview of different schemes implemented since the 1960s such as the Urban Community Development program, Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums program, and the Low Cost Sanitation Program. It examines the objectives, components, and challenges of these schemes. The document also reviews literature on the historical lack of systematic policies for slums and evaluates more recent approaches like Slum Networking Programs, land title distribution, and public-private partnership models that aim to upgrade slums and provide housing.
This document summarizes the key issues around development and displacement in West Bengal. It discusses how agricultural land is acquired for infrastructure and industrial development, displacing farmers from their land and livelihoods. While development is necessary, the state has failed to implement adequate compensation and rehabilitation programs. The document analyzes West Bengal's economic and agricultural scenario, need for industrialization, issues around land acquisition and property rights, and deficiencies in compensation that have led to unrest like in Nandigram and Singur. It concludes that governments must properly address displaced farmers' concerns through fair compensation if development-led displacement is to be successful and sustainable.
The Role of Community Gardens in Sustaining Healthy CommunitiesBenBeckers
Community gardens can play a significant role in improving physical and mental health in urban communities. The document discusses how factors like car dependency, pollution, and lack of access to fresh food have contributed to declining health in cities. It then describes a study of a community garden project in Sydney public housing that resulted in various health benefits for residents, such as opportunities for physical activity, socializing, learning new skills, and accessing low-cost fresh produce. The research confirms that community gardens enhance well-being and can help create healthier, more sustainable communities.
Supporting Community Gardens: Recommendations for Cities and CountiesBenBeckers
Community gardens are increasingly popular as residents seek locally grown food and a way to reduce their carbon footprint. The document recommends several policies cities and counties can adopt to support community gardens, including establishing permanent gardens on public land, providing long-term leases for land access, reducing taxes and fees for garden land, and funding community outreach to strengthen existing gardens. These policies would help gardens fulfill their role in improving neighborhoods, residents' health, and food security.
Pros and cons of community based natural resource management.Dr. Pauline Gitonga
This document summarizes key principles of successful community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) projects based on case studies from several countries in Africa. It finds that CBNRM projects are most likely to succeed when they (1) involve local communities in decision-making and provide direct economic benefits, (2) establish clear incentives for sustainable resource management, and (3) recognize traditional community structures and communal ownership of resources. The document analyzes examples of successful CBNRM projects in Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Namibia that demonstrate these principles. It also examines some cases of CBNRM projects that failed due to a lack of clear benefits, leadership issues, or not incorporating local social norms.
Statins and Greenspaces: Health and the Urban EnvironmentBenBeckers
This document summarizes a conference that discussed the health benefits of urban green spaces.
The conference included panels and presentations on topics such as the accessibility and safety of open spaces, the psychological and mental health benefits of nature, health inequalities in different parts of the world, and how plants and animals in open spaces relate to health.
Presenters found that while green spaces can provide mental health benefits, not all groups access them equally due to issues of lifestyle, values and feeling integrated. Quantitative data also may not capture realities of accessibility. International perspectives showed green spaces are essential in majority world contexts for growing food and reducing mortality versus passive recreation in Western contexts. Effectively communicating the health impacts of green spaces to policymakers requires
1. Citizen science in Japan focuses on human-nature interactions and relationships through qualitative research methods like narrative documentation, mapping, and constructing chronologies.
2. This research is done in collaboration with local communities to understand the social and historical context of resource management from the perspectives of those who know the situations best.
3. The goals are to monitor human-nature relationships, emphasize local values, and build resilience by increasing community involvement, but challenges remain in integrating citizen science more fully into conservation policy and decision-making.
Sustainability principles and its application resort managementAMALDASKH
This document discusses sustainability principles and their application to resort management. It defines sustainability and its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Specific sustainability practices for resorts are outlined, including optimizing guest numbers, generating profits for best practices, prioritizing the local community, reducing pollution through renewable energy and organic farming, and implementing eco-friendly construction and operations. Oyster Island resort is provided as a case study of a sustainable resort practice in India.
Social environmental impacts of mining with special reference to rehabilitati...Safdar Ali
1. The document discusses the social, environmental, and economic impacts of mining projects, including impacts on population, culture, income, employment, health, and loss of assets for local communities.
2. It emphasizes the need for proper rehabilitation and resettlement policies to minimize damage and restore livelihoods. Key aspects of an effective resettlement plan include development packages, compensation, new housing and infrastructure, social integration, community participation, and environmental management.
3. A well-planned resettlement process that incorporates production-based development, compensation, community integration, and participation can help mitigate the negative impacts of displacement and support a positive response from affected communities.
This document discusses environmental degradation and disaster management. It begins by defining environment as the sum of all living and non-living things that surround and affect an organism. Environments can be classified as natural or human-made. The natural environment consists of components formed through natural processes, while the human-made environment contains structures created by humans. The environment is dynamic and constantly changing over time and space due to both natural and human-caused factors. Human activities can degrade the environment and lead to disasters, so environmental protection and disaster management are important.
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
Permaculture is a design system that aims to integrate human settlements and agriculture into sustainable ecosystems modeled after natural ecologies. It takes a holistic approach, applying ethics and design principles to seven domains including land stewardship, built environment, community, and economics. The goal is to meet human needs through renewable resources by focusing on regenerative systems that conserve energy, water, and biodiversity. Permaculture emphasizes observing natural patterns and replicating them to create self-sustaining landscapes and communities. It has spread globally through the Permaculture Design Course and grassroots networks, though faces challenges from entrenched political and economic powers invested in the status quo.
UNEP topic a, topic b and commitee backgroundGera Morton
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established in 1972 to coordinate environmental activities within the UN system. Its objectives are to improve scientific knowledge of environmental issues, promote sustainable development planning and management, and provide assistance to countries on addressing environmental problems through financing, information, technology and education. UNEP aims to address issues caused by unsustainable human population growth such as poverty, conflict, and biodiversity loss. Rapid population growth has overwhelmed conservation efforts and stressed ecosystems by increasing demands on natural resources. Reducing population growth through expanded access to family planning and reproductive health services could help alleviate many environmental problems by slowing resource consumption and allowing time for sustainable management.
The document discusses the transition from unsustainable to sustainable development. Unsustainable development has led to issues like rising inequality between rich and poor nations, environmental degradation, and pollution. The key aspects of sustainable development are intergenerational equity to protect the environment for future generations and intragenerational equity to reduce wealth gaps. Strategies mentioned include using resources within carrying capacity limits, reducing consumption and waste, and ensuring all benefit from development.
Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a systematic approach that allows local communities closest to natural resources to manage those resources and benefit from their management and use. It aims to achieve conservation and community development objectives through sustainably managing natural resources. Some methods to build community participation include house visits, group meetings, health camps, and participatory rural appraisal exercises. Successful CBNRM requires communities be homogeneous, benefits outweigh costs, boundaries are clearly defined, decision-making is decentralized, and long-term engagement exists.
This document introduces a proposed local project ("Live Sustainably – Live Well") to support attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and WHO Health 2020 policy framework through local action. It recommends developing local guidance and monitoring of health and sustainability indicators. This could inform decision-making and have local benefits similar to the Transition Network's REconomy Project. The document outlines the UN and WHO policies and argues local action can help achieve their aims through increased participation and informed decisions made at the appropriate local level.
The document discusses frameworks for sustainable development. It addresses economic, social, environmental, and governance issues. Specifically, it examines three areas of focus: natural resource governance, urbanization and urban governance, and environmental governance. It emphasizes that democratic governance with inclusive institutions is indispensable for sustainable development by allowing for debate, accommodation of conflicting interests, and social consensus building. Key elements discussed include programmatic politics, evidence-based policymaking, and commitment to human development outcomes.
Socio-Ecological Approaches to Integrated Landscape Management for Conservati...IBRADKolkata
Socio-Ecological Approaches facilitated changes in social order for a well-crafted agronomic intervention
of integrated landscape management and adoption of farming system by the particularly vulnerable tribal groups
PVTGs like Birhore, Kamars, and Lodhas who belonged to the pre-agrarian society. The malnutrition, lack of
opportunity for livelihood, degradation of natural resources, the impact of climate change necessitated launching of
the project for Participatory Action Research to sensitize the tribes, build capacity and involve them as a partner for
the development of social action and appropriate social institutions that helped in the successful organic farming. The
success of such a conservation-based sustainable livelihood program tried initially in three landscapes was adopted
in nine landscapes in three states of India as the “Replicable Model’’.
This series of blog has been prepared by the author (Shahadat Hossain Shaki) for the partial
fulfilment of his master’s program course ―Key Debates in Environmental Governance‖, which has been supervised by Prof. Dr. Maria Kaika.
Blog Link: http://environmentalgovernance.wordpress.com/author/shshakil/
Author can be contacted for further query and suggestions at : shshakil.buet@gmail.com
Emergence of Squatter Settlements in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area in G...Premier Publishers
The document discusses the emergence of squatter settlements in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana. It finds that squatter settlements emerged due to both the need for survival by the poor and failures of the state. People live in squatter settlements due to high housing costs, unemployment, poverty, and poor housing policies. Most squatters work in the informal sector. The settlements have poor water, sanitation and waste disposal systems. The government has not adequately regulated the settlements due to lack of resources and political interference. It recommends developing affordable housing, improving planning, and supporting the informal sector to address the issue.
This document discusses various slum rehabilitation schemes and policies in India. It provides an overview of different schemes implemented since the 1960s such as the Urban Community Development program, Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums program, and the Low Cost Sanitation Program. It examines the objectives, components, and challenges of these schemes. The document also reviews literature on the historical lack of systematic policies for slums and evaluates more recent approaches like Slum Networking Programs, land title distribution, and public-private partnership models that aim to upgrade slums and provide housing.
Self help initiatives and the development of rural communities in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on self-help initiatives for developing rural communities in Nigeria. It discusses key concepts like rural development, self-help, and rural communities in Nigeria. It also outlines different models of rural development that have been used, including urban-based development, sectoral (agricultural) development, and industrial development models. The main point is that self-help initiatives aim to bridge the gap between government development efforts and the lack of development in many rural communities. Such initiatives are demand-driven and environmentally friendly projects carried out through community participation to improve living standards.
Needs assessment survey of communities in andoni and opobo nkoro local govern...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a needs assessment survey conducted in communities in Andoni and Opobo/Nkoro Local Government Areas in Rivers State, Nigeria. It was found that the communities faced many needs including issues with transportation, ecology, economic empowerment, unemployment, poverty, agriculture, skills acquisition, social welfare, security, infrastructure, and access to services like health care, education, water, and sanitation. The document discusses models for conducting needs assessments and analyzing the results to prioritize communities' real and felt needs in order to help the government and organizations better target their interventions.
Social Acceptance and Environmental Justice: Promoting Kashimbila Multipurpos...Premier Publishers
Dam project is said to be accompanied by many benefits for the affected communities but several dams face lots of challenges mostly during the constructions processes. To curtail these challenges, require people’s attention to be drawn to proposed projects. However, the rate of dam construction is in the increase. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess factors responsible for social acceptance of Kashimbila Multipurpose dam construction project by local communities in the study area. To this end, the study answered the following question: what factors contribute to social acceptability of the Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam? Mixed research method was adopted for the study and the instruments used for data collection are questionnaire, interview and observation. The respondents were drawn from communities within 2km, 4km and 6km from the dam. The estimated population of the area is 247, 657 and the sample size of the research is 269. The participants for interview were identified using a stratified sampling method while those whom questionnaire were administered on were identified using simple random sampling. The responses received suggests that public participation in decision/planning process of dam project, employment and location of dam can curtail dam construction challenges. These results indicated that public participation in decision/planning process of dam project, employment and location of dam does have influence in social acceptance of Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam project construction. On this basis it is recommended that project developers should always bear in mind the involvement of affected communities during decision and planning processes of the proposed projects.
NEED FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ANY URBAN RENEWAL SCHEMEANTHONY ALU
This document discusses the need for public participation in urban renewal schemes, using a case study of Onitsha, Nigeria. It notes that Onitsha has experienced many failed or abandoned urban renewal projects due to lack of consideration of local culture, traditions, and lack of participation. Effective urban renewal requires considering the economic, social, political and physical subsystems of a city, as well as engaging and communicating with the public. Mass media can help facilitate this participation and ensure community needs are addressed.
This document is a thesis submitted by Mangezi Ndabezinhle Lethumnotho Dlamini to the University of KwaZulu-Natal in fulfillment of a Bachelor of Social Science in Housing degree. The thesis examines the socio-economic impact of relocating residents from the Ocean Drive-In informal settlement in Durban to the Hammonds Farm low-income housing project. It includes chapters on the background and context of the relocation, literature review on relevant housing policies and theories, methodology used for data collection, results of the research, and conclusions. The aim is to understand how the relocation affected residents positively or negatively and what socio-economic opportunities existed in each location.
Shifting livelihood: Exploring the relationship between the presence of Unive...Premier Publishers
Due to formal education potentials for development, African governments usually site tertiary institutions in agrarian communities without taking recourse to their effects on the livelihood activities of people living in such communities. The study explored the relationship between the presence of University for Development Studies (UDS) and livelihood diversification of people in Bamahu in the Upper West Region of Ghana. A sample of 130 was drawn from a community of 2498 using purposive and snowball samplings techniques. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used to analyze quantitative data. Interviews, focus group discussions and observations were instruments used to collect qualitative data which was analyzed thematically whiles questionnaire design was used to collect quantitative data. It was found that the economy had been transformed to a more monetized economy. Livelihood activities patronized as a result of the establishment of UDS include small-scale business, porterage, security services and hostel management. Income earnings of respondents had also improved over the years. Many problems including loss of farmlands by the community have been encountered. Entrepreneurial training and interest free loans are recommended to help ease diversification.
The document discusses various theories related to housing and human behavior. It addresses factors like scarcity of affordable housing, insecure land tenure, government policies, and discrimination that influence housing outcomes. Case studies from countries like the Philippines, Honduras, and Pakistan are presented. Theories covered include housing adjustment theory, person-environment congruence theory, transactional theory, and theories related to motivation, preferences, diffusion of innovations, and social exchange. Housing is recognized as having socio-cultural dimensions and influencing quality of life.
This document presents Project CAS-Hy which aims to introduce and solicit support for a community-based health, hygiene, and sanitation promotion project targeting the Ati Tribe, an indigenous group living in Barangay Cubay Sur, Malay, Aklan. It provides background on indigenous peoples and discusses literature related to indigenous peoples' rights, health services, and water, sanitation and hygiene issues faced by indigenous communities. The conceptual model outlines the direction of Project CAS-Hy to address health problems experienced by the Ati Tribe due to poor hygienic and sanitation practices through culturally-sensitive community engagement.
This document discusses several topics related to local and state government in Texas:
1) Texas relies heavily on sales taxes and business taxes for funding rather than income taxes due to its tax system being controlled locally.
2) Special interest groups in Texas advocate for issues like civil rights, while public interest groups represent consumer interests.
3) Elections are important for determining who controls the state legislature and other offices that decide funding and policy issues.
Exploring the Perception of Community Residents on Promoting Urban Agricultureinventionjournals
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An Assessment of the Socio-economic Impact of Maiganga Resettlement Scheme, Akko LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
Page | 101
An Assessment of the Socio-economic Impact of Maiganga
Resettlement Scheme, Akko LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria
Abdulsalam, M.1
, Oruonye, E.D.2
, Ahmed Y.M.3
, Mbaya L.4
2,3
Department of Geography, Taraba State University, P.M.B. 1167, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria.
1,4
Department of Geography, Gombe State University, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria
Abstract— The paper has examined the socio-economic impact of Maiganga resettlement scheme in Akko LGA of Gombe
State. Data was collected through field observation, use of structured questionnaire, interviews and secondary materials. The
findings of the study shows that Maiganga resettlement scheme is a coal mine induced resettlement scheme. Three
communities of Maiganga, Kargawal and Lakandangari consisting 976 persons were resettled. Despite the provision of 75
houses, 4 boreholes, 1 primary school of three blocks of classroom, 1 skill acquisition centre, 3 primary health
care/maternity, 3 transformer with electricity, a mosques and church, there was much agitation after the resettlement
scheme. Monetary compensations were paid to the farmers for loss of farm lands. The compensation ranges between
₦10,000 (USD 36) to ₦150,000 (USD 536) depending on the size of farm land lost. The local communities claimed that the
amount paid to them as compensation was grossly inadequate and that the management of the company reneged on most of
the issues agreed upon in their informal gentleman arrangement. This agitation resulted in the stoppage of work in the coal
mine for two weeks in 2014. The study recommends the need to sustain dialogue with the local communities, employ teachers
and health workers in the primary school and health care facility to make it functional.
Keywords— Akko, Gombe, Maiganga, Resettlement and Socio-economic.
I. INTRODUCTION
Resettlement is the process of helping people to live in a new area or establishing a new livelihood in a pre-existing social
relation of production and consumption. Resettlement takes place when major development projects, which are important
elements of development, force people who have lived in a region for a long time to leave their homes, and their place in
society, economic and agricultural activities, relationships and opportunities and any other immovable properties, to live in
other places (Dogan et al, 1991).
Resettlement scheme is aimed at providing assistance to the displaced people so as to improve their overall living standards.
Activities under this scheme include the acquisition of land for civil works, reconstruction of some of the basic civic
amenities to the remaining population and host population and payment of compensation for economic losses and other
rehabilitation benefits. The over-riding objective of resettlement scheme is to ensure that persons unavoidably losing land or
property as a result of this mining activity attain equal or better livelihoods and living standards than “without” project status.
The primary objectives of the resettlement programme are to mitigate the adverse impacts of the project and to assist the
affected persons in resettlement and restoration of their income and livelihoods.
Cernea (2000) observed that displacement is not only the physical eviction from a dwelling, but also the expropriation of
productive lands and other assets needed for other alternative uses. In Africa for instance, most communities are constantly
disturbed by displacement and resettlement due to the need for mineral exploration (Ackuayi et al, 2014). Sonnenberg and
Münster (2001) observed that in Africa, about 42,258 persons have been displaced by mining. Resettlement in most cases is
inevitable especially in mine land affected communities.
Such form of displacement and resettlement consequently are accompanied by severe impoverishments such as landlessness,
joblessness, homelessness, health risk, loss of access to common resources, marginalization among others (Asian
Development Bank, 1998).
Some scholars argued that the tragedy of displacement due to development projects is compounded because the affected
bears the cost but have no share in the benefits (Shiva, 1993). Colchester points out that the experience of indigenous peoples
with the development projects has led to cultural alienation, dispossession of land and resources, lack of consultation,
insufficient or a complete lack of compensation, human rights abuses, and a lowering of living standards. The specific and
strong cultural connection that many indigenous groups have with the land and the environment in which they live makes
their physical dislocation potentially more harmful than is often the case for other groups (Colchester, 2000). Many have got
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very minimal compensation which is never enough to sustain a family with many children having education in private
institutions. These effects are not only economic, but social, cultural, psychological and environmental as well.
The Maiganga resettlement scheme is a mining-induced displacement and resettlement exercise which was necessitated by
the discovery of coal mineral in the community. The land on which the local people inhabited and carry out their day to day
activity, mostly farming was acquired by the management of Ashaka Cement Company. Mining activity in Maiganga area
commenced in October, 2007. The coal which is of the lignite grade has an estimated proven reserve of 4.5 million tons
which is expected to satisfy the company’s requirement for more than 25years.
In the process of the Maiganga resettlement scheme, land assessment was completed by the Gombe State Ministry of Lands
and Survey and compensation was made to the land owners according to Government rate. Ashaka Cement Plc, as part of its
social responsibility was to undertake the complete resettlement of the Maiganga village and 3 other hamlets and provide
infrastructures such as construction of 14 kilometer feeder road up to Sambo Daji the district headquarter, 3 bridges and
about 20 culverts. Other amenities include the building of a primary school, mosque, a church, dispensary and boreholes for
those affected (Rawls, 1971) communities. The company planned to open employment opportunity to local communities at
least 80% of the unskilled labour. This study examines the socio-economic impact of the resettlement programmes on the
livelihoods of the local communities in Maiganga village of Akko Local Government Area (LGA) of Gombe State, Nigeria.
1.1 Theoretical Conception
This study is based on the social justice theory of resettlement scheme. The social justice theory was propounded by John
Rawls. The theory is about fairness involving the ideas of original position, the veil of ignorance and the derivation of two
principles of justice (Rawls, 1971). John Rawl emphasized on egalitarianism and distributive justice. These concepts have
their relevance to the concepts of involuntary resettlement particularly when we argue for distributive justice, land for land
and evaluation of pre and post development projects conditions under involuntary resettlement (Bala, 2006). Rawl’s theory
argued that development projects such as mineral mining which displace whole communities can be utilitarian nightmares.
According to him involuntary resettlement is more than a question of sheer number, but rather a human right issue involving
accountability, governance, participation, capacity building, relevant legal and policy framework. In this respect, distributive
justice in the light of allocation has remarkable relevance and provides productive ways to safeguard the rights of
involuntarily resettled persons ousted by development initiatives (Bala, 2006). According to Bala, 2006, resettled persons
with the exception of refugees are legitimate citizens and as such are entitled to the fundamental rights guaranteed to them by
their respective country’s constitution.
One of the most salient results of Rawl’s theory is his conception of injustice as that which creates advantages for some parts
of a community rather than benefits all. “Injustice,” he argues, “is simply inequalities that are not to the benefit of all”.
Rawl's general conception recognizes some of the problems encountered by the “oustees” as injustices. An unsuccessful
resettlement scheme cannot only fail to benefit displaced persons and family, but also, as the literature shows, can impoverish
those affected (Rawls, 1971). In Rawlsian terms, it can create new inequalities by depriving people not only of income and
wealth but also of social goods in two other categories: liberty and opportunity, and social bases of respect. Then, the first
contribution of the Rawlsian general conception of justice is to synthesize these various impoverishing effects of bad
resettlement plans as evidence of injustice. The second contribution is to support and somewhat strengthen standards for best
practice in treatment of people displaced by development projects. The ideas of compensation and mitigation come nowhere
close to satisfying this conception of justice, which would require that the condition of displaced people be improved not
only in terms of income and wealth (conceived broadly to include access to land, to productive resources, and to other
subsistence resources such as forests) but also in terms of liberty and opportunity (entailing consultation and self-
determination for affected communities and individuals) as well as social bases for respect (including community social
organization sufficient for cultural survival) (Rawls, 1971). Displacement and faulty resettlement can impoverish people by
removing or degrading the assets or resources which they had formerly relied upon to provide for their own subsistence and
income (Oruonye, 2012).
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Description of the Study area
The study area, Maiganga village is located in Akko Local Government Area (LGA) of Gombe state. It is located 8km off
Gombe – Yola road. Maiganga village is located west of Kumo town between Latitude 09o
18’, and 11o
59’E (Fig. 1). The
study area, Maiganga community covers an area of about 20,129.47 Acres (48.16 Km2
) (Benjamin et al, 2016). The study
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area lies within the tropical continental type of climate characterized by well marked wet and dry season. Rainfall ranges
between 850 to 1000mm3
and the rainy season last between 5 to 6 months. Temperature is relatively high for most part of the
year. Geologically the study area is developed on basement complex rocks. The vegetation consists of sparse trees, scrubs
and open grasses. Some of the tree species in the area include butyrospermum, Mumparadoxum. Tamanrindus indica, Pakia
biglobosa, Balanite aegyptiaca, Afzelia Africana, fabia, albida. The population of the study area consists of ethnic groups
such as Jukun, Fulani and Tangale the dominant group among others. The population of Maiganga village based on the 2006
population census is about 3,520 people. The economic activity of the study area is farming which includes the cultivation of
different crops such as maize, millet, guinea corn, groundnut, sorghum and groundnut
FIGURE 1: GOMBE STATE MAP SHOWING STUDY AREA
PLATE 1. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER AND MATERNITY CLINIC BUILT BY ASHAKA CEMENT COMPANY
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FIGURE 2: MAP OF AKKO SHOWING MAIGANGA
PLATE 2A. RESETTLEMENT HOUSES PLATE 2B. BLOCK OF CLASSROOM
PLATE 3A. OVERHEAD TANK PLATE 3B. HOUSES AT THE RESETTLEMENT SITE
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
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2.2 Sources and Methods of Data Collection
The researcher used information from both secondary and primary sources to assess the effects of the resettlement
programme on the livelihoods of the people in Maiganga community. The secondary sources provided the theoretical and
conceptual arguments of the socio-economic impact of resettlement programmes on livelihoods of people. These were
collected through desk study of published and unpublished materials relevant for the study. The primary data were collected
from field surveys using semi-structured questionnaires, interview guides (which help in recording responses from key
informants) and field observation. The type of questionnaire used for collecting the required data was a combination of the
close-end and open-ended type for collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. The fieldwork was initially carried out in
2013 and again in 2016 during which some of the information were updated.
2.3 Data Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from the communities (resettlement affected households) through interviews
using semi-structured questionnaires. The quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS), version 10 and expressed in forms of arithmetic mean, frequency and percentage. The qualitative data were analyzed
using the content and interpretive approaches.
III. RESULT OF THE FINDINGS
3.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents
The demographic data shows that 80% of the respondents are male and 20% are female as shown in Table 1 below. The
demographic data also shows that 16% of the respondents are within the ages of 15 - 25 years, 38% are between 26-35years,
30% between 36 - 45 years and 16% are above 46years. The result also shows that 33% of the respondents are farmers, 4%
are civil servant, while 8% are housewife.
TABLE 1
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
GENDER
Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 72 96
Female 3 4
Total 75 100
AGE
15 - 25yrs 11 14.7
26 – 35yrs 18 24.0
36 – 45yrs 22 29.3
46yrs and above 24 32.0
Total 75 100
Occupation
Farming 45 60.0
Civil Servant 11 14.7
Student 16 21.3
Housewife 3 4.0
Total 75 100
Level of Education
Primary Education 35 46.7
Secondary Education 20 26.7
Tertiary Education 2 2.6
No Formal Education 18 24.0
Total 75 100
The study finding shows that 976 people (including men, women and children) were displaced and resettled by the
Management of Maiganga coal mining company. The distribution of the affected people and communities are presented in
Table 2.
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TABLE 2
DISTRIBUTION OF DISPLACED COMMUNITIES AND POPULATION IN THE STUDY AREA
S/No Displaced Communities Population
1 Maiganga 532
2 Kargawal 237
3 Lakandangari 207
4 Total 976
Source: Fieldwork 2016.
3.2 The economic effects of resettlement on the people
The people in the study area (Maiganga) primarily depend on agriculture as their major sources of livelihood. Large farms
were owned and cultivated by individuals in the community. It was on these farmlands around their communities that coal
was explored and currently under mining activity. The lands were taken over by the government and the people were paid
compensation.
3.3 Inadequate compensation
The distribution of the amount paid as compensation to the local communities is presented in Table 3. The Table shows that
all the household heads were compensated for the land lost to mining in the area. However satisfaction with the
compensation is not positive. All the respondents complained or claimed that the compensation is too small. The Table 3
shows that the amount paid as compensation ranges from ten thousand naira (₦10,000) to one hundred and seventy naira
(₦170,000). The local communities have decried inadequate compensation by the company. A member of the community
claimed that his farmland worth over N7million was taken and only N800, 000 was given to him. The amount of farmlands
loss by individuals in the community is presented in Table 4. Government officials claimed that the compensation was
calculated based on the sizes of farmlands lost to the mining activity.
TABLE 3
AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION PAID TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES
S/NO Compensation amount (₦) Frequency Percentage (%)
1 ₦10,000 - ₦40,000 25 33.3
2 ₦41,000 - ₦70,000 18 24.0
3 ₦71,000 - ₦100,000 15 20.1
4 ₦101,000 - ₦130,000 10 13.3
5 ₦131,000 - ₦170,000 7 9.3
6 Total 75 100
Source: Fieldwork 2013
3.4 Loss of Farmlands
Table 4 shows that about 75 percent of the local communities’ loss between 1 to 10 hectares of their farmlands, while 25
percent loss between 11 to 50 hectares of their farmlands to the mining activities of the company. The largest farm size is
those within the ranges of 41 – 50hectares and the smallest farm size of 1-10heactares is where the majority of the
households belongs. The local communities claimed that the amount of money paid to them as compensation cannot afford
them replacement of the lost land.
TABLE 4
AMOUNT OF FARMLANDS LOSS BY INDIVIDUAL FRAMERS IN THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES
S/NO Loss of Farmlands (hectares) Frequency Percentage (%)
1 1 -10 56 74.7
2 11 – 20 7 9.3
3 21 – 30 6 8.0
4 31 – 40 4 5.3
5 41 – 50 2 2.7
6 Total 75 100
Source: Fieldwork 2013
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3.5 Reduction in Crop yield
The crop yield from the previous farmlands cannot be compared with the crop yield from the present farmlands. On the
previous farmlands, a maximum of 1000 bags (Table 5) of farm produce was recorded while on the present farmland, the
highest number of bags harvested was in the range of 81 to 100bags (Table 5).
TABLE 5
CROP YIELD IN THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES BEFORE THE RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
S/NO Crop yield (No. of bags) Frequency Percentage (%)
1 1 – 100 35 46.7
2 101 – 200 6 8.0
3 201 – 300 4 5.4
4 301 – 400 10 13.3
5 401 – 500 2 2.6
6 501 – 600 3 4.0
7 601 – 700 5 6.7
8 Above 700 10 13.3
9 Total 75 100
Source: Fieldwork 2013
TABLE 6
CROP YIELD IN THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES AFTER THE RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
S/NO Crop yield (No. of bags) Frequency Percentage (%)
1 1 – 20 14 18.6
2 21 – 40 10 13.3
3 41 – 60 23 30.6
4 61 – 80 21 28.0
5 81 – 100 7 9.3
6 Total 75 100
Source: Fieldwork 2013
Table 7 shows the distribution of infrastructures and social amenities before and after the resettlement exercise. Before the
resettlement scheme, the native buildings of Maiganga community consist of mud houses with thatch roofs but with the
resettlement, this has been replaced with modern houses made of brick walls and zinc roofing sheets. The study finding also
shows that the people have no good source of potable water supply. The local people only have one well at the centre of the
community but in the new resettlement site, 3 boreholes were drilled with overhead tanks to provide potable water to the
people. The local people do not have school or clinic at the old site but at the new resettlement site, a school of 3 blocks of
classroom and clinic and skill acquisition centre were built.
TABLE 7
DISTRIBUTION OF FACILITIES BEFORE AND AFTER THE RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
S/NO Infrastructure/Amenities Before Resettlement After Resettlement
1 Housing Standard 75 low or mud houses 75 brick wall houses
2 Electricity Electricity without transformer
Electricity with three
transformer
3 School No School
Primary school of 3 blocks of
classrooms
4 Water Supply One well 4 boreholes
5 Clinic/Maternity No Clinic/Maternity
3 Primary Health Care
/Maternity
6 Access Road No good access road
Graded access road but not
tarred
7 Mosque No Mosque One Mosque
8 Church No Church One Church
9 Skill Acquisition Centre None One Skill Acquisition Centre
Source: Fieldwork 2016
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Page | 108
3.6 Health Impact
Maiganga community and its environment suffers from the effects of coal dust particles emanating from the quarrying site.
The problem causes respiratory disorder as complained by the local people. Specifically, the local people claimed that it
cause asthma to their family members. The village head also confirm incidence of death resulting from the asthma.
The findings of the study shows that the local communities claimed that before the company started mining in the area they
signed an unwritten agreement (what people called gentleman agreement). The local communities insist that the company
promised the following;
i. To relocate them to a new site.
ii. To construct an eight-kilometer road linking the village to the main road (Gombe-Yola road).
iii. Build a good school
iv. Skills acquisition centre for their women and the youth.
v. Employ at least 80 per cent of their unskilled workforce from the community,
3.7 Community agitation
i. Members of the community claimed that the learnt from reliable source that the company earmarked over 300billion
(Nigerian naira) for their resettlement. That the company built 66 houses instead of 300 houses that were earlier
earmarked for the communities.
ii. Out of the 80% employment of unskilled workers, only 5 members of the local community were employed.
Despite all the effort of Ashaka Cement Company in resettling the local communities, the process falls short of best practices
in resettlement scheme. The people affected by resettlement are supposed to be better off in terms of their living conditions,
social amenities and livelihood opportunities provided. They are supposed to be involved at every stage of resettlement
process as was done in the Kainji resettlement. This short falls in the resettlement process has generated a lot of agitation by
local communities in the area. One of such protest led to the closure of Maiganga coal mine for two weeks in 2014. The
Management of the company insisted that some of the internal issues that existed between the company and some community
members have since been sorted out and that it is normal for such to happen from time to time in any human endeavour. The
company management claimed that they have mechanisms in place to resolve issues before they degenerate into crisis and
that since inception, the company has never “taken over” any farmland from the farmers. He claimed that the company goes
through the government whenever it needs additional reserves. It is the government that assesses and pays compensation to
the farmers.
The EIA of any project details the process of consultation and involvement of critical stakeholders particularly those that will
be displaced by a project. Therefore, if the Maiganga coal mining EIA was adequately followed by way of implementation
and monitoring, the rate of agitation by the local communities would have been very minimal.
Past experience of project execution in the country shows that Nigeria is very good in project plan design but very poor at
implementation of those project plans. This has been attributed to unqualified personnel, corruption and inadequate funding
of project. To achieve sustainability in the area, there is need to maintain continuous dialogue with the local communities on
the best way out that will achieve a win-win scenario for both the mining company and local communities.
IV. CONCLUSION
Resettlement is always associated with challenges either from the affected or the body responsible for the resettlement. This
study has examined the socio-economic impact of Maiganga resettlement scheme in Akko Local Government Area of
Gombe State Nigeria. Despite the provision of some basic amenities in the new resettlement site, the local people insist that
the resettlement exercise has deprived them of their farmlands, resulting in low agricultural productivity and income in the
area. Although the local communities were paid compensation for their farm lands that were taken over, the people believed
that the compensation was grossly inadequate and has impoverished them. The local communities have protested a number
of times out of dissatisfaction with the resettlement exercise and claimed that the company reneged on most of the issues
contained in their unwritten gentleman agreement with the company.
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
Page | 109
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are suggested;
i. There is need for the management of the company to sustained dialogue with the local communities and put in place
an effective mechanism for conflict resolution between the local communities and the management of the company.
ii. The Management of the company should revisit the issues in the so-called unwritten agreement with a view to
meeting some of them.
iii. The school and clinic built by the company has not been functional as a result of lack of teachers and health workers.
The State Government can do well by posting teachers and health workers to man the school and clinic, thereby
making them functional.
REFERENCES
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People in Mining Communities in the Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality, Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development.
Vol.5, No.23. pp. 124-134.
[2] Adamu Saleh (2014). Maiganga community shuts coal mining company. DailyTrust online Newspaper.
http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/news/17653-maiganga-community-shuts-coal-mining-company
[3] Asian Development Bank (ADB) (1998). Handbook on Resettlement: Guide to Good Practice. Manila: ADB
[4] Bala, Madhu. (2006). "Forced Migration and Coal Mining" [In] Shobhita J., Bala M. (eds.), The Economics And Politics Of
Resettlement In India, Pearson Education, New Delhi, pp. 115-134.
[5] Benjamin M., Aliyuda, K. and Amin Dawa, C.C. (2016). Impact of Coal Mining on the Environment in Maiganga Community of
Akko Local Government, Gombe State, Nigeria. A paper presented at the 57th Annual Conference of the Association of Nigerian
Geographers (ANG) held at University of Lagos, Nigeria, April 10–15 2016.
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