Composite materials have many advantages over traditional materials like steel in industrial applications. They are lighter, stronger, and more resistant to corrosion. Carbon fiber composites in particular provide high strength and stiffness with low density. The document discusses the types of composite materials, their properties, advantages, and applications in various industries like aerospace, wind power, marine, civil construction, automotive, and others. It notes that continuous fiber composites provide the highest strength and stiffness but are more expensive than discontinuous fiber composites.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites materials are used in almost all aspects of the industrial and commercial fields in aircraft, ships, common vehicles, etc. Their most attractive properties are the high strength-to-weight ratio.Polymer composites are used because overall properties of the composites are superior to those of the individual polymers. The aim of this experimental study has targeted to investigate the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricate using Hand lay-up technique. and the specimens are subjected to the investigated as per the ASTM standards. The tensile tests, compression tests, flexural tests were carried out on the laminated specimen for the determination of its mechanical properties. Keywords: commercial, attractive, polymers, reinforced, vinyl ester, specimens,
IRJET- Synthesis and Study on Effect of Thickness on 3-Point Bending Strength...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of core thickness on the 3-point bending strength of sandwich composites. Sandwich composites were prepared with glass fiber skins and polyurethane foam cores of two different thicknesses using hand layup. Samples were tested according to ASTM standards and results were recorded. It was observed that core thickness greatly affects bending resistance, as thicker cores can sustain greater loads due to their increased load bearing area. Experimental data showed significant changes in flexural loading conditions between samples with different core thicknesses. The study aimed to evaluate how core thickness influences the mechanical properties of lightweight sandwich composites.
Experimental investigation and analysis of mechanical properties of injectionIAEME Publication
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of injection molded jute and glass fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites. Composites with varying weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were tested for tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties. The results showed that all the mechanical properties increased with increasing glass fiber content, as glass fibers have better adhesion to the matrix and higher strength than jute fibers. SEM images showed glass fibers fracturing and pulling out, along with jute fiber pull-out, under applied loads. The hybrid composites thus require greater forces to fail due to the combined effects of different fiber types.
Weight reduction of pressure vessel using frp composite materialIAEME Publication
This document discusses using fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials to reduce the weight of pressure vessels. Finite element analysis was conducted on steel and FRP pressure vessels. The analysis found that the FRP pressure vessel had a higher strength than steel and could withstand pressure reduced by up to 75%. Netting analysis determined that 55 degrees was the optimum fiber winding angle for the FRP material used in the pressure vessel. Replacing steel with FRP reduced the total weight of the pressure vessel by 75.89%.
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ARECA BAST FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY AND VIN...IAEME Publication
In this research work natural fiber reinforced polymer composites were prepared by reinforcing short areca bast fibers in epoxy and vinyl ester resin. Different blend composites were prepared by varying weight fractions of areca bast fibers. Their mechanical, physical and thermal properties were studied and compared. It has been found that the compressive strength of areca bast fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites were more than that of epoxy composites. It was also observed that the type of compressive failure in epoxy /bast and vinyl ester/bast composites at all wt% of fibers was breaking and bulging respectively. The erosive wear strength at 90º and 75º nozzle angles were determined. The properties such as water absorption capacity and density were
determined. The Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also carried out .The ruptured surface of both types of composites which exhibited highest compressive strength was analyzed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Analysis The Mechanical Behaviour Of Jute Fiber Composite An Integrated ApproachIJSRD
In this project work, the jute fiber and glass fiber composite laminate specimens are prepared as per ASTM standards. The composite laminate with the jute and glass fiber are fabricated by simple hand layup technique. The composite laminate undergoes various mechanical testing as tensile test, impact test, water absorption test and the mechanical properties are analyzed. In general the jute fiber composites are great strength, low cost and low density and it’s have enough potential for reinforcing agent.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites materials are used in almost all aspects of the industrial and commercial fields in aircraft, ships, common vehicles, etc. Their most attractive properties are the high strength-to-weight ratio.Polymer composites are used because overall properties of the composites are superior to those of the individual polymers. The aim of this experimental study has targeted to investigate the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricate using Hand lay-up technique. and the specimens are subjected to the investigated as per the ASTM standards. The tensile tests, compression tests, flexural tests were carried out on the laminated specimen for the determination of its mechanical properties. Keywords: commercial, attractive, polymers, reinforced, vinyl ester, specimens,
IRJET- Synthesis and Study on Effect of Thickness on 3-Point Bending Strength...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of core thickness on the 3-point bending strength of sandwich composites. Sandwich composites were prepared with glass fiber skins and polyurethane foam cores of two different thicknesses using hand layup. Samples were tested according to ASTM standards and results were recorded. It was observed that core thickness greatly affects bending resistance, as thicker cores can sustain greater loads due to their increased load bearing area. Experimental data showed significant changes in flexural loading conditions between samples with different core thicknesses. The study aimed to evaluate how core thickness influences the mechanical properties of lightweight sandwich composites.
Experimental investigation and analysis of mechanical properties of injectionIAEME Publication
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of injection molded jute and glass fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites. Composites with varying weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were tested for tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties. The results showed that all the mechanical properties increased with increasing glass fiber content, as glass fibers have better adhesion to the matrix and higher strength than jute fibers. SEM images showed glass fibers fracturing and pulling out, along with jute fiber pull-out, under applied loads. The hybrid composites thus require greater forces to fail due to the combined effects of different fiber types.
Weight reduction of pressure vessel using frp composite materialIAEME Publication
This document discusses using fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials to reduce the weight of pressure vessels. Finite element analysis was conducted on steel and FRP pressure vessels. The analysis found that the FRP pressure vessel had a higher strength than steel and could withstand pressure reduced by up to 75%. Netting analysis determined that 55 degrees was the optimum fiber winding angle for the FRP material used in the pressure vessel. Replacing steel with FRP reduced the total weight of the pressure vessel by 75.89%.
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ARECA BAST FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY AND VIN...IAEME Publication
In this research work natural fiber reinforced polymer composites were prepared by reinforcing short areca bast fibers in epoxy and vinyl ester resin. Different blend composites were prepared by varying weight fractions of areca bast fibers. Their mechanical, physical and thermal properties were studied and compared. It has been found that the compressive strength of areca bast fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites were more than that of epoxy composites. It was also observed that the type of compressive failure in epoxy /bast and vinyl ester/bast composites at all wt% of fibers was breaking and bulging respectively. The erosive wear strength at 90º and 75º nozzle angles were determined. The properties such as water absorption capacity and density were
determined. The Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also carried out .The ruptured surface of both types of composites which exhibited highest compressive strength was analyzed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Analysis The Mechanical Behaviour Of Jute Fiber Composite An Integrated ApproachIJSRD
In this project work, the jute fiber and glass fiber composite laminate specimens are prepared as per ASTM standards. The composite laminate with the jute and glass fiber are fabricated by simple hand layup technique. The composite laminate undergoes various mechanical testing as tensile test, impact test, water absorption test and the mechanical properties are analyzed. In general the jute fiber composites are great strength, low cost and low density and it’s have enough potential for reinforcing agent.
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Jute Fibre/Glass Fiber and Epoxy Combined ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that enhanced the mechanical properties of jute fiber and glass fiber composites by mixing them with epoxy resin. Four different composite laminates were fabricated using jute and glass fibers in different layer arrangements. The composites were tested for tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and their microstructure was analyzed using SEM and EDS. The JGGJ laminate composite showed the highest tensile strength at 76.22 MPa while the GJJG laminate had the highest impact strength. SEM images revealed better bonding between jute fibers and epoxy than glass fibers. Overall, incorporating epoxy resin improved the mechanical properties of jute and glass fiber composites and made them more
Computational Analysis of Fatigue of Glass/Epoxy Composite Automobile Drive S...AM Publications
1) The document analyzes the fatigue life of a composite drive shaft made of glass fiber and epoxy material under variable torsion loads through computational modeling.
2) Finite element analysis is used to determine stress intensity factors along the crack front for different crack lengths. The maximum stress intensity factors increase with increasing crack depth.
3) Both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors are present, with Mode I dominating at the crack tip and Mode II dominating at the surface interception points as the crack propagates.
Fabrication of Pneumatic Compression Molding Machine for FRP CompositesIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a pneumatically operated compression molding machine for producing fiber reinforced polymer composite samples. The machine uses a pneumatic cylinder powered by compressed air to apply pressure to a heated mold containing the composite materials. Epoxy resin reinforced with either carbon fiber or coconut fiber was used to produce test specimens. The specimens were tested in tension and the carbon fiber composite was found to have a tensile strength of 36 N/mm2 while the coconut fiber composite was 13 N/mm2, demonstrating the higher strength of the carbon fiber reinforcement. The machine provides a low-cost option for researchers and manufacturers to produce small composite samples for testing purposes.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF GLASS/NYLON/JUTE REINFORCED EPOXY H...IAEME Publication
Now-a-days, the natural fibres from renewable natural resources offer the potential to act as a reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to the use of glass, carbon and other man-made fibres. Attempts have been made in this project work to study the effect of fibre loading on the physical, mechanical and water absorption behavior of glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites and it’s fabricated by hydraulic press technique. Work has been carried out to investigate the flexural properties, tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and water absorption test of the composites and compared with glass and epoxy composite. It has been observed that the tensile properties, flexural properties and hardness increase with the increase in the weight fraction of natural fibers to certain extent. The morphology of composites is studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Reduction of Splatters in Intercell Welding of a Lead Acid BatteryIRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing splatters in intercell welding of lead acid batteries. Splatters are unwanted metal particles expelled during resistance welding that reduce quality. The researcher analyzed the problem using tools like fishbone diagrams and identified key causes as insufficient electrode contact area, tip gap variation, and flag misalignment. Their proposed solutions were increasing the electrode diameter to improve contact area, using a lock nut to control tip gap, and adding ribs to properly align flags. Testing showed these solutions reduced monthly splatter rates from over 4% to under 0.3%, improving productivity, quality, and savings.
This document discusses hybrid composites, which combine two or more different fiber materials within a single matrix. Hybrid composites can combine biofibers, synthetic fibers, and metal fibers to achieve a balanced combination of advantages while compensating for individual material disadvantages. The properties of hybrid composites result from the summation of each component, and can be designed through the selection of fibers, fiber length, orientation, and bonding with the matrix. Hybridization allows for properties that single materials cannot achieve alone.
Study of properties of banana fiber reinforced compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract Natural fiber composites are nowadays being used in various engineering applications to increase the strength and to optimise the weight and the cost of the product. Various natural fibres such as coir, sisal, jute, coir and banana are used as reinforcement materials. In this paper both treated and untreated banana fiber are taken for the development of the hybrid composite material. The untreated banana fiber is treated by sodium hydroxide to increase the wettability. The untreated banana fiber and sodium hydroxide treated banana fiber are used as reinforcing material for both Epoxy resin matrix and Vinyl ester resin matrix. Coconut shell powder is used along with both untreated and treated banana fiber as a reinforcing material. In this process the banana fiber is treated with 5% of sodium hydroxide for one hour and the specimen is fabricated by hand moulding process. The mould used for fabricating the hybrid composite material is made up of aluminium with a debonding agent applied on the inner side. The banana fiber content is kept constant to 30% of weight fraction of entire composite material. The variation in mechanical properties are studied and analyzed. Here, the tensile strength has calculated by universal testing machine, impact strength has calculated by pendulum impact tester and flexural strength has calculated by universal testing machine with flexural test arrangement of the specimen. Then the treated and untreated specimens are analyzed and compared through Scanning Electron Microscope to study about its adhesion between fiber and resin matrix and surface morphology. Keywords: Natural Fiber Composites, Mechanical Properties, Surface morphology
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behavior of combination of coconut fiber and recron fiber in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete is strong in compression, as aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the
cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. This weakness had been adjusted over many
decades by using a system of reinforcing bars (rebar) to create reinforced concrete; so that concrete primarily resists compressive
stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses. It has been recognised that addition
of small, closely spaced and uniformly distributed fibres to concrete would act as a crack arrester and would significantly
improve the its static and dynamic properties
Keywords: fibre, shear stresses, rebar, concrete
Self Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials An Introduction to Techniquesijtsrd
Polymeric materials had shown tremendous increment in its properties due to its acceptability in a wide range of engineering usage. The usage is still restricted due to its reparability and life then after. The life of repaired plastic is less. The present paper study of various type of techniques available, which can develop self healing capabilities in polymeric materials. The main aim is to further concentrate on an idea which gives maximum improvement in engineering properties, life etc. for structural and engineering usage. Avinash Pratap Singh | Kuldeep Singh | Aman Jain | Arun Kapoor | Ankit Kumar | Abhishek Pandey ""Self-Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials: An Introduction to Techniques"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23886.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23886/self-healing-capabilities-in-polymeric-materials-an-introduction-to-techniques/avinash-pratap-singh
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
The document discusses friction stir welding of polypropylene reinforced with Al2O3 nanoparticles. Al2O3 powder was milled to nano size and added to polypropylene at volumes of 5-15%. Samples were friction stir welded and tested. Tensile and microhardness tests found that 10% nano-Al2O3 content improved strength by 10% and hardness by 54%, due to good particle distribution reinforcing the polymer matrix.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Experimental and fea analysis of composite leaf spring by varying thicknesseSAT Journals
Abstract
The work is carried out on composite leaf spring of a commercial vehicle. The objective of this work is to carryout design and analysis of composite leaf spring with experimental design consideration and loading condition. The material of leaf spring is E-GFRC (Glass Fiber reinforced composite). The GFRC leaf springs are manufactured by hand lay-up method which were evaluated and study. The model of composite leaf spring is prepared and analyzed using ANSYS14.5 for the deflection and stresses under defined loading condition. The experimental and FEA result compared for validation. The dimension of conventional leaf spring is taken with varying thickness for evaluation of result and Static analysis is performed
Keywords: E-glass/epoxy composite, ANSYS14.5, Static Analysis.
Mechanical properties of polymer composite materialseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, composite materials and its properties are discussed in detail. It is also discussed their importance and replacement for metals because of their properties like low weight, corrosion resistance etc. Now-a-days, there is a great importance of usage of these materials in various applications in all Engg. Fields. The paper also brings out the manufacturing techniques and costs involved.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides a review of composite materials, including their properties, applications, advantages, and future scope. Some key points:
- Composite materials are a mixture of reinforcement materials and a binder/matrix that provides improved properties over the individual components.
- Composites have wide applications in aerospace, automotive, medical, sports, construction and other industries due to properties like high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
- Approximately 50% of airframes are made from composites to reduce weight. Automotive applications include body panels and leaf springs. Medical uses include implants, prosthetics and devices.
- Future applications include increased use in construction, wind energy, and civilian and military vehicles/
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Jute Fibre/Glass Fiber and Epoxy Combined ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that enhanced the mechanical properties of jute fiber and glass fiber composites by mixing them with epoxy resin. Four different composite laminates were fabricated using jute and glass fibers in different layer arrangements. The composites were tested for tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and their microstructure was analyzed using SEM and EDS. The JGGJ laminate composite showed the highest tensile strength at 76.22 MPa while the GJJG laminate had the highest impact strength. SEM images revealed better bonding between jute fibers and epoxy than glass fibers. Overall, incorporating epoxy resin improved the mechanical properties of jute and glass fiber composites and made them more
Computational Analysis of Fatigue of Glass/Epoxy Composite Automobile Drive S...AM Publications
1) The document analyzes the fatigue life of a composite drive shaft made of glass fiber and epoxy material under variable torsion loads through computational modeling.
2) Finite element analysis is used to determine stress intensity factors along the crack front for different crack lengths. The maximum stress intensity factors increase with increasing crack depth.
3) Both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors are present, with Mode I dominating at the crack tip and Mode II dominating at the surface interception points as the crack propagates.
Fabrication of Pneumatic Compression Molding Machine for FRP CompositesIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a pneumatically operated compression molding machine for producing fiber reinforced polymer composite samples. The machine uses a pneumatic cylinder powered by compressed air to apply pressure to a heated mold containing the composite materials. Epoxy resin reinforced with either carbon fiber or coconut fiber was used to produce test specimens. The specimens were tested in tension and the carbon fiber composite was found to have a tensile strength of 36 N/mm2 while the coconut fiber composite was 13 N/mm2, demonstrating the higher strength of the carbon fiber reinforcement. The machine provides a low-cost option for researchers and manufacturers to produce small composite samples for testing purposes.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF GLASS/NYLON/JUTE REINFORCED EPOXY H...IAEME Publication
Now-a-days, the natural fibres from renewable natural resources offer the potential to act as a reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to the use of glass, carbon and other man-made fibres. Attempts have been made in this project work to study the effect of fibre loading on the physical, mechanical and water absorption behavior of glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites and it’s fabricated by hydraulic press technique. Work has been carried out to investigate the flexural properties, tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and water absorption test of the composites and compared with glass and epoxy composite. It has been observed that the tensile properties, flexural properties and hardness increase with the increase in the weight fraction of natural fibers to certain extent. The morphology of composites is studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Reduction of Splatters in Intercell Welding of a Lead Acid BatteryIRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing splatters in intercell welding of lead acid batteries. Splatters are unwanted metal particles expelled during resistance welding that reduce quality. The researcher analyzed the problem using tools like fishbone diagrams and identified key causes as insufficient electrode contact area, tip gap variation, and flag misalignment. Their proposed solutions were increasing the electrode diameter to improve contact area, using a lock nut to control tip gap, and adding ribs to properly align flags. Testing showed these solutions reduced monthly splatter rates from over 4% to under 0.3%, improving productivity, quality, and savings.
This document discusses hybrid composites, which combine two or more different fiber materials within a single matrix. Hybrid composites can combine biofibers, synthetic fibers, and metal fibers to achieve a balanced combination of advantages while compensating for individual material disadvantages. The properties of hybrid composites result from the summation of each component, and can be designed through the selection of fibers, fiber length, orientation, and bonding with the matrix. Hybridization allows for properties that single materials cannot achieve alone.
Study of properties of banana fiber reinforced compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract Natural fiber composites are nowadays being used in various engineering applications to increase the strength and to optimise the weight and the cost of the product. Various natural fibres such as coir, sisal, jute, coir and banana are used as reinforcement materials. In this paper both treated and untreated banana fiber are taken for the development of the hybrid composite material. The untreated banana fiber is treated by sodium hydroxide to increase the wettability. The untreated banana fiber and sodium hydroxide treated banana fiber are used as reinforcing material for both Epoxy resin matrix and Vinyl ester resin matrix. Coconut shell powder is used along with both untreated and treated banana fiber as a reinforcing material. In this process the banana fiber is treated with 5% of sodium hydroxide for one hour and the specimen is fabricated by hand moulding process. The mould used for fabricating the hybrid composite material is made up of aluminium with a debonding agent applied on the inner side. The banana fiber content is kept constant to 30% of weight fraction of entire composite material. The variation in mechanical properties are studied and analyzed. Here, the tensile strength has calculated by universal testing machine, impact strength has calculated by pendulum impact tester and flexural strength has calculated by universal testing machine with flexural test arrangement of the specimen. Then the treated and untreated specimens are analyzed and compared through Scanning Electron Microscope to study about its adhesion between fiber and resin matrix and surface morphology. Keywords: Natural Fiber Composites, Mechanical Properties, Surface morphology
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behavior of combination of coconut fiber and recron fiber in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete is strong in compression, as aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the
cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. This weakness had been adjusted over many
decades by using a system of reinforcing bars (rebar) to create reinforced concrete; so that concrete primarily resists compressive
stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses. It has been recognised that addition
of small, closely spaced and uniformly distributed fibres to concrete would act as a crack arrester and would significantly
improve the its static and dynamic properties
Keywords: fibre, shear stresses, rebar, concrete
Self Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials An Introduction to Techniquesijtsrd
Polymeric materials had shown tremendous increment in its properties due to its acceptability in a wide range of engineering usage. The usage is still restricted due to its reparability and life then after. The life of repaired plastic is less. The present paper study of various type of techniques available, which can develop self healing capabilities in polymeric materials. The main aim is to further concentrate on an idea which gives maximum improvement in engineering properties, life etc. for structural and engineering usage. Avinash Pratap Singh | Kuldeep Singh | Aman Jain | Arun Kapoor | Ankit Kumar | Abhishek Pandey ""Self-Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials: An Introduction to Techniques"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23886.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23886/self-healing-capabilities-in-polymeric-materials-an-introduction-to-techniques/avinash-pratap-singh
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
The document discusses friction stir welding of polypropylene reinforced with Al2O3 nanoparticles. Al2O3 powder was milled to nano size and added to polypropylene at volumes of 5-15%. Samples were friction stir welded and tested. Tensile and microhardness tests found that 10% nano-Al2O3 content improved strength by 10% and hardness by 54%, due to good particle distribution reinforcing the polymer matrix.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Experimental and fea analysis of composite leaf spring by varying thicknesseSAT Journals
Abstract
The work is carried out on composite leaf spring of a commercial vehicle. The objective of this work is to carryout design and analysis of composite leaf spring with experimental design consideration and loading condition. The material of leaf spring is E-GFRC (Glass Fiber reinforced composite). The GFRC leaf springs are manufactured by hand lay-up method which were evaluated and study. The model of composite leaf spring is prepared and analyzed using ANSYS14.5 for the deflection and stresses under defined loading condition. The experimental and FEA result compared for validation. The dimension of conventional leaf spring is taken with varying thickness for evaluation of result and Static analysis is performed
Keywords: E-glass/epoxy composite, ANSYS14.5, Static Analysis.
Mechanical properties of polymer composite materialseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, composite materials and its properties are discussed in detail. It is also discussed their importance and replacement for metals because of their properties like low weight, corrosion resistance etc. Now-a-days, there is a great importance of usage of these materials in various applications in all Engg. Fields. The paper also brings out the manufacturing techniques and costs involved.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides a review of composite materials, including their properties, applications, advantages, and future scope. Some key points:
- Composite materials are a mixture of reinforcement materials and a binder/matrix that provides improved properties over the individual components.
- Composites have wide applications in aerospace, automotive, medical, sports, construction and other industries due to properties like high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
- Approximately 50% of airframes are made from composites to reduce weight. Automotive applications include body panels and leaf springs. Medical uses include implants, prosthetics and devices.
- Future applications include increased use in construction, wind energy, and civilian and military vehicles/
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTRIZATION OF HYBRID COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR TENSION, FLEXU...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that characterized the mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials made of jute cloth, E-glass fibers, and polyester resin. Specimens were fabricated using hand layup and tested in tension, flexure, and impact. Tensile testing measured Young's modulus, flexural testing measured flexural strength, and Charpy testing measured impact strength. The study found that hybrid composites, which combine natural and synthetic fibers, perform better than composites with a single fiber type due to benefits from both fibers. Characterizing mechanical properties of hybrid composites is important as their use increases in industries like aerospace, military, and automotive.
Comparative study of mechanical and thermal characterization of glasscarbon h...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, the mechanical characterization of glass-carbon fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composite with epoxy resin as the matrix was investigated. Initially the basic mechanical characterization like tensile, bending, impact and wear tests have been carried out experimentally along and across the fiber orientation for the glass-carbon hybrid composite. The specimens were prepared and tested according to ASTM Standards. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites have been widely used high strength, low weight structural applications as compared to their metallic counterparts. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites posses superior specific strength and modulus but have a lower failure strain and high cost. Hence, the combination of both glass and carbon fiber in polymer composite may yield optimized mechanical properties. Keywords: Hybrid composites, Mechanical characterization, Thermal characterization
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fabrication and tensile property analysis of a composite laminate with differ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites play a vital role in aerospace, land transportation and consumer goods due to their high specific strength and stiffness leading to reduction in the mass of moving objects. Some of the important aerospace hardware such as rocket motor casing makes extensive use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP). In this present investigation E-Glass epoxy laminates were used. The tensile properties for various Diameter holes were determined and compared with the actual strength of the material without any hole. Results indicate that because of the increase in diameter of the hole the tensile strength of the material is decreasing. Keywords: CFRP, E-Glass, Epoxy, Tensile strength.
This document discusses a project to develop an extruder head capable of 3D printing fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. A team of 5 mechanical engineering students from Colorado State University, advised by Dr. Don Radford, aims to combine the structural properties of composites with the manufacturing simplicity of additive manufacturing. The document provides background on composites properties, manufacturing techniques, and the goals and work plan for the project, which includes designing and testing an extruder head that can consolidate thermoplastic composites during additive manufacturing.
IRJET- Design and Development of Natural Composite MaterialIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a natural composite material made from epoxy resin reinforced with sisal fibers. Composite plates were fabricated according to ASTM standards by varying the fiber percentage and orientation. The plates were then tested for tensile and flexural strength. The objectives were to explore the potential of sisal fiber composites and evaluate how fiber percentage affects mechanical properties. Test results for composites with different fiber percentages and alignments were compared.
Testing the flexural fatigue behavior of e glass epoxy laminateseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Strength characteristics of concrete containing post consumer metalized plast...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents results of strength tests conducted on concrete containing flakes of waste metalized plastics. The feasibility of post consumer plastic waste (PCMPW) was determined on the bases of tests results of compressive strength and split tensile strength. Ever increasing generation of PCMPW has raised littering issues and has become one of the major sources for landfills. The objective of the test program was to check the feasibility of PCMPW as concrete constituent and possible way of mitigating the environmental impacts occurring from insufficient and unsafe management of PCMPW. The strength tests were performed with three sizes of PCMPW in flaks and fiber form. PCMPW was added in the mixes with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume of concrete mix. Test results reveled that strengths reduced with increased PCMPW flakes contents. However, up to 1% of addition of flakes the strength reduction was negligible for all flak sizes. Moreover, the PCMPW fiber with 1mmx17mm size improved the split tensile strength. Experimental results of compressive –split tensile strength were correlated by a standard analytical model and exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. Such concrete could be utilized in pavements, sub-structural components and in non-structural members. Key Words: Post consumer metalized plastic waste, Concrete, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Slump, Compaction factor.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Design and Fe Analysis of Composite Grid Structure for Skin Stiffening Applic...IRJET Journal
This document describes a finite element analysis of composite grid structures for use in skin stiffening applications. It provides background on grid structures, noting that they are shell-like structures that support the skin of a structure. When made of composites, grid structures can reduce weight and uniformly distribute loads for aerospace applications. The study aims to analyze an orthogrid and isogrid composite plate using FEA to evaluate deflection, stress, and stiffness-to-weight ratio when the skin thickness is varied. An overview of finite element analysis and the steps involved in an FEA are also provided.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Helical Spring using Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a helical spring using composite materials. It aims to compare results of composite springs to existing steel springs. A 3D model of the spring is created in Creo and analyzed in ANSYS. Experimental testing of prototypes will be conducted for different composite materials and results will be compared to the finite element analysis under the same loading conditions. The goal is to evaluate if composite materials like glass fiber and sisal fiber can reduce the weight of helical springs without reducing load capacity or flexibility compared to conventional ASTM A227 steel springs currently used in suspension systems.
IRJET- Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concre...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCC). It begins by defining SCC and explaining how the addition of steel fiber can improve the mechanical characteristics of SCC. It then reviews literature on using different types and volumes of steel fiber in SCC. The findings show that steel fiber generally improves the tensile strength and toughness of hardened SCC but can negatively impact workability. Higher fiber contents and certain fiber geometries make fresh SCC more viscous and less flowable. Overall, steel fiber reinforced SCC shows potential but requires careful mix design to balance mechanical performance and flowability.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
IRJET- Erosion Wear Characteristics of Polyester Composite Filled with Linz D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into improving the erosion wear and mechanical properties of polyester composites by adding Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag filler. Composites with 0-30% LD slag by weight were tested. Testing found that wear resistance and hardness increased significantly with higher slag content. Microhardness was up to 4 times higher for the 30% composite compared to neat polyester. Predictive models using artificial neural networks estimated erosion rates within 15% of experimental values. The research aims to utilize an industrial waste, LD slag, to develop wear-resistant polymer composites.
COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF E -GLASS AND S-GLASS ARECA BANA...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation comparing the mechanical properties of E-glass and S-glass fiber reinforced composites with areca and banana fibers. Composites were prepared with E-glass or S-glass fibers reinforced with areca and banana fibers in an epoxy resin. The composites were tested according to ASTM standards to determine tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. The results showed that the S-glass fiber composite with areca and banana reinforcement performed better in all mechanical properties tested compared to the E-glass fiber composite.
Fabrication of Composite Material using Jute fiber/Glass fiberIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication of a composite material using jute fiber and glass fiber. It first provides background on fiber reinforced polymer composites and describes jute fiber and glass fiber, including their production, properties, and various forms. It then discusses the fabrication process for the jute fiber-glass fiber composite, including mixing the fibers with epoxy resin, curing the composite using a bagging system under vacuum pressure, and testing the mechanical properties of the finished composite. The goal is to explore using agricultural waste jute fiber and man-made glass fiber to create an inexpensive composite material.
Similar to An approach of composite materials in industrial machinery (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
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An approach of composite materials in industrial machinery
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 350
AN APPROACH OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIAL
MACHINERY: ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
Piyoosh Thori1
, Pawan Sharma2
, Manish Bhargava3
1, 2, 3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India-302020
piyooshthori.2@gmail.com, pawansharma.mech@gmail.com, manish257_2000@yahoo.com
Abstract
Carbon fiber Composites forecasts indicate several years of supply that will exceed the anticipated demand. Carbon fiber producers
have used world leading technology to produce the most uniform and highest quality fiber. Carbon-fiber composites weight about
one-fifth as much as steel, but can be similar or better in terms of stiffness and strength, depending on fiber grade and orientation.
These composites do not rust or corrode like steel or aluminum. The aim of this paper is to present the current scenario of carbon
fiber composites in industries and go towards the approach of carbon fiber composites in future direction with its advantages,
disadvantages and applications in industrial machinery. Various type of composites based on reinforcement shape also presented in
this paper. This paper also shows the Properties, Characteristics, Challenges, Opportunities and Future Trends of Composites
towards industrial environment.
Keywords: Carbon Fiber Composites, Composites Technology, Strength, Stiffness and Applications.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Composite material can be well-defined as an amalgamation
of two or more than two materials (reinforce, fillers, and
binder) different in composition on a very small scale.
Composite materials (also called composition materials or
shortened to composites) are materials made from two or more
than two constituents or materials with considerably differ in
physical and chemical properties, that when amalgamated,
make a material with appearances different from the
individual components. We can say that do not lose their
individual identities but still impart their properties to the
product causing from their mixture.
The core benefits of composite materials have their great
strength and stiffness, for example Carbon Fibers have great
specific strength, high modulus, good in fatigue resistance and
dimensional stability and lower density Fibers. Composite
materials have their high strength and stiffness, combined with
low density, when compared with bulk materials, allowing for
a weight reduction in the finished part.
The reinforcing phase of composite materials provides the
durability, strength and stiffness. There are in many cases, the
reinforcement is tougher, stronger, harder and stiffer than the
matrix. The reinforcement is normally a fiber or a particulate.
Particulate composites have dimensions that are almost the
same in all directions. Particulate composite that consists of
tiny particle of one material embedded in another material.
Particulate composites tend to be feeble and less stiff than
continuous fiber composites, but they are normally much less
expensive. Particulate reinforced composites usually contain
less reinforcement (up to 40 to 50 volume percent) due to
processing difficulties and brittleness.
The composite material industry, nevertheless, is novel. It has
technologically advanced speedily in the earlier 35 years
through the improvement of fibrous composites: to begin
through, glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) and, more
recently, carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). Their use
in boats and their growing replacement of metals in ground
transport systems is an uprising in material usage which is still
accelerating. It finds application in composite, Automotive,
sport goods, medical equipment & packaging Industry.
2. TYPES OF COMPOSITES
Various types of composites are used in the industries:
Particulate composites
Flake composites
Fiber composites
Nanocomposites
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 351
Fig-1: Type of Composites based on Reinforcement Shape
3. COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIAL
MACHINERY
A fiber has a diameter that is much smaller than its length.
From their length to diameter (l/d) ratio is identified as the
aspect ratio and can be differ significantly. Continuous fibers
have their long aspect ratios, whereas discontinuous fibers
have small aspect ratios. Continuous fiber composite materials
generally have a desired orientation, although discontinuous
fiber composite materials usually have a random orientation.
For examples of continuous reinforcements contain
unidirectional, intertwined stuff, and helical windy (Fig. 2.a),
whereas examples of discontinuous reinforcements are
random mat and chopped fibers (Fig. 2 .b).
Fig-2 (a): Continuous Reinforcements
Fig-2 (b): Discontinuous Reinforcements
The quantity and kind of the reinforcement conclude the last
properties. Figure 2 show that the maximum strength and
modulus are acquired with continuous fiber composites. There
is a practical limit of about 70% reinforcement that can be
added to make a composite. At higher % (percentage), there is
too little matrix to support the fibers efficiently.
The hypothetical strength of discontinuous fiber composites
can methodology that of continuous fiber composites if their
aspect ratios are more enough and they are aligned, but it is
problematic in exercise to maintain worthy alignment with
discontinuous fibers. Discontinuous fiber composites are
usually to some extent random in alignment, which intensely
decreases their strength and modulus. However, discontinuous
fiber composites are normally not costly than continuous fiber
composites. So, continuous fiber composites are used
somewhere great stiffness and strength are required (but at a
high cost), and discontinuous fiber composites are used where
cost is more effective and strength and stiffness are less
important.
Fig-3: Influence of reinforcement type and quantity on
composite performance
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig-4: Major polymer matrix composite fabrication processes
4. PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Composite as an industrial material, mostly used for their
outstanding resistance to chemicals and most forms of
corrosion This property, even though conventionally
important, is hardly the only useful property. There are many
other important and useful properties are:
Low cost and low mass,
Unequalled manufacturing and processing possibilities,
Complex material body are easily produced,
Tooling cost is very low,
Appropriate to very small products and very large
product,
Satisfactory surface finish can be an integral feature.
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
The rudimentary characteristics of composite materials are:
High fatigue scathe tolerance and high fatigue strength,
in addition to high specific strength and modulus,
Tailor able or designable materials for microstructure,
Creation and production of both structure and material or
component in a single operation manufacturing flexible,
complex geometry and net-shape,
durable and Corrosion resistance,
Anisotropic,
Other unique functional properties - damping, low CTE
(coefficient of thermal expansion).
Fig-5: Fiber-Reinforced Composites
6. ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
There are many advantages of composites, together with
lighter weight, improved fatigue life, the ability to tailor the
layup for optimum strength and stiffness, resistance to
corrosion, and with beneficial in design practice, assembly
costs is reduce due to less fasteners and detail parts.
The specific modulus (density) and certain strength of great
strength carbon fibers are advanced than those of other
comparable or equivalent aero-space metallic alloys. This
converts into better weight savings ensuing in improved
performance, fuel savings, longer range and greater payloads.
The many other advantages of composites are following:
High temperatures and weathering resistance,
High chemical stability,
High durability due to long prepreg storage life,
Low smoke density, low flammability, and low toxicity
of decomposition products,
Temperature resistance of course depends on choice of
resin,
Huge selection of possible component size and shape,
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 353
Prepregs contain the variety of reinforcements and resin
matrix amalgamations. They are manufactured on a high-
tech fusible resin plant. Fusible resins have less volatile
ingredients and increase the composite materials
mechanical strength.
7. DISADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
The some disadvantages of composites are given below:
Composite material structure has more complex
mechanical characterization than a metal structure,
Repairing process of composites is complex as
compared to that for metals,
Composites material do not have a the quality of high
combination of strength and fracture toughness
compared to metals,
High cost of fabrication of composites,
It is not compulsory that composites give greater
performance in all the properties used for material
selection: corrosion resistance, affordability, formability,
join ability, strength, and toughness.
8. APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
TOWARDS INDUSTRIES
Composite materials contain construction, marine goods,
aerospace, transportation, sporting goods, and further newly
infrastructure, with construction and transportation being the
biggest. Generally, more costly but high act continuous
carbon-fiber composites are used somewhere light weight
along with high stiffness and strength are required, and in
fewer demanding applications where weight is not as critical
then considerable lower cost fiber-glass composites are used.
8.1. Aerospace Applications
Aircraft applications are the maximum significant uses of
composites. Unlike other vehicles, commercial aircraft,
essential to lay greater stress on safety and weight. They are
realized by using materials through great specific properties. A
modern civil aircraft designed as to encounter the several
criteria of power and safety. As a result of forward-thinking
technology that has gone beyond the design and application
the glass and carbon reinforced hybrid composites are the best
preferred materials.
8.2. Smart Memory Hybrid Composites
Growing requirement on the carrying into action of materials
used in engineering practical applications postulate the
development of this material then so called adaptive,
multifunctional, smart, or intelligent materials. The physical
properties of the matrix materials are either upgraded by the
SMA elements or can even be dynamically improved by
controlling the progress of the martensitic transformation
(MT) in the SMA elements.
Internal compressive stresses are generated in the surrounding
matrix when the embedded strained SMA elements are heated.
These stresses can tone up the composite, variation its natural
vibration frequencies and increase its impact or damping
properties. Exterior shape variations of the composites can be
also realized.
8.3. Wind Power Generation
The applications of composite materials are used in wind
power generation because the wind power engineering is a
significance region of energy generation because of its
resource saving and ecologically safe. The power monetary
value mainly is determined substantially by simple power
element blades. At present-day hybrid fibers (carbon, glass)
are largely used for fabrication of the blades.
8.4. Composite Material used in Marine Applications
In marine applications ships are under unbroken attack, both
from the elements of nature and the enemy. The huge majority
of ship hulls are created from common carbon steels, that are
noticeably vulnerable to corrosion, but they also make
different thermal and electromagnetic signatures simply
noticeable from long distances.
8.5. Hybrid Thermoplastic Application
Thermoplastic composites which used for mass producing
lightweight structural parts because it has long held potential
properties. On the other hand thermoset constructed
composites, which undergo time consuming chemical cross
linking throughout processing; thermoplastic based
composites are typically treated using simply heat and
pressure.
8.6. Composite Material Application for Civil
Construction
From the previous decade, largely in several countries, the
research and development of totally hybrid FRP structures in
civil engineering has developed. All the structural elements
have been made with Hybrid Fiber Reinforcement Plastics
(GFRP & CFRP). The all HFRP solution was chosen for this
bridge due to its heavily corrosive atmosphere someplace the
bridge is surrounded through the ocean. It is believed that the
inventive materials can be competitive to other conventional
materials in the close future when life cycle cost of the
material is taken into account; there is a vital requirement for
research and development of this revolutionary technology.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 354
8.7. Composites used for Telecommunication
Applications
Telecom industries felt the need of explore the innovative
product category known as hybrid cable because the reason
behind that the requirement of power transmission along with
data transmission are increasing in telecommunication
industries. Hybrid aerial, underground cable is advanced and
versatile cabling solution inside constructed power
transmission required for network equipments with OFC
cables. Hybrid Composite Cable is requirement of a period,
primarily to support for Power transmission for always ON
(Interrupt free) telecom needs.
8.8. Composite Material for Offshore Applications
Composite materials have a wide range of applications in
offshore due to fast taking over as greater substitute to other
conventional materials even in aggressive environmental and
high pressure conditions. Composite materials applications are
growing vastly along with the parallel need for knowledge
invention in this field.
8.9. Composite Materials for Orthopedic Aids
People who were born with physical imperfections or who
obtain disability, Orthotics and Prosthetics support by correct
them with artificial supports. Prosthesis is an artificial
replacement for a misplaced part of the body. Bio-medical
prosthetic gimmick are artificial substitutes that are used in the
human body to utility such as original parts. Materials
intended for such prosthetic aids must non-toxic, chemically
and biologically stable and have adequate mechanical
reliability and strength to withstand physiological loads.
Composite material has been known as the innovative class of
synthetic bio-materials. A vital improvement has been the
usage of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix for composite
limb.
The reintegration industry is moving in the direction of
composite material, as they are light- weight, comfortable to
work with and more durable such as lighter prosthesis needs
less energy consumption for the period of running, walking
and other activities, weight is very important in an artificial
leg.
8.10 Composites in Automobile/Transportation
Sector
In spite of the potential benefits and many advantages of
lighter weight and high durability resulting from corrosion
resistance, advanced composites are not used widely in
automotive applications. There must be some step’s should be
taken on a global level to make advanced composites material
attractive for some wide-spread use in trucks, cars etc. and all
other automobile applications. The main cause which is a
barrier for composite material is its high cost of raw and
fabricated material, since the existing material used is of law
cost.
8.11. Composite Material used for Electronics and
Electrical
The composites are fitted with high quality electric insulation,
spark-free and good antimagnetic agents. They also have good
adhesion toward glue & paint. Composite also possess self-
extinguishing qualities due to which it is used for the
construction of distribution pillars, link boxes and profiles for
the separation of current-carrying phases to prevent short
circuits etc.
8.12. Composites in Chemical Industry
The composite materials are one of the most popular materials
used in chemical industry due to its various advantages of
being light in weight, have better resistance against fire and
show resistance to chemicals. Composite grips the wide use in
chemical industry are used in the manufacturing of structural
supports, storage tanks, exhaust stacks and blowers, columns,
pumps, reactors etc. for acidic and alkaline environments.
8.13. Application in Nuclear Industry
Composite materials are used widely in nuclear industries due
to its nuclear fuels require good specific fission gas retention
properties. Due to use in metal matrices, ceramic fuels are
used at a great level from last few years. The ceramic fuels
used in fast reactors have been sensibly successful in stainless
steel matrix as used in plutonium uranium dioxide solid
solution in steel cermets.
8.14. Application of Composites in Nanotechnology
The Composite materials have a wide range of applications in
the field of Nanotechnology. The Nanocomposites is a
resourceful conception having fillers on a nanometer scale
isolated in the resin. Because of the diffusion of very small
fillers, flame retardance and inflexibility of the resin improves
significantly with the addition of only a tiny quantity of fillers.
Nanocomposite materials are greatly used in automotive,
electronic parts and in industrial equipments etc.
9. OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES & FUTURE
TRENDS
Lots of challenges must be overcome with the goal of enhance
the engineering usage of Hybrid composites. Design, research
and business development skills and product development
efforts and business development skills are needed to
overcome these challenges. In this explore there is a strong
necessity to address the following matters.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 355
There is demand to improve the damage tolerant
properties mainly ductility and fracture toughness in
Composites,
There is a bigger need to assort different grades of
composites based on manufacturing cost and property
profile,
Effort must be done to produce low cost and high quality
reinforcements from industrial byproducts and wastes,
Cognition of core processing of composites requisite to
be understood more thoroughly, mainly factors affecting
the micro structural integrity,
Efforts should be made on the development of
composites based on nonstandard matrices and fibers,
There is a crucial requirement to grow economical,
simple and portable non-destructive kits to quantify
unwanted defects in Composites.
CONCLUSIONS
Manufacturing process of hybrid laminates is provided as
applicable to various industries such as transportation
industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries and
components for the electronic industry. Considerable efforts
have been focused on the applications of Hybrid composites
for better understanding of the phenomena associated to the
cutting edge technology.
As far as the material is concerned, glass and carbon fiber
reinforced composites have been equally investigated;
however, epoxy resin is preferred as the matrix material. An
effort towards this literature on hybrid composites will throw
some light on researchers and scientists pursuing work on
hybrid composite technology.
REFERENCES
[1]. F. C. Campbell, “Structural Composite Materials-
Introduction to Composite Materials”, ASM
International-2010, pp 1-30
[2]. S. K. Mazumdar, “Composites Manufacturing:
Materials, Product, and Process Engineering”, CRC
Press, 2002
[3]. Gururaja M N, A N Hari Rao, “A Review on Recent
Applications and Future Prospectus of Hybrid
Composites”, International Journal of Soft Computing
and Engineering (IJSCE), ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-
1, Issue-6, January 2012
[4]. P. Sittner and R. Stalmans, “Developing Hybrid
Polymer Composites with Embedded Shape-Memory
Alloy Wires”, Journal of Materials, October-2000
[5]. S.M. Walsh, B.R. Scott, D.M. Spagnuolo, “The
Development of Hybrid Thermoplastic Ballistic
Material with Application to Helmets”, Army Research
Labs, Aberdeen, MD, December 2005
[6]. D. Thomas Campbell, David R Cramer, “Hybrid
Thermoplastic Composite Ballistic Helmet Fabrication
Study” Advancement of Materials & Process
Engineering, 2008
[7]. Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi, Thiru Aravinthan, “Development
of New Hybrid Composite Girders Consisting of
Carbon and Glass Fibers”, Saitama University, &
Toray Industries, Inc., Japan
[8]. M.E. Tuttle, “Structural Analysis of Polymeric
Composite Materials”, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2004
[9]. M.C.Y. Niu, “Composite Airframe Structures”, 2nd
ed., Hong Kong Conmilit Press Limited, 2000
[10]. R. E. Horton and J.E. McCarty, “Damage Tolerance of
Composites”, Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 1,
Composites, ASM International, 1987
BIOGRAPHIES
Piyoosh Thori has Completed his B.Tech
(2012) in Mechanical Engineering, Pursuing
M.Tech (2014) in Machine Design from
MAIET, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. His area
of research includes CAD/CAM, CIMS,
Composite Materials, Structural and Vibration Analysis.
Pawan Sharma has Completed his B.Tech
(2011) in Mechanical Engineering, Pursuing
M.Tech (2014) in Machine Design from
MAIET, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He has
published 21 research papers in the refereed
International journals and conferences. His area of research
includes CAD/CAM, FEA/FEM, Composite Materials, CFD
and Vibration Analysis.
Dr. Manish Bhargava holds M.Tech.
(2004) in Manufacturing System
Engineering, Ph.D. (2012) in Mechanical
Engineering from MNIT, Jaipur. He has
published 27 research papers in the refereed
International journals and conferences. He has a teaching and
research experience of more than 14 years. Currently, He is
working as a Professor & Principal with Maharishi Arvind
International Institute of Technology, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
His area of research includes CIMS, CAD/CAM, Reliability &
Maintenance, Manufacturing Systems and Material Science.