It is the study of NGOs and Movement; I analyzed the Environmental Movement and NGOs, first I studied what is NGOs? And, what are Movements? And, then it’s difference. I studied the origin of environmental movement. And, then specially studied the “Chipko Movement” and in NGOs I studied the “Baroda Citizen Council” (BCC), an NGO involved in environmental project known as “Clean Baroda Project.”

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THE STUDY OF NGO AND MOVEMENT
Introduction:-
It is the study of NGOs and Movement; I analyzed the Environmental
Movement and NGOs, first I studied what is NGOs? And, what are
Movements? And, then it’s difference. I studied the origin of environmental
movement. And, then specially studied the “Chipko Movement” and in
NGOs I studied the “Baroda Citizen Council” (BCC), an NGO involved in
environmental project known as “Clean Baroda Project.”
Objectives:-
The main objectives of the studies are following:-
(I) To understand the NGOs and Movement.
(II) The difference and similarity between the NGOs and Movement.
(III) The understanding the different strategy taken by NGOs and
Movement.
(IV) The result and outcome of the works of NGOs and Movement.
The Social Movement:-
Social Movements are a type of group action. They are large informal
grouping of individuals and organizations focused on specific political or
social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social
change
Definition:-
According to Charles Tilly “Social movement are a series of contentious
performances, displays and campaigns by which ordinary people made
collective claims on others. Social movements are a major vehicle for
ordinary people’s participation in public politics.” He argues that there are
three major elements to a social movement, they are:
(1) Campaigns: a sustained, organized public effort making collective claims
on target authorities;
(2) social movement repertoire: employment of combinations from among
the following forms of political action: creation of special-purpose
associations and coalitions, public meetings, solemn processions, vigils,
rallies, demonstrations, petition drives, statements to and in public media,
and pamphleteering; and
(3) WUNC displays: participants' concerted public representation of
worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitments on the part of themselves
and/or their constituencies.

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History:-The term "social movements" was introduced in 1850 by the
German Sociologist Lorenz von Stein in his book "History of the French
Social Movement from 1789 to the Present (1850).
Charles Tilly claims that the social movement did not exist before the late
eighteenth century: although each elements like campaigns, social
movement repertoire and WUNC displays has a long history, only recently
have they been combined together into a proper social movement. Social
movement was invented in England and North America during the first
decades of the nineteenth century and has since then spread across the globe.
Tilly argues that the early growth of social movements
was connected to broad economic and political changes including
parliamentarization, market capitalization, and proletarianization. Political
movements that evolved in late 18th century, like those connected to the
“French Revolution” and “Polish Constitution” of May 3, 1791 are among
the first documented social movements, although Tilly notes that the British
abolitionist movement has "some claim" to be the first social movement
(becoming one between the sugar boycott of 1791 and the second great
petition drive of 1806). The labor movement and socialist movement of the
late 19th century are seen as the prototypical social movements, leading to
the formation of “Communist and Social Democratic” parties and
organisations. From 1815, Britain after victory in the Napoleonic Wars
entered a period of social upheaval. Similar tendencies were seen in other
countries as pressure for reform continued, for example in Russia with the
“Russian Revolution” of 1905 and of 1917, resulting in the collapse of the
Russian State around the end of the First World War.
In 1945, Britain after victory in the “Second World War” entered a period of
radical reform and change. In the 1970s, women's rights, peace, civil rights
and environmental movements emerged, often dubbed “New Social
Movements”. They led inter alia to the formation of green parties. Some find
in the end of the 1990s the emergence of a new global social movement, the
anti-globalization movement.
At first I studied the environmental movement ‘Chipko Movement’
this movement is the first environmental movement in India which
magnetize the global concentration on environment.

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Chipko Movement:-
The Chipko movement started in the area of Uttrakhand. This is a hilly,
mountainous area with very steep slopes, which were thickly covered with
forest of mixed nature predominantly broad-leaved trees. Two or three
harvests were possible throughout the last century. The people had
developed the life-style to suit this very delicate ecosystem. Hilltops were
dedicated to local deities and the forest around the spot was regarded as
sacred. Many wooded areas were not of spontaneous growth (but) bore
marks of the hill folks’ “instinct for the plantation and preservation of the
forest.”
People had near-total control over their forest, showed deep love of
vegetation and felt a sense of responsibility towards future generations. The
community was homogeneous and democratic in nature, and acted as a
community taking care of their natural common property resources.
With the advent of British Raj in India, European capitalism came in
the form of colonialism. For the growth of their empire thy needed to build
ships, make roads, lay railway lines, and for this the forests became very
important. The forest basically belongs to local communities and even the
British found it difficult to snatch them from the people. They pacified their
conscience by starting “right of conquest” as a principle and took away the
forest from the people. They changed the ownership and management
systems of India’s forests. British introduce commercial forestry which
replacing natural forest in to commercial forest. Century before the Chipko
movement, a prototype had taken place in a small Bishnoi village called
Khejarli where 294 men and 69 women sacrificed their lives to protect their
forest from the soldiers of king Abhay Singh of Jodhpur who had come to
cut and take away trees from their forest. The Indian government after
independence continued with the colonial ways of British government with
increasing proportions. The ‘Chipko Movement’ which is a peaceful
initiative against commercial forestry, is a movement attempting to reverse
the process of social and ecological fragmentation which is a symptom of
colonialism. People want to get control of their natural resources which are
theirs by right, and also the responsibility to protect and conserve those
resources and the whole ecosystem. The Chipko Movement was not started
as an environmental movement but began as a people’s movement for their
right over natural resources. Later on when it was studied by scholars from
all over the world, it came to be regarded as an environmental movement.
 See Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods(1991),p.29

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The movement began in Chamoli district in
1973 and spread throughout the Uttarakhand Himalayas by the end of the
decade. In Tehri district, Chipko activists would go on to protest limestone
mining in the Dehradun hills in the 1980s as well as the Tehri dam, before
founding the “Beej Bachao Andolan” or Save the Seeds movement that
continues to the present day. In Kumaon region, Chipko took on a more
radical hue, combining with the general movement for a separate
Uttarakhand state.
One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation
of women villagers. As the backbone of Uttarakhand's agrarian economy,
women were most directly affected by environmental degradation and
deforestation, and thus connected the issues most easily. Activist who play
pivotal role in the movement are; Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi,
Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sunderlal Bahuguna, Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom
Singh Negi, Shamsher Singh Bisht, etc.
At its height, Chipko gained widespread attention from the
international environmental movement that was making major headway in
drawing global attention to ecological concerns. Unlike, environmentalists
of the West, Chipko was thought to embody an "environmentalism of the
poor”2 and thus a novel example of the growing reach of environmental
concerns. The tactic of tree hugging, long an epithet for environmental
activist in general, also inspired the imagination of activists in the west. The
movement was honoured with a “Right Livelihood Award” in 1987.
The NGO: - A “non-governmental organization” (NGO) is a legally
constituted organization created by private persons or organizations with no
participation or representation of any government.
Definition: - There are various definitions of NGOs but most appropriate
and useful characterization of NGOs is provided in the United Nation (UN)
report on civil society involvement, also known as the Cardoso report are:
“All organizations of relevance to the United
Nations that are not central Governments and were not created by
intergovernmental decision, including associations of businesses,
parliamentarians and local authorities. There is considerable confusion
surrounding this term in United Nations circles. Elsewhere, NGO has
2 See Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods

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become shorthand for public-benefit NGOs—a type of civil society
organization (CSO) that is formally constituted to provide a benefit to the
general public or the world at large through the provision of advocacy or
services. They include organizations devoted to environment, development,
human rights and peace and their international networks. They may or may
not be membership-based. The Charter of the United Nations provides for
consultations with NGOs”
(United Nations 2004a:13)
History: - “International non governmental organizations” have a history
dating back to at least the mid-nineteenth century. They were important in
the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and
reached a peak at the time of the “World Disarmament Conference.”
However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into
popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in
1945 with provisions in “Article 71 of Chapter 10” of the United Nations
Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are neither
governments nor member states. The definition of "international NGO"
(INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of “Economic and Social
Council” (ECOSOC) on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any
international organisation that is not founded by an international treaty". The
vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in sustainable development was
recognized in “Chapter 27 of Agenda 21,” leading to intense arrangements
for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental
organizations.
Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to
the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a
nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the
World Trade Organization were perceived as being too centered on the
interests of capitalist enterprises. Some argued that in an attempt to
counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian
issues, developmental aid and sustainable development. A prominent
example of this is the “World Social Forum” which is a rival convention to
the World Economic Forum held annually in January in Davos, Switzerland.
The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was
attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. Some have argued
that in forums like these NGOs take the place that should belong to popular
movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in

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nature and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the
high colonial era.
Clean Baroda Project:-
“Clean Baroda Project” is a unique type of Project which
was done by a NGO. After independence, a planned method of development
has been adopted by Indian planners and politicians. The genesis of the
planning process was begun with the concept of “growth with justice”, at
national level. But, reality depicts growing disparities between people at
various levels. The gap between ‘ill to-do’ and ‘well-to-do’ is increasing.
With the increasing industry and the service sector in urban areas providing
higher level of fixed income, a massive shifting of population from rural to
urban areas begun to take place. This ever-growing migration has led to
mega cities of today. This phenomenal change from rural society to urban
society has brought tremendous stresses on the people and resources of our
country. This calls for a serious review of the strategy of environmental
protection and preservations in the urban areas. There are multi-dimensional
environmental problems in the urban areas. One of most severe problems
related to urban environment is that of garbage management.
According to the statistics published in a local
newspaper (Gujarati) dated 15th February, 1996, the 13 lakhs population of
Baroda city produce 321 tonnes garbage, out of which 193 tonnes is
collected at 60 per cent efficiency, where is Mumbai the eight million
population produces 3200 tonnes garbage out of which most of it is collected
at the 97 per cent efficiency. Ahmedbad’s 2,515,195 population produces
1200 tonnes garbage out of which 1050 tonnes is collected at 90 per cent
efficiency, while in Baroda the efficiency is only 60 per cent which is
relatively less. As a result mountains of garbage remain uncontrolled in the
streets and the road creating pollution and environmental problems.
To combat the problem of garbage management, the
government, NGOs, voluntary leaders and responsible citizens of the cities
have to take initiative. With this view in mind, the Baroda Citizens Council
(BCC) has initiated a community based waste management programme
primarily for residential households with the following steps:
(i) Discuss the issue of garbage collection and disposal with
neighboursoffice bearers of housing societies, if necessary, BCC
can help in this respect.
(ii) Enroll the programme by contributing a specific sum jointly
worked out.

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(iii) Identify a few volunteers from housing societies who will get
associated with the programme.
Clean Baroda Project:-
The Clean Baroda Project is a novel and unique initiative taken by the BCC
in the year 1991. This project has been undertaken in different phases:
1. Need assessment
2. Framework for “Clean Baroda Project”
3. Garbage management component current situation
4. Groundwork for the project
5. Pilot project
6. Other initiatives in the city.
As a part of need assessment survey of 4,167 households,
information was collected from 10 administrative wards of the city during
the year 1992. Several meetings were organized to arrive at a common
indepth understanding of the garbage problem. In these meetings the
Municipal commissioner, corporators, concerned officials, experts, social
workers, technical persons participated and did some preliminary work. It
was decided to focus on the major component of the project, which were:
(1) House hold garbage collection and disposal
(2) Institutional garbage collection and disposal
(3) Rag pickers
(4) Scrap shops and dealertraders
(5) Cattle
(6) Infrastructure of the corporation
(7) Processing of garbage
(a) Land filling
(b) Bio-conversion of garbage
Household Waste Disposal
A simple survey was conducted in the administrative Ward 10 to study the
existing system of disposal of household waste and garbage. The areas
selected ware Gotri, Gorwa, Alkapuri, and Subhanpura. Six communities of
different socio-economic status were selected and 25 families from each
category were interviewed.
Ground Work on the Project
Based on the conceptual framework developed out of discussion, field visits,
detailed surveys and exchange of experiences, it was decided to do ground
work for taking up Pilot Project in different localities in the city. The
detailed of the groundwork is outlined.

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Technical Design of Transport Vehicle
It was felt in the meeting of the committee that the present system of
transporting garbage from the households to the nearest garbage pit needs to
be improved.
Public Education and Mobilization
Generally there is awareness about the existence of the garbage problem.
However, what is required is awareness about the possible solutions and
successful experiments in other cities.
An article was also written in a local week
“Chitralekha” by a well-known journalist about successful experiment in
“Chennai.” A slide show of more than 100 slides had been prepared by C.
Mohan which can be used for awareness generation. A video cassette is
being produced which will be help disseminate this experience and
information in a more effective manner.
Study and Exchange of Experience with other cities
It was felt that we should learn from the experiences of other cities so as to
avoid pitfalls and reduce our time of implementation of the project. Anand
Kumar who had studied this problem in other cities was requested to do
needful. He visited Pune three times and also Chennai and Mumbai.
Pilot Project
The ground work done over past several months has been fruitfully
converted into successful pilot projects.
1: Kunj Society
This is the first project in Baroda under the “Clean Baroda” initiative, which
has been successfully managed for several months. Tinu Chawla, a resident
of Kunj society on her own initiative, contacted United Way regarding the
garbage problem.
Chawla acted as a volunteer leader of Kunj Society and with the
help of staff from United Way the following arrangement were made.
1. Kunj Society will pay Rs. 1350- per month to the project for (a)
cleaning of all streets, and (b) transporting of garbage from each
house to garbage pit.
2. United Way shall arrange for three sweepers for the job who shall
be initially trained and supervised by United Way.
3. These sweepers will later be supervised by the society, residents and
volunteers of Kunj Society.
4. United Way shall arrange for vehicles for transportation of the
garbage.

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5. Kunj Society and United Way shall approach the BMC to arrange
(a) for regular lifting of garbage from the garbage pit, and (b) initial
cleaning of streets and removal of rubble or large dumps of garbage
collected over years.
After these arrangements were completed a date was
fixed for starting the pilot project. The sweepers and BMC staff cleaning the
streets on the first day. Now every day between 8 am to 12 pm the streets are
cleaned and garbage transported from household to the pit by three
sweepers.
The same process applied other part of the city and housing society.
Toward Clean Baroda
This project, spearheaded by the Baroda Citizen Council, is based on
community participation and the endeavour of volunteers, which is the
foundation of the programme. A simple and efficient model of garbage
management has been developed covering 4,890 families. As many as 2,177
of these households are from lower income groups. Baroda Citizens’
Council is now interacting with different NGOs and Baroda Municipal
Corporation in Baroda; develop a city level plan for community based
collection of garbage.
Challenges of the Project
Since the inception of the project many challenges have been observed. In
the beginning there was high resistance to accept the idea of the project and
many arguments were raised, like, what is the role of corporation? Are
households to be scavengers? It was a difficult task to convince the
households and explain the utility and rational of the project. Depending
upon the characteristics of the households appropriate strategies like,
Bhavai, slide show brochures, charts, professional consultation, etc., were
used. Having accepted the project the sustainability is another great
challenge, there are two major issues involved in sustainability: (I) response
of the households, and (ii) response of the community involved in managing
the garbage, i.e., sweepers, rag pickers and volunteers, etc.
A community which has engaged in
managing the garbage has typical characteristics. They have very high
networking capabilities. They are highly emotional and take uncertain and
unpredictable course of action. They do not like to supervised, they prefer
bring in control. There is a seasonal demand of these communities in
different units, so during this special season this project suffers from
irregularities. There are many challenges at operational level also, at the

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outset, those who do not want to get engaged in garbage cleaning project, act
as deterrents.
In the above study I observe some similarity and some difference
between the movement and NGO. These are following:
Similarities: - The similarities between movement and NGOs are:
(i) Both work for the welfare of common and
marginalized people.
(ii) Both use campaign as main strategy.
(iii) Both organized the people and use the media as
campaign tool.
Differences: - The difference between movement and NGOs are:
(i) NGO may be government funded but movement not takes any fund
from government directly or indirectly.
(ii) Movement takes any one issue but NGO work on various issues.
(iii) Activist of movement is more dedicated than NGO. As I studied in
“Chipko movement” that activist are so dedicated that they not
care of his life and many activist lost their life in the struggle.
(iv) The timeframe of movement is not limited it may end in one year
or continued in several years. But project in NGO has some
timeframe like Clean Baroda Project, surveyed and started within
timeframe.
Conclusion
Finally I concluded that the “Chiopko Movement”
initiated the environmental movement in India and attract the whole world
attention toward the environmental issue. It creates the awareness among the
common people for preservation and protection of forest and forest people.
Chipko movement also raises the women issue for right of land and forest.
According to main leader of the movement ‘Sunderlal Bahuguna’, “The
solutions of present-day problems lie in the re-establishment of a
harmonious relationship between man and nature. To keep this relationship
permanent we will have to digest the definition of real development:
development is synonymous with culture. When we sublimate nature in a
way that we achieve peace, happiness, prosperity and, ultimately, fulfillment
along with satisfying our basic needs, we march towards culture."
The Clean Baroda Project is an illustrative work
done by an NGO in the city, it is clear that it will never be the responsibility
of one NGO forever to tackle the problem of urban environment protection
and preservation, but the prospect lies in working of NGOs and empowering
people so that people can take care of themselves. It is self evident by now
that the government and local self-government bodies have their limits.

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People have tremendous potential. The potentialities of the people for
protection and preservation of the environment should be constructively and
creatively utilized and channelized. Then the human race will have better
quality of land, water and air on this globe.
Finally I thought that the Movement and
NGOs work more efficiently with the help of each other.
S. M. Zaki Ahmad
Intern (NCAS)